Interleukins are a group of cytokines that are expressed by white blood cells and help regulate immune responses. They are released by cells like macrophages, lymphocytes, and endothelial cells. Interleukins promote the development of T cells, B cells, and hematopoietic cells. They have many functions including stimulating cell growth and differentiation, inflammation, and acute phase reactions. Some examples are IL-1 which causes inflammation and fever, IL-2 which stimulates T cell growth, and IL-6 which induces antibody secretion from plasma cells.

1. INTERLEUKINSINTERLEUKINS
: Presented By: Presented By
Deepak Chandra JoshiDeepak Chandra Joshi
Registered Pharmacist (U.K)Registered Pharmacist (U.K)
D.Pharma / B.PharmaD.Pharma / B.Pharma

2. Table of content:-Table of content:-
1.1. IntroductionIntroduction
2.2. Release of InterleukinsRelease of Interleukins
3.3. FunctionsFunctions
4.4. EffectsEffects
5.5. Disease and DrugsDisease and Drugs

3. WHAT ARE INTERLEUKINSWHAT ARE INTERLEUKINS??
 Interleukins are a group of cytokines (secreted proteins and signallingInterleukins are a group of cytokines (secreted proteins and signalling
molecules) that were first seen to be expressed by white bloodmolecules) that were first seen to be expressed by white blood
cells (leukocytes).cells (leukocytes).
 Assigned to each family based on sequence homology and receptor chainAssigned to each family based on sequence homology and receptor chain
similarities or functional properties.similarities or functional properties.
 The majority of interleukins are synthesized by helper CD4 TThe majority of interleukins are synthesized by helper CD4 T
lymphocytes, as well as through monocytes, macrophages,lymphocytes, as well as through monocytes, macrophages,
and endothelial cells.and endothelial cells.
 They promote the development and differentiation of T and BThey promote the development and differentiation of T and B
lymphocytes, and hematopoietic cells.lymphocytes, and hematopoietic cells.

4. Action:Action:
 Pleiotropic effectPleiotropic effect
 RedundancyRedundancy
Classification:Classification:
 Type 1 cytokines (Hematopoietin)Type 1 cytokines (Hematopoietin)
 Type 2 cytokines (Interferon)Type 2 cytokines (Interferon)

5. RELEASE OF INTERLEUKINSRELEASE OF INTERLEUKINS

6. HOW DOES IT FUNCTION ?HOW DOES IT FUNCTION ?

7. Biological Actions of IL-2 : IL-2 stimulates theBiological Actions of IL-2 : IL-2 stimulates the
proliferation and differentiation of T & Bproliferation and differentiation of T & B
lymphocytes and NK CELLS. IL-2 also functions tolymphocytes and NK CELLS. IL-2 also functions to
inhibit immune responses (against self antigens) byinhibit immune responses (against self antigens) by
its effect on regulatory T cells.its effect on regulatory T cells.
FUNCTIONS:-FUNCTIONS:-

8. NAMNAM
EE
SOURCESOURCE TARGET CELLSTARGET CELLS FUNCTIONFUNCTION
IL-1IL-1 MACROPHAGES, BMACROPHAGES, B
CELLS, MONOCYTES,CELLS, MONOCYTES,
DENDRITIC CELLSDENDRITIC CELLS
T HELPER CELLST HELPER CELLS CO-STIMULATIONCO-STIMULATION
B CELLSB CELLS MATURATION & PROLIFERATIONMATURATION & PROLIFERATION
NK CELLSNK CELLS ACTIVATIONACTIVATION
MACROPHAGES, ENDOTHELIUM,MACROPHAGES, ENDOTHELIUM,
OTHEROTHER
INFLAMMATION, SMALL AMOUNTS INDUCE ACUTE PHASEINFLAMMATION, SMALL AMOUNTS INDUCE ACUTE PHASE
REACTION, LARGE AMOUNTS INDUCE FEVERREACTION, LARGE AMOUNTS INDUCE FEVER
IL-2IL-2 TH1-CELLSTH1-CELLS ACTIVATEDACTIVATED T CELLS AND B CELLS, NKT CELLS AND B CELLS, NK
CELLS, MACROPHAGES,CELLS, MACROPHAGES,
OLIGODENDROCYTESOLIGODENDROCYTES
STIMULATES GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION OF T CELLSTIMULATES GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION OF T CELL
RESPONSE. CAN BE USED IN IMMUNOTHERAPY TO TREATRESPONSE. CAN BE USED IN IMMUNOTHERAPY TO TREAT
CANCER OR SUPPRESSED FOR TRANSPLANT PATIENTS. HASCANCER OR SUPPRESSED FOR TRANSPLANT PATIENTS. HAS
ALSO BEEN USED IN CLINICAL TRIALS (ESPIRIT. STALWART)ALSO BEEN USED IN CLINICAL TRIALS (ESPIRIT. STALWART)
TO RAISE CD4 COUNTS IN HIV POSITIVE PATIENTS.TO RAISE CD4 COUNTS IN HIV POSITIVE PATIENTS.
IL-3IL-3 ACTIVATED T HELPERACTIVATED T HELPER
CELLS, MAST CELLS, NKCELLS, MAST CELLS, NK
CELLS, ENDOTHELIUM,CELLS, ENDOTHELIUM,
EOSINOPHILSEOSINOPHILS
HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLSHEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS DIFFERENTIATION AND PROLIFERATION OF MYELOIDDIFFERENTIATION AND PROLIFERATION OF MYELOID
PROGENITOR CELLS TO E.G.PROGENITOR CELLS TO E.G.
ERYTHROCYTES, GRANULOCYTESERYTHROCYTES, GRANULOCYTES
MAST CELLSMAST CELLS GROWTH AND HISTAMINE RELEASEGROWTH AND HISTAMINE RELEASE
IL-4IL-4 TH2 CELLS, JUSTTH2 CELLS, JUST
ACTIVATED NAÏVE CD4+ACTIVATED NAÏVE CD4+
CELL, MEMORY CD4+CELL, MEMORY CD4+
CELLS, MASTCELLS, MAST
CELLS, MACROPHAGESCELLS, MACROPHAGES
ACTIVATED B CELLSACTIVATED B CELLS PROLIFERATION ANDPROLIFERATION AND
DIFFERENTIATION, IGG1 AND IGE SYNTHESIS. IMPORTANTDIFFERENTIATION, IGG1 AND IGE SYNTHESIS. IMPORTANT
ROLE IN ALLERGIC RESPONSE (IGE)ROLE IN ALLERGIC RESPONSE (IGE)
T CELLST CELLS PROLIFERATIONPROLIFERATION
ENDOTHELIUMENDOTHELIUM
LIST OF HUMAN INTERLEUKINS

9. IL-5IL-5
TH2 CELLS, MASTTH2 CELLS, MAST
CELLS, EOSINOPHILSCELLS, EOSINOPHILS
EOSINOPHILSEOSINOPHILS PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION
B CELLSB CELLS DIFFERENTIATION, IGA PRODUCTIONDIFFERENTIATION, IGA PRODUCTION
IL-6IL-6
MACROPHAGES, TH2MACROPHAGES, TH2
CELLS, B CELLS,CELLS, B CELLS,
ASTROCYTES, ENDOTASTROCYTES, ENDOT
HELIUMHELIUM
ACTIVATED B CELLSACTIVATED B CELLS DIFFERENTIATION INTO PLASMA CELLSDIFFERENTIATION INTO PLASMA CELLS
PLASMA CELLSPLASMA CELLS ANTIBODY SECRETIONANTIBODY SECRETION
HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLSHEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS DIFFERENTIATIONDIFFERENTIATION
T CELLS, OTHERST CELLS, OTHERS
INDUCES ACUTE PHASEINDUCES ACUTE PHASE
REACTION, HAEMATOPOIESIS, DIFFERENREACTION, HAEMATOPOIESIS, DIFFEREN
TIATION, INFLAMMATIONTIATION, INFLAMMATION
IL-7IL-7
BONE MARROWBONE MARROW
STROMAL CELLS ANDSTROMAL CELLS AND
THYMUS STROMALTHYMUS STROMAL
CELLSCELLS
PRE/PRO-B CELL, PRE/PRO-TPRE/PRO-B CELL, PRE/PRO-T
CELL, NK CELLSCELL, NK CELLS
DIFFERENTIATION AND PROLIFERATIONDIFFERENTIATION AND PROLIFERATION
OF LYMPHOID PROGENITOR CELLS,OF LYMPHOID PROGENITOR CELLS,
INVOLVED IN B, T, AND NK CELLINVOLVED IN B, T, AND NK CELL
SURVIVAL, DEVELOPMENT, ANDSURVIVAL, DEVELOPMENT, AND
HOMEOSTASIS,HOMEOSTASIS,
↑↑PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINESPROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES
IL-8 ORIL-8 OR
CXCL8CXCL8
MACROPHAGES, LYMMACROPHAGES, LYM
PHOCYTES,PHOCYTES,
EPITHELIAL CELLS,EPITHELIAL CELLS,
ENDOTHELIAL CELLSENDOTHELIAL CELLS
NEUTROPHILS, BASOPHILS,NEUTROPHILS, BASOPHILS,
LYMPHOCYTESLYMPHOCYTES
NEUTROPHIL CHEMOTAXISNEUTROPHIL CHEMOTAXIS

10. IL-9IL-9
TH2 CELLS,TH2 CELLS,
SPECIFICALLY BY CD4+SPECIFICALLY BY CD4+
HELPER CELLSHELPER CELLS
T CELLS, B CELLST CELLS, B CELLS
POTENTIATES IGM, IGG, IGE,POTENTIATES IGM, IGG, IGE,
STIMULATES MAST CELLSSTIMULATES MAST CELLS
IL-10IL-10
MONOCYTES, TH2MONOCYTES, TH2
CELLS, CD8+ TCELLS, CD8+ T
CELLS, MASTCELLS, MAST
CELLS, MACROPHAGES,CELLS, MACROPHAGES,
B CELL SUBSETB CELL SUBSET
MACROPHAGESMACROPHAGES CYTOKINE PRODUCTIONCYTOKINE PRODUCTION
B CELLSB CELLS ACTIVATIONACTIVATION
MAST CELLSMAST CELLS
TH1 CELLSTH1 CELLS
INHIBITS TH1 CYTOKINE PRODUCTION (IFN-INHIBITS TH1 CYTOKINE PRODUCTION (IFN-
Γ, TNF-Β, IL-2)Γ, TNF-Β, IL-2)
TH2 CELLSTH2 CELLS STIMULATIONSTIMULATION
IL-11IL-11
BONE MARROWBONE MARROW
STROMASTROMA
BONE MARROWBONE MARROW
STROMASTROMA
ACUTE PHASEACUTE PHASE
PROTEIN PRODUCTION, OSTEOCLAST FORMAPROTEIN PRODUCTION, OSTEOCLAST FORMA
TIONTION
IL-12IL-12
DENDRITIC CELLS, BDENDRITIC CELLS, B
CELLS, TCELLS, T
CELLS,MACROPHAGESCELLS,MACROPHAGES
ACTIVATED T CELLSACTIVATED T CELLS
DIFFERENTIATION INTO CYTOTOXIC TDIFFERENTIATION INTO CYTOTOXIC T
CELLS WITH IL-2,CELLS WITH IL-2, ↑↑ IFN-Γ, TNF-Α,IFN-Γ, TNF-Α, ↓↓ IL-10IL-10
NK CELLSNK CELLS ↑↑ IFN-Γ, TNF-ΑIFN-Γ, TNF-Α
IL-13IL-13
ACTIVATED TH2ACTIVATED TH2
CELLS, MAST CELLS,NKCELLS, MAST CELLS,NK
CELLSCELLS
TH2-CELLS, B CELLS,TH2-CELLS, B CELLS,
MACROPHAGESMACROPHAGES
STIMULATES GROWTH ANDSTIMULATES GROWTH AND
DIFFERENTIATION OF B CELLS (IGE),DIFFERENTIATION OF B CELLS (IGE),
INHIBITS TH1-CELLS AND THE PRODUCTIONINHIBITS TH1-CELLS AND THE PRODUCTION
OF MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORYOF MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY
CYTOKINES (E.G. IL-1, IL-6),CYTOKINES (E.G. IL-1, IL-6), ↓↓ IL-8, IL-10, IL-12IL-8, IL-10, IL-12

11. IL-14IL-14
T CELLS AND CERTAINT CELLS AND CERTAIN
MALIGNANT B CELLSMALIGNANT B CELLS
ACTIVATED B CELLSACTIVATED B CELLS
CONTROLS THE GROWTH ANDCONTROLS THE GROWTH AND
PROLIFERATION OF B CELLS, INHIBITS IGPROLIFERATION OF B CELLS, INHIBITS IG
SECRETIONSECRETION
IL-15IL-15
MONONUCLEARMONONUCLEAR
PHAGOCYTES (AND SOMEPHAGOCYTES (AND SOME
OTHER CELLS),OTHER CELLS),
ESPECIALLYESPECIALLY
MACROPHAGESMACROPHAGES
FOLLOWING INFECTION BYFOLLOWING INFECTION BY
VIRUS(ES)VIRUS(ES)
T CELLS, ACTIVATED BT CELLS, ACTIVATED B
CELLSCELLS
INDUCES PRODUCTION OF NATURAL KILLERINDUCES PRODUCTION OF NATURAL KILLER
CELLSCELLS
IL-16IL-16
LYMPHOCYTES,LYMPHOCYTES,
EPITHELIAL CELLS,EPITHELIAL CELLS,
EOSINOPHILS, CD8+ TEOSINOPHILS, CD8+ T
CELLSCELLS
CD4+ T CELLS (TH-CD4+ T CELLS (TH-
CELLS)CELLS)
CD4+ CHEMO ATTRACTANTCD4+ CHEMO ATTRACTANT
IL-17IL-17 T HELPER 17 CELLS (TH17)T HELPER 17 CELLS (TH17)
EPITHELIUM,EPITHELIUM,
ENDOTHELIUM, OTHERENDOTHELIUM, OTHER
OSTEOCLAST GENESIS, ANGIOGENESIS,OSTEOCLAST GENESIS, ANGIOGENESIS, ↑↑
INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINESINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES
IL-18IL-18 MACROPHAGESMACROPHAGES TH1 CELLS, NK CELLSTH1 CELLS, NK CELLS
INDUCES PRODUCTION OF IFNΓ,INDUCES PRODUCTION OF IFNΓ, ↑↑ NK CELLNK CELL
ACTIVITYACTIVITY
IL-20IL-20
ACTIVATEDACTIVATED
KERATINOCYTES ANDKERATINOCYTES AND
MONOCYTESMONOCYTES
REGULATES PROLIFERATION ANDREGULATES PROLIFERATION AND
DIFFERENTIATION OF KERATINOCYTESDIFFERENTIATION OF KERATINOCYTES

12. IL-21IL-21
ACTIVATED T HELPERACTIVATED T HELPER
CELLS, NKT CELLSCELLS, NKT CELLS
ALLALL
LYMPHOCYTES,LYMPHOCYTES,
DENDRITIC CELLSDENDRITIC CELLS
COSTIMULATES ACTIVATION AND PROLIFERATIONCOSTIMULATES ACTIVATION AND PROLIFERATION
OF CD8+ T CELLS, AUGMENT NK CYTOTOXICITY,OF CD8+ T CELLS, AUGMENT NK CYTOTOXICITY,
AUGMENTS CD40-DRIVEN B CELL PROLIFERATION,AUGMENTS CD40-DRIVEN B CELL PROLIFERATION,
DIFFERENTIATION AND ISOTYPE SWITCHING,DIFFERENTIATION AND ISOTYPE SWITCHING,
PROMOTES DIFFERENTIATION OF TH17 CELLSPROMOTES DIFFERENTIATION OF TH17 CELLS
IL-22IL-22 T HELPER 17 CELLS (TH17)T HELPER 17 CELLS (TH17)
PRODUCTION OF DEFENSINS FROM EPITHELIALPRODUCTION OF DEFENSINS FROM EPITHELIAL
CELLS. ACTIVATES STAT1 ANDSTAT3 AND INCREASESCELLS. ACTIVATES STAT1 ANDSTAT3 AND INCREASES
PRODUCTION OF ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS SUCHPRODUCTION OF ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS SUCH
ASSERUM AMYLOID A, ALPHA 1-ASSERUM AMYLOID A, ALPHA 1-
ANTICHYMOTRYPSIN AND HAPTOGLOBIN INANTICHYMOTRYPSIN AND HAPTOGLOBIN IN
HEPATOMA CELL LINESHEPATOMA CELL LINES
IL-23IL-23
MACROPHAGES, DENDRITMACROPHAGES, DENDRIT
IC CELLSIC CELLS
MAINTENANCE OF IL-17 PRODUCINGMAINTENANCE OF IL-17 PRODUCING
CELLS, INCREASES ANGIOGENESIS BUTCELLS, INCREASES ANGIOGENESIS BUT
REDUCES CD8 T-CELL INFILTRATIONREDUCES CD8 T-CELL INFILTRATION
IL-24IL-24
MELANOCYTES, KERATINMELANOCYTES, KERATIN
OCYTES,MONOCYTES, TOCYTES,MONOCYTES, T
CELLSCELLS
PLAYS IMPORTANT ROLES IN TUMOR SUPPRESSION,PLAYS IMPORTANT ROLES IN TUMOR SUPPRESSION,
WOUND HEALING AND PSORIASIS BY INFLUENCINGWOUND HEALING AND PSORIASIS BY INFLUENCING
CELL SURVIVAL, INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINECELL SURVIVAL, INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE
EXPRESSION.EXPRESSION.
IL-25IL-25
T CELLS, MASTT CELLS, MAST
CELLS, EOSINOPHILS,MACCELLS, EOSINOPHILS,MAC
ROPHAGES, MUCOSALROPHAGES, MUCOSAL
EPITHELIAL CELLSEPITHELIAL CELLS
INDUCES THE PRODUCTION IL-4, IL-5 AND IL-13,INDUCES THE PRODUCTION IL-4, IL-5 AND IL-13,
WHICH STIMULATE EOSINOPHIL EXPANSIONWHICH STIMULATE EOSINOPHIL EXPANSION

13. IL-26IL-26 T CELLS, MONOCYTEST CELLS, MONOCYTES
ENHANCES SECRETION OF IL-10 AND IL-8 AND CELL SURFACEENHANCES SECRETION OF IL-10 AND IL-8 AND CELL SURFACE
EXPRESSION OF CD54 ON EPITHELIAL CELLSEXPRESSION OF CD54 ON EPITHELIAL CELLS
IL-27IL-27
MACROPHAGES, DENDRIMACROPHAGES, DENDRI
TIC CELLSTIC CELLS
REGULATES THE ACTIVITY OF B LYMPHOCYTE AND T LYMPHOCYTESREGULATES THE ACTIVITY OF B LYMPHOCYTE AND T LYMPHOCYTES
IL-28IL-28 -- PLAYS A ROLE IN IMMUNE DEFENCE AGAINST VIRUSESPLAYS A ROLE IN IMMUNE DEFENCE AGAINST VIRUSES
IL-29IL-29 -- PLAYS A ROLE IN HOST DEFENCES AGAINST MICROBESPLAYS A ROLE IN HOST DEFENCES AGAINST MICROBES
IL-30IL-30 -- FORMS ONE CHAIN OF IL-27FORMS ONE CHAIN OF IL-27
IL-31IL-31 TH2 CELLSTH2 CELLS MAY PLAY A ROLE IN INFLAMMATION OF THE SKINMAY PLAY A ROLE IN INFLAMMATION OF THE SKIN
IL-32IL-32 --
INDUCES MONOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES TO SECRETE TNF-Α, IL-INDUCES MONOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES TO SECRETE TNF-Α, IL-
8 ANDCXCL28 ANDCXCL2
IL-33IL-33 -- INDUCES HELPER T CELLS TO PRODUCE TYPE 2 CYTOKINEINDUCES HELPER T CELLS TO PRODUCE TYPE 2 CYTOKINE
IL-35IL-35 REGULATORY T CELLSREGULATORY T CELLS SUPPRESSION OF T HELPER CELL ACTIVATIONSUPPRESSION OF T HELPER CELL ACTIVATION
IL-36IL-36 -- REGULATES DC AND T CELL RESPONSESREGULATES DC AND T CELL RESPONSES

14. CYTOKINECYTOKINE DEFECTDEFECT DISEASEDISEASE
IL-1RAIL-1RA UnderUnder
expressionexpression
ArthritisArthritis
IL-2, IL-7, IL-IL-2, IL-7, IL-
10, IL-2R, IL-10, IL-2R, IL-
10R10R
OverOver
expressionexpression
IBD (Inflammatory bowel disease)IBD (Inflammatory bowel disease)
IL-3IL-3 OverOver
expressionexpression
Demyelinating SyndromeDemyelinating Syndrome
IL-10IL-10 UnderUnder
expressionexpression
Type-1 Diabetes, Thyroid DiseaseType-1 Diabetes, Thyroid Disease
EFFECTS:

15. DISEASEDISEASE DRUGDRUG
CATEGORYCATEGORY
DRUGDRUG BRANDBRAND
ArthritisArthritis NSAIDS, Steroids,NSAIDS, Steroids,
ImmunosuppressaImmunosuppressa
ntnt
IbuprofenIbuprofen MotrinMotrin
IBDIBD Anti-Anti-
inflammatory,inflammatory,
Immune SystemImmune System
Suppressors,Suppressors,
AntibioticsAntibiotics
SulfasalazineSulfasalazine
(Azulfidine),(Azulfidine),
prednisone,prednisone,
Azathioprine,Azathioprine,
MethotrexateMethotrexate
Azulfidine,Azulfidine,
Deltasone,Deltasone,
AprinAprin
Type-1Type-1
DiabetesDiabetes
Peptide hormonePeptide hormone InsulinInsulin Apidra, Humalog,Apidra, Humalog,
HumulinHumulin
DISEASES AND DRUGS USED

16. THANK YOUTHANK YOU
Deepak Chandra JoshiDeepak Chandra Joshi
 Admin:- Target Pharmacy CompetitiveAdmin:- Target Pharmacy Competitive
Exam (Public Group)Exam (Public Group)