Teaching materials

1. UNIT:THREE

2. UNIT:3. MOTIVATION AND PERCEPTION
1. Definition and concept of motivation
2. Maslow's hierarchy of human nee
3. Theories of motivation
 3.3.1 McGregor’s X and Y theory.
 3.3.2 Contingency theory (z theory)
 3.3.3 Hygiene maintenance theory of Herzberg(Two factors
theory)

5. 3.2 Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory of motivation which
states that five categories of human needs dictate an individual's
behavior. Those needs are physiological needs, safety needs, love
and belonging needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs.

6. 1. Physiological Needs: Physiological needs are the physical (primary) requirements for human survival
such as food, water, clothing, shelter ,sex etc. (basic needs).
2. Safety needs: They consists (protection and security.)
• Financial security, Health and well-being
• Safety net against accidents/illness and their adverse impacts
1. Social Needs: Involve in social activities.
 Involves feelings of belongingness and affiliation.
 Social groups may include clubs, co-workers, religious groups,professional organizations,
sports teams, and gangs.
1. Esteem needs: This includes the need to have self-respect. Status,recognition, appreciation etc.
2. Self Actualization: Represents the growth of an individual towardfulfillment of the highest
needs.
 Expressing one's creativity.
 Realized the potentiality of his/her talent and capabilities for selfdevelopment.
 Positively transform society are examples of self-actualization

7. • 3.3 Theories of motivation
3.3.1 McGregor’s X and Y theory.
According to Douglas McGregor, there are two sets of assumptions about how
people are motivated to work.
Theory X:
In traditional view, people work only for survival and avoid it as far as possible.
It is based on pessimistic assumptions of the average worker.
The average person dislikes work and will avoid it he/she can.
The average person is lazy, prefers to be directed (guided by others), wishes to
avoid responsibility, has relatively little ambition and wants security.
Therefore, threat of punishment must be given to the people to achieve
organizational objectives

8. Theory Y
People work naturally and enjoy it.
 It is based on optimistic assumptions of the worker.
People are self motivated to achieve the organizational objectives without
external rewards.
They show high degree of commitment and creativity on solving organizational
problems widely.
The average person is creative, responsible to work, ambitious and have ability
to solve the problems.
Therefore, committed people on the organizational objective will be rewarded.
Conclusion: Theory X: People are lazy and will avoid work whenever possible.
Theory Y: People are creative and enjoy work

11. 3.2 Contingency theory ( Z ).
Also called Z theory.
Developed by Dr. William Ouchi’s
It states that “ On increasing employee loyalty to the company by providing a job
for life with a strong focus on the well-being of the employee, both on and off the
job”.
According to Ouchi, Theory Z management tends to promote stable employment,
high productivity, and high employee morale and satisfaction.
Characteristics of the Theory Z
Long-term employment and job security
Individual responsibility
 Implicit control with explicit mechanisms.
 Collective decision-making
Slow evaluation and promotion
Moderately specialized careers
 Concern for a total person, including their family

12. 3.3 Hygiene maintenance theory of Herzberg
 It was developed by psychologist Frederick herzberg.
 Also called two factor theory or dual factor theory.
It states that there are certain factors in the workplace
that causes job satisfaction or dissatisfaction.
He concluded job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction act
independently of each others.
Factors affecting job dissatisfactions:
 Company policy
 Supervision
Relationship with Boss
Work condition
Salary
Relationship with peers.
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13. • Factors affecting job satisfactions:
 Achievement
Recognition
 work itself
Responsibility
Advancement
Growth
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