Silviculture second iof

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Tree Improvement&Silviculture note: PreparedbyD. Gautam & B.P Devkota:2015 & updatedin2018.
UNIT: 1. INTRODUCTION
Introduction:
Silviculture is the branch of forestry which deals with the establishment, development and reproduction of
forests. Silvics, the study of life history and general characteristics of forest trees and crops with particular
references to environment factors as the basis for the practice of silviculture. (Khanna, 1999). Silviculture
is designed to create and maintain the kind of forest that will best fulfill the objectives of the owner and
the governing society. (Smith et al., 2010). Note: Refer L.S. Khanna book for more details.
Objective of silvilculture: The objective of study and practice of silvilculture is to produce more useful and
valuable forests to meet our requirements in a shorter time. According to Knanna,1999. The major objectives
of sliviculture are as follows:
1. Production of species of economic value: The production of timber species of economic value per unit
area is low. If the forests have to produce timber of industrial and economic importance, it is necessary to
study and practice of silvilculture so that we can produce only the desired species.
2. Production of more volume per unit area: In the virgin forest the crop is generally either very dense or
very open. Both these extremes are unsuitable for quantitative production. The study and practice of
silviculture helps in raising sufficient trees per unit area right from the beginning to fully utilize the soil and
as they grow up gradually reduce their number so that the requirement of light and food of the remaining tree
is met. In this way silvilculture helps to bring the production of more timber per unit area on a sustained
basis.
3. Production of high quality timber: In the unmanaged forest because of much competition a large number
of trees become crooked, malformed, diseased and defective. Silvilculture techniques help to avoid these
problems and to produce timber of a very high quality. Thus knowledge of silvilculture is essential to ensured
disease free timber production.
4. Reduction of rotation period: Rotation is the planed period of time expressed in years between the
regeneration of a crop to its final felling. In unmanaged forests rotation tend to be longer because the growth
of individuals’ tree is retarded. There is intense competition and it takes the trees a longer time to attain an
exploitable size. With the knowledge and practical application of silvilcultural techniques density of the crop
can be properly regulated and consequently the rate of growth increased and rotation reduced.
5. Raising forest in blank areas: In nature a large number of areas potentially suitable for tree growth,
remain blank due to certain adverse factors inhibiting growth of trees. Silvilcultural skills and techniques help
in raising forest in such areas.
6. Creation of plantation: Plantations may be created in place of natural forest. This can be brought about
under conditions where the natural forest has failed to regenerate itself or when the existing forest is too slow
growing for exploiting its potential to the optimum extent possible.
7. Introduction of exotics: Knowledge of silvilculture is highly beneficial for the successful introduction of
exotic species for industrialenvironmental or related purpose e.g. Eucalyptus,Populus and Teak etc.

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1.1 Tree Improvement (Introduction/ objectives/importance):
 Simply, it is the application of the genetic principle to increase the value of the trees.
 Tree improvement is a silvicultural practice designed to produce more desirable trees or their
products. It is an essential tool of silviculture.
 It is an application of forest genetic principles and practices into a general forest management
operation.
 Tree improvement increases the value of a tree species by
i. Selecting the most desirable tree from natural stands or plantation.
ii. Breeding the selected trees
iii. Testing the resulting progeny (offspring).
Objectives and importance oftree improvement:
 To determine the quantity of yields from the trees.
 To increase the growth rate of the species.
 To develop pests and diseases free species.
 To determine the best species for plantation in a given area.
 To determine the amount and causes of variability within species.
 To enhance the mass production of the individuals for the reforestation purpose.
 To develop and maintain a genetic base population and enough for advanced generation.
 To increases the survival capacity of the species.
 To increase the genotype and phenotype strong of the stands.
 To produce the desirable quality and quantity of the forest products in a sustainable way.
A tree improvement processis divided into four major stages:
i. Selection of desirable species.
ii. Selection of desirable provenances (grow good from seeds or vegetative parts) with a species.
iii. Selection of desirable families and individuals with in a provenances
iv. Controlled breeding include recombination and hybridization
Difficulties in tree improvement program
 Seeds are not always readily available.
 Trees are long lived.
 A lack of knowledge about desired future tree is one of the major problem.
 It is a long term process so it requires good permanent records.
 Tree improvement cannot respond quick change in marked demand etc.

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1.2 Silvics and its importance:
 Silvics is the study of life history and general characteristics of forest trees and crops with
particular reference to environmental factors,as the basis for the practice of silviculture.
 Thus, Silvics implies the study of the trees and forests as biological units, the laws of their
growth and development and the effect of the environment on them. It explains the natural
laws of their growth and development and their behavior in a given set of environmental
conditions. Though a lot of information on silvics has been collected by experiments,
observations and experience of earlier foresters, a lot more information is yet to be collected
to explain the unsolved complexities in the lives of trees and crops and the natural laws
governing their reproduction, growth and development.
 The knowledge gathered in silvics is applied to the production and care of forest crops. Thus
the practice of sliviculture is applied silvics. It deals with the procedure of obtaining natural
regeneration under the various silvicultural systems, artificial regeneration of various species
and methods of tending young crops, whether natural or artificial, to help them to grow into
forests of quality timber and great economic value (Khanna, 1999).
Importance ofsilvics/silviculture
 Production of species of economic value
 Production of large volume per unit area
 Production of quality of timber
 Reduction of rotation
 Raising forest in blank areas
 Creation of manmade forest in place of natural
 Introduction of exotics etc.
Note: Refer L.S. Khanna's book for more details. (Page no: 1- 4)

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UNIT: 2. TREE IMPROVEMENT
2.1 Provenance test:
 Tree improvement program involves all practices designed to produce genetically superior trees.
The most important step in any tree improvement program is the right choice of the species followed by
the selection of suitable provenance (place of origin). It is necessary to conduct species and provenance
tests before making the right choice of species and provenance for a specific site.
 Provenance tests is the plantation of nursery grown seedlings collected from the different
identified seed stands of certain species of the country which have almost similar type of edapho
climatic condition under tree improvement program to increase the over all production.
 For provenance tests, seeds are collected from genetically superior trees of selected natural forest
or artificial plantation seed stands from different regions of the country and are germinated in the
nursery, selected seedlings are planted in statistical design with not less than 100 seedling in each
plot
 One or two extra rows plantation is also done around the trial plots as a wind break and for other
protection point of view.
 Regular systematic recording of different parameters like height, diameter, branching patterns,
bole form and disease pests is done for up to its rotation period or at least half of the rotation
period.
 Finally statistical analysis is done and concludes on the basis of the significance results of the
particular provenance.
Important steps in provenance test
1. Survey of species distribution
2. Delineation (demarcation) of provenances (place of origin)
3. Seed collection
4. Plant production
5. Establishment of provenance trials (test).
6. Evaluation of trials
7. Information about best provenances for each site.
Factors governing choice ofprovenance:(locality factors)
 Climatic factors : (matching between the site of origin and potential site of introduction)
 Edaphic factors:(Properties)
 Topographic factors:(Slope, aspects etc.)
 Biological factors : (Neighboring plants)
 Others: Growing seasons,day length and phonology (seasonal activities of plants) etc.

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2.2 Sources /causes of Variation:
Variation: By common observation we all know that children only resemble their parents,they are not identical.
These differences shown by the individuals of a species are termed as variation.
 The variation can be successfully utilized for the adaptability of a species to a particular area. E.g cold
hardness, drought resistance etc.
 The variations can help in checking the epidemic caused by insect damage, to check pathogens or a virus
attack and in the selection of suitable genotype for different use of species.
 First thing to do for tree improvement program is to determine the amount, cause and nature of variation
that is present in the species of interest and learn how to use it.
Causes/sources ofVariations:
(a)Environment:
 Depending on environment there are xerophytes, hydrophytes species.
 Teaks have also different races suitable for dry areas and wet areas.
 Due change in environment, races and ecotypes are developed to become adaptive to that particular
environment.
(b) Geographic:
 Longitude, latitude and altitude bring changes in species.
 As altitude change species remain same but genotypes charges to adapt.
© Man Made Variation:
 Clear felling in large area causes gene erosion.
 Introduction of new variations to recover the area.
 Variation also created during the process of research and trials.
(d) Genetic:
 The change in gene frequency from one generation to another brings greater variability.
 These variations are caused by
(i)Mating system: Cross-pollination increases heterozygous population
: Self pollination increases homozygous population.
(ii)Mutation: It is sudden change in genotypes
: It helps in maintaining variability in species.
(iii)Gene Flow: Migration of gene from one population to another through crossing is called gene flow. Gene
migration takes place either through seeds or introducing of trails, when the out crossing takes place with the
original population.
(iv) Polyploidy: The condition in which a normally diploid cell or organism acquires one or more additional sets
of chromosomes. Polyploidy is common among plants and has been, in fact, a major source of speciation in the
angiosperms. Note: Normally a hybrid is sterile because it does not have the required homologous pairs of
chromosomes forsuccessful gamete formation during meiosis.

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2.3 Seed production area and seed stands
 Those areas where stands are specifically managed for seed production.
 Those areas in which stands are specially planted for seed production or existing stands are specially
managed for seed production.
 The term seed production areas and seed stands are generally referred to as "A plus stand that is
generally upgraded and opened by removal of undesirable tree and then cultured for early and
abundant seed production.
 These two terms are often treated in different context. In some countries the term "seed stand" refers
to a plantation forest where as "seed production area" are special natural forests. Here both are
 In some countries, however seed production area is preferred term for plantation forest which is
Development ofseed production area (SPA) from existing natural forest:
1. Survey the potential area. (Details of the area)
2. Stand should produce sufficient vigorous seeds. (Stands should be mature but not too old)
3. Large number of stands having good phenotype should be there.
(150-200 stands per ha should be kept after removing other stands)
4. Stand should be free from pests and diseases.( to reduce inferior seeds)
5. Stands should produce sufficient flowers and seeds.
6. Area should be easily accessible. (flat and well drained not too far)
7. Selected stand should not be commercially harvesting. (maintain for many years)
8. Size of the seed production area should be sufficient. (at least 2 ha)
9. Pollen dilution zone should be made (open area of least 200m) etc.
10. Sivicultural management should be carried out time to time ( safe from fire, diseases and unwanted
competition)
Development ofSPA from plantation forests.
1. Site selection (best site should be selected)
 SPA should represent similar environmental condition where plantation is done.
 Size of the seed production area should be sufficient
 Isolation from pollen contamination.
2. Seed source:
 Provenance should be appropriate
 Seed should be adopted
 In most species stem should be straight and branch quality should be good.
3. Site preparation:
 Plantation area should be free of vegetation cover
 Less chance of weed invasion
 Easy for soil work
4. Spacing:
 Planted seed production area should be established at close spacing.

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 For example: initial spacing of 3m x 2 m is appropriate of most tropical eucalyptus. For acacia:4m x 2m
or 3m x 3m is best.
 Initial high stocking rates allow and early selective thinning so that trees of the best vigor and form can be
retained.
5. Fertilization:
 Types of fertilization and rate should be known.
 Complete fertilizer i.e NPK fertilizer is recommended at the rate of 100g per seedling, in a ring radius
30cm around the stem.
 Fertilizer should be applied one month after plantation.
 Selection oftree for seed production areas: Predominant (tallest) and co-dominant (5/6 of predominant)
trees having following characters should be selected:
1. Fast growing and relatively straight and cylindrical bole.
2. Free from insects, pests and diseases
3. Thin branches with wide branch angle (900
is the best)
4. Good self pruning
5. Good crown development.
6. Phenotipically superior (plus tree)
7. High wood density and long fibers.
8. High yielding and having good health
9. Vigorous flowering and sufficient seed producing.
10. Mature (middle age), not influenced even by strong winds etc.
 Management ofseed production areas:
Seed production area should be properly managed and maintained to ensure full potential of seed production
capacity.
1. Removal ofthe cut materials:after thinning remove all cut materials which reduce potential danger of
pests and forest fire.
2. Weeding: unwanted undergrowth should be controlled by regular hand weeding or by careful application
of herbicides.
3. Control ofcoppice growth: For strong coppicing species like eucalyptus, it is necessary to kill the
stumps of cut trees to discourage growth.
4. Fertilization: Fertilization should be used in conjunction with the opening of the stands by thinning,
which increase tree vigor and helps in development.
5. Stand demarcation: External boundaries of the seed production area should be marked. A permanent
sigh should be constructed or made which helps for easy management.
6. Protection: Adequate fire break (10m wide or more) should be established around the areas. Necessary
fencing should be done if there is chance of damage by domestic animals, wild animals and human
activities.

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2.4 Plus tree and elite tree selection:
Candidate tree: A tree that has been tentatively selected for inclusion in a breeding program but has not
been compared with surrounding trees.
Plus tree: A phenotypically superior but untested tree.
Elite tree:Selected trees that have proven to be genetically superior through progeny test. "Winner tree".
Where to select plus/elite trees? Selection is carried out in natural stands or preferably in plantation.
Certain considerations of importance in the choice of the site for selection are identified below:
i. From pure species composition
ii. Having good characters
iii. From even aged
iv. Mature stand (near to maximum height)
v. No logging and harvesting areas (if possible)
vi. Having good grading
vii. Based on the variation of the stands
Selection methods
1. Mass selection-treesselected from plantations based on their phenotypes. Used when the heridity of
the tree is unknown.
2. Family selection-entire families are selected based on their average phenotypic performance.
3. Sib selection-individuals selected on the basis of their siblings.
4. Progeny testing-parent trees are selected based on the performance of their progeny.
5. Within family selection-individuals selected on the basis of their deviation from the family mean.
Rarely used.
Selection criteria:
Different species have by nature different architecture. Selection traits may vary between different species
and improvement programmes. However, timber species to be cultivated in plantations share a number of
desired features. The ideal plantation tree has following characteristics:
 Straight, cylindrical, non-forking, non-twisting bole.
 Fast growing having narrow crown
 Thin branches with wide branch angles
 High wood density and long fibres
 Resistance to pest and diseases.
 It should be genetically and phenotypically superior.
 High yielding, high productive and very good in health.
 Should be straight, less branching with handsome crown.
 Should be mature (middle aged), not be stag headed.
 Vigorous flowering and fruiting.

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Steps in plus tree selection
1. Mapping ofarea and stand
Selected trees will be demarcated on the map.
The map is covered with plastic sheets with coordinates to facilitate location and demarcation of
selects.
2. Site description.
In case of homogenous environment this may be carried out as representative for the whole area.
In case of a heterogeneous area,site evaluation is conducted for each selected tree.
Parameters include topography, soil, aspects,wild exposure and stand (natural or planted)
3. Selection and marking oftrees
Candidate trees are marked and graded. The mark should be distinct and conspicuous.
The tree is marked with a number, which corresponds to that in the grading sheet and on the map.
Yellow, red or white paint should be used for numbers.
4. Grading of the trees
The candidate trees are measured and graded against comparison/check trees
a) Height
b) DBH (Diameter at Breast Height, 1.3m)
c) Crown Diameter A narrow crown is desired. The diameter of the crown is estimated by projecting
the outermost branches to the ground.
d) Bole form Deviation from the desired ideal straight, cylindrical bole is evaluated. Following
observations are made. 1. Basalsweep 2. Bole swellings 3. Bends and twists
4. Leaning 5. Trunk curves 6. Circularity
e) The branch angle A wide angle is desired
f) Branch diameter. Small branch diameters are desired.
g) Selfpruning ability
A long clear bole is desired. The presence of old branches,epicormic branches are assessed
h) Forking A non-forking clear bole is desired.
i) Tree health: If the tree shows any major signs of the following pests, diseases or attack, it should be
rejected
1. Sign of dead top or thin crowns
2. Nibbles, galls and discoloring of leaves and shoots
3. Major leaf or needle fall not coinciding with natural shedding.
4. Knots or tumors on trunk and branches.
5. Scars,soft (rotten) spots, discoloring bark etc.
6. Any visible fungus attack.
7. Insect borings of wood
8. Any other visible insect or pest attack
j) Wood properties
k) Photos oftrees
Some tree grading sheets include photos of the selected trees. It should represent the real scenario of the
stand including all parts as far as possible and one can recognize the tree by seeing the photo.

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2.5 Seed orchards: (types establishment and management)
 A plantation established for the production of high quality seeds/vegetative parts from the
superior trees.
 Seed orchard is defined as plantation of genetically superior trees isolated to reduce pollination
from genetically inferior ones and intensively managed to produce frequent abundant and easy
harvested seed. It is established by setting out clones or seedling progeny for plus trees (Knanna,
1993)
 Seed orchard is a special type of plantation consisting of colons or seedlings from selected trees,
which are isolated to reduce pollination from outside sources. The seed orchards could be
categorized into different types depending on the materials used for its establishment.
Types ofseed orchards:
1. Clonal seed orchard:
 Seed orchard which has been raised from the vegetative parts of the plus trees.
 Seed orchard raised from selected clones propagated by grafting, budding, air-layering or
rooting of cuttings.
 Orchard established with vegetative parts such as grafts, cuttings or tissue culture raised
plants. Such orchard established with untested clones is known as first generation orchard.
Clonal orchards develop with genetically tested clones (elite clone) is called advanced
generation orchard.
2. Seedling seed orchard:
 Seed orchard which has been raised from the seedlings from seeds of plus trees.
 Seed orchard raised from seedlings produced from selected parent's seeds, which are either
open pollinated (half sib) or controlled pollinated (full sib).
 Orchard established with seedlings progeny followed by removing of inferior families as well
as inferior individuals within family.
3. Extensive seedling seed orchard:
 Stands established from a balanced mixture of seeds from at least 60 good parents and
gradually culled (select desirable parts/plants from a group). The family is not retained
(maintained) in the field (simple level BSO).
Process ofseed orchard establishment:
Seedling seed orchard establishment (process) Clonal seed orchard establishment (process)
1.Selection of plus trees
2.Collection of seeds
3.Establishement of seedlings from seeds
4. Progeny test and evaluation
5. Removal of inferior families and individual
within family.
6. Seedlings seed orchard established
7. Seed for plantation.
1.Selection of plus trees
2. Extraction of vegetative parts from plus trees.
3.Establishement of seedlings from vegetative parts
4. Progeny test and evaluation
5. Removal of inferior families and individual
within family.
6. Clonal seed orchard established
7. Seed for plantation.

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Establishment ofseedling seed orchard:
1. Select accessible areas and size (minimum 2.5 to 5 ha)
2. Area should be flat, well drained and fertile & less affected by animals and climatic hazards.
(Plough the site and level properly (if possible)
3. Removal all weeds and bushes & maintain sanitation for fire hazard
4. Demarcate the boundary and fence the area
5. Square or rectangular block should be made
6. Dig a pit of optimum size (0.45 x 0.45mx0.45m to 0.9m x 0.9mx0.9m)
7. Plant the tested seedlings with good soil and farm yard manure.
8. The space between the plants varies from species to species. Generally (4m x 4m to 8m x 8m for
tropical species)
9. 100- 200m pollen dilution zone should be made.
10. Silvicultural operations should be done time to time. (weeding, thinning, cleaning , pruning etc)
Seed orchard management:
1. Area: Should be accessible, sufficient and watchable.
2. Soil: By protecting the floor of the orchard from water and wind erosion.
3. Fertilization: Supply and maintain sufficient organic fertilizers. If possible grow fast growing
leguminous plants.
4. Irrigation: Supply the sufficient water to the plants. Irrigate orchard at young age to maintain
good growth and vigor.
5. Pest control: Control diseases and pests when they appear by spraying insecticides and
fungicides.
6. Weeding: keep the floor of the orchard leveled and clean for easy collection of seeds.
7. Pruning: Dead and diseased branches of the plants should be removed by pruning.
8. Thinning: If the numbers of plants are more than required, than remove unwanted plants. 5D.
9. Fire: firing may be fatal for many plants so the area should be well sanitized. Control firing can
be done to control dry wastes and unwanted bushes.
10. Keep complete weather records.

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Slivicultural Characteristics
TERAI SPECIES MOBILE NUMBER MID HILLS SPECIES MOBILE NUMBER
Castonopsis indica (Dhale katus) 211113111 chilaune…….3
Khair (Acacia catechu) 111113241Sisoo ……………..1 Castonopsis hystrix (Patle katus) 211113111chilaune…….3
Sissoo (Dalbergia sissoo) 111213241 Khair ………...…1 C. tribuloides (Musure katus) 211113111chilaune……..3
Saj (Terminalia Tomentosa) 111213241Sal…………..........1 Schima wallichi (chilaune) 221113111katus…………3
Sal (Shorea robusta) 123113241Saj.……………….2 Michelia champaca (Champ) 213313111katus………....4
Kadam (A. Chinensis) 133313241sal…………………2 Tooni (Cederella toona) 213313211sal …………...4
Satisal (D. latifolia) 221213241 Sissoo Quercus incana (Sano banjh) 111313111 Rani salla…..6
Simal (Bombax ceiba) 131423241 Sal/khair Q. lamellose (Thulo phalant) 111313111 Rani salla…...6
Gamhari (Gmelina arborea) 122113231 Sal/khair Q. Semicarpifolia (Khasru) 111313111P.smithiana…6
Bot Dhainyaro (L.parviflora) 113114251 Sal Badahar ( Artocarpus lakoocha) 113113231 Katahar……..7
Tendu (D. melanoxylon) 111121251 L.parviflora Alnus nepalensis (Utis) 123113231 katus………...7
Barro (T. belerica) 132123211Sal………………...5 Pinus roxburghii (Rani salla) 111134111Oak.
Harro (T. chebula ) 122123211Sal ………………..5 FODDER SPECIES MOBILE NUMBER
Haldu (Adina cordifolia) 132313251sal ………………..8 Babul (Acacia nilotica) 131343141 Khair
Sandan (O. dalbergoides) 144313251sal ……………….8 Kutmero(Litsea monopetala) 213313151 Sal………….12
Seto siris (Albizzia procera) 132213251kalo siris………...9 Khanyu (F. semicordata/cunia) 123313251 katus………..12
Kalo siris (A. lebbek) 112113251 Seto siris………..9 Koiralo (Bauhinia variegata) 111313251 Taki………...13
Neem (Azadirachta indica) 131313111 Bakaino………..10 Tanki (Bauhinia purpurea) 211313251 B.verigata...13
Bakaino (Melia azedarch) 111313211 Neem…………..10 Kimbu ( Morus alba) 323313231 Juglans
EXOTIC SPECIES MOBILE NUMBER Daincha (Sesbania grandiflora) 131313251 Sal
P. deltoids(lahare people) 111314131Morusalba Dabdabe ( Garuga pinnata) 133113251 Sal………….14
Populusciliate (Bangikot) 111443211deodar Dudhilo (Ficus nemoralis) 113113251Katus……….14
Auri (Acacia auriculiformis) 133313141 A.mangium HIGH HILL SPECIES MOBILE NUMBER
Pinus caribea (caribbean pine 131233111Haemathoxylum Pinus wallichiana (gobre salla) 113133111Deodar
Pinus patula (Patula salla) 141334111Acer…………11 Juglans regia (Okhar) 1130132410ak
G. robusta (Kangiyo) 141344111 oak spp…….11 Abies pindrow (fir) 313330111 Juglans……15
Teak (Tectona grandis) 133114211 Khair Taxus baccata (Himalayan yew) 311330111 Tsuga dumos15
C. camphora (Kapur) 113213111 C.cassia Picea smithiana (spruce/jhulle ) 111333111Deodar……..16
Eucalyptusspp.(masala) 111413131 teak Cedrus deodar 114333111 P.wallichi….16
L. leucocephala (Ipil Ipil) 131213131 Casuarina spp. Juniper incana (Dhupi) 211110111fir
Cassia siamea (Kassod) 134314111 Sal (in hetauda) Tsuga dumosa (Thingure salla) 311310111fir
C. equisetifolia (Iron wood) 131333151 leucaena sp. Cupressus torulosa (Agar Dhupi) 211331111 deodar
Betula utilis (Bhojpatra) 111313211 laligurash
Rhododendron arboretum 114114111 Bhojpatra
Bamboo =122313152.(Bamboo are mostly evergreen) Uses: Alu tama (आलु तामा) in Nepalii,construction,weapon,musical
instruments, ladders, soil conservation,pulp and paper etc. Bambusa and dendrocalamus species of bamboos are best for fodder.
Rattan:231004152. Rattan is a naturally renewable palmthat grows in the tropical regions of Africa, Asia and Australasia,and is
used for furniture, handicrafts,and building material among others. Rattan continues to be an invaluable part of rural people's
livelihoodsin South and Southeast Asia.
NOTE: Most plantsbest grow in pH range 6.5 to 7.5, where they get all required nutrients.
NOTE: For bamboo and rattan refer "A Compendium of Tree Species of Nepal" by Thakur R.B.
Mobile number password
LIGHT FROST DROUGHT FIRE COPPICE BROWSING T.N. SOIL ROO
T
As
SO
CI
AT
ES
1.SLD/LD 1. FH 1.DH 1.FR 1. Well 1. BH 1. E. 1.Acidic 1. T
2. MLD 2. MFH 2. MDH 2.MFR 2. Fair 2. MBH 2. D. 2. Basic 2. A
3. SB 3. FS 3. DS 3. FS 3. NC 3. BS 3. Neutral
4. YSBMH 4. YSBMH 4. YSBMH 4. PW 4. N.P 4. Alluvial
 Prepared by: Deepak Gautam (Faculty,IOF,Pokhar) 5.WROS (wide range soil)

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Sample question with answer:
1. Write down the silvicultural characteristics ofkhair.
Ans:
The botanical name of the Khair is Acacia catechu which belongs to Leguminosae family.
It is commonly found between Terai to 1400m elevation. It is quite common in peninsular region,
particularly in dry part. It occurs in tropical dry mixed forest.
Following are the major silvicultural characteristics ofkhair. (Mobile Number: 111113241 Sissoo)
Light: It is strong light demander; do not tolerate any kind of suppression.
Frost: It is frost hardy species.
Drought: It is high drought resistant in nature.
Fire: It also resists fire too.
Coppice: It coppices well; produce root suckers.
Browsing: It is browsing sensitive.
Tree nature: It is moderate size decidious tree.
Soil PH: Best grow in well drained coarse alluvial soil.
Root system: Consists strong tap root system, which can withstand flooding.
Main associates: It is good associate with dalberhgia sisoo, and common associates with others species
such as Anogessuslatifolia, lagerstooemea parviflora etc.
Uses:
i. It is fairly good for timber, good for firewood.
ii. It is used to produce high quality charcoal.
iii. It is used to produce cutch, which is use in tanning and dyeing purposes.
iv. These plants are planted to check the soil erosion and to conserve the water etc.
Note: No need to write mobile number in exam.

14
Referfollowingbooks/materialsfor further information.
UNIT: 1. Introduction
1.1 Tree improvement- Refer"Nepal Handbookof Forestry",Page no- 367.
1.2 Silvicsandits importance- ReferL.HKhanna'sSilviculture(Silviculture anditsobjectives)
UNIT: 2. Tree improvement
2.1 Provenance test- ReferBishnuDevkota'sTree ImprovementandSliviculture note.
2.2 Source of variation- ReferBishnuDevkota'sTree ImprovementandSliviculture note.
2.3 Seedproductionareaandseedstand- Refer"Nepal Handbookof Forestry",page no- 375
2.4 Plustree andelite tree selection- Refer"Nepal Handbookof Forestry",page no- 373
2.5 Seedorchards- Refer"Nepal Handbookof Forestry",page no- 371/372
2.6 BSO's inNepal- Refer"NepalHandbookof Forestry",page no- 378-382.
UNIT: 3, 4, & 5. Slivicuture Characteristicsof the species:
Refer:
 Manual of afforestationpartIIBG J.K J ACTION and
 A compendiumof tree speciesof Nepal byR.B.Thakur
Additional note:(missingin main note)
Stepsin plus tree selection:
1. Mappingof area andstand
2. Site selection
3. Selectionandmarkingof trees
4. Gradingof treesbasedonfollowingcharacters:(Refer"Handbookof forestry"page no374)
 Fast growing……………………….Nitrogenfixing.
This noteis prepared by DeepakGautamand B.PDevkota 2015. Good Luck!

Silviculture second iof

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