This is a lecture notes for BSR602

1. THE HISTORY OF
SPECIALISED AND
INDUSTRIALISED
CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION
TECHNOLOGY II
PREPARED BY : DR JULAIDA KALIWON

2. HISTORY OF CONSTRUCTION
Wood / Timber Calf skin Stone / Masonry
Construction Materials
1. STONE AGE
CONSTRUCTION

3. ✓ Formation of towns, cities.
✓ Division of labour and professional crafts
(eg. Masonry, metal or wood working)
✓ Invention of simple machines eg. Levers,
pulley, nails.
✓ Create arches, vaults to further span
construction / construction limit.
2. ANCIENT
CONSTRUCTION
Construction Materials
Stone masonry
Metal
Wood / Timber
These required skilled craftsmen.

4. - The greatest construction projects in Europe
(Castles, Cathedrals)
- Creationof skilled craftsmen
- Invention of pile driver (1475) - Italy
Roman pile driver
(replica) used at the
construction of Ceasar’s
bridge
3. MEDIEVAL
CONSTRUCTION

5. Requires a unique team to plan, design, construct, and
maintain the project
BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
HEAVY/CIVIL
CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRIAL
CONSTRUCTION
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS

6. CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
TRADITIONAL / CRAFT
CONSTRUCTION
MODERN/MECHANISED
CONSTRUCTION RATIONALIZED CONSTRUCTION
CLOSED SYSTEM
CONSTRUCTION
OPEN SYSTEM
CONSTRUCTION/COMPONENT
CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES / METHODS

7. TRADITIONAL/CRAFT
CONSTRUCTION
CHARACTERISTICS
Ratio of skilled to un-skilled
labour ishigh labour
intensive
Product-small scale
Constructionor one off
Construction
Uncoordinated relationship
between designer, producer
(builder) and
material/Component supplier
Fabrication and assemble on
siteand in-situ wet type of
construction
Similar methodsof
construction using similar
materials
TRADITIONAL / CRAFT CONSTRUCTION

8. MODERN/MECHANISED
CONSTRUCTION
CHARACTERISTICS
Larger scale
Constructions
Less flexible Labour intensive Mechanical plant
Greaterinvestment of
capital in fixed assets
A more systematic
processof supply and
assembly of materials
MODERN / MECHANISED CONSTRUCTION

9. RATIONALIZED
CONSTRUCTION
CHARACTERISTICS
Integrated system of
design and production
continuity In production
process
Well planned work
Standardisationof
components
Prefabricated
components
Mechanical plant/
less labour intensive Separationof trades
Separationof
fabricationand
assembly
Integrationof design of
constructionsand
production operations
RATIONALIZED CONSTRUCTION

10. CLOSED
CONSTRUCTION
SYSTEM
CHARACTERISTICS
Factory
fabrication/production
and site assembled
Each system is
unique
Require efficient
transport system
Require
sophisticated
organisation
CLOSED CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
MIVAN FORMWORK SYSTEM

11. CHARACTERISTICS
Common sets of
Standards-
coordination of
dimensions and
joints
Cooperation
between design,
manufacturing
and construction
firm is necessary
Combination of
pre-designed
components,
custom designed
and built
component and
traditional
methods.
Interchangeability
and coordination
Complex
management and
coordination
More flexible,
Large scale
demand and
Maintenance/reha
bilitation
problems
reduced
OPEN SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION/COMPONENT
CONSTRUCTION
PRECAST CONCRETE PANEL SYSTEM

12. WHAT IS BUILDING
???

13.  Building acts as a container or
envelope, which buffers or
filters external conditions for
internal needs
 Building represents various
levels of action and
interaction between people
and their surrounding. The
functional need of building –
response to people, place
and environment as
indicated in Figure 1
What Is Building ? Figure 1 – Buildings in context

14. Each material,
whether it forms an
identifiable element
or component of the
construction or part
of the internal fabric,
has its own
characteristic and
requirements.
Buildings,
togetherwith
their contents,
present a
complex
assemblyof
materials and
parts.
Differences
between
Traditional
building and
Modern
Building ?
Needs Of Building ??

15. The use and
function of
buildings change
over time, and with
each change
comes a different,
often conflicting,
set of
requirements.
These user
requirements will
typically leave
evidence in the
form of physical
changes to the
structure, fabric
and services of the
building; personal
recollections and
remembrances;
and associated
documentation
Needs of The Building
Users

16. These personal, and often intimate,
perceptions and sensations may
include the following;
➢ Light and dark
➢ Hot and cold
➢ Dry and humid
➢ Sunshine and shadow
➢ Colour and texture
➢ Smells and odours (e.g musty cellar)
➢ Sound and silence (e.g music)
➢ Locationand situation
➢ Size and scale
➢ Context and use
➢ Character and association(e.g ‘haunted house’)

17. Feelings’ that might be experienced when in
and around buildings may thus indicate a latent
awareness of what is ‘good’ and ‘bad’.
‘Good’ feelings ‘Bad’ feelings
▪ Homely
▪ Peaceful
▪ Spiritual
▪ Restful
▪ Atmospheric
▪ Inspiring
▪ Welcoming
▪ Comfortable
▪ Spacious
▪ Uplifting
▪ Exciting
▪ Breathtaking
▪ Claustrophobic
▪ Intimidating
▪ Overwhelming
▪ Demoralising
▪ Cramped
▪ Oppressive
▪ Lonely
▪ Morbid
▪ Isolated
▪ Uncomfortable
▪ Impoverished
▪ Squalid
Table 1.1 – Various feelings generated by architecture

18. Building
requirements
Functional
requirements
Performance
requirements
User
requirements
Statutory
requirements
In order to be successful, the design and construction
of a building has to consider a variety issues
These may be
considered as
being

19. Functional Requirement
 Every building, regardless of its original, intermediate or ultimate use, can be expected to
fulfil certain basic functional requirements.
 These requirements are primarilyconcerned with protection from the external environment,
human comfort, and organisation of activity and space.
Performance requirements
 For a building to be successful, it must satisfy the basic functional requirements.
 The way in which it meets these demands, both as a building and as a collection of related
and interrelated parts, may be determined by how it performs in relation to a number of
defined performance measures or standards.
 Figure below shown the performance requirement for buildings

20. Performance requirements

23. PERFORMANCE
REQUIREMENT
Access and
egress
Appearance
Durability
Dimensional
Stability
Strength and
Stability
Weather
exclusion
Sound control
Thermal comfort
Fire Protection
Lighting &
ventilation
Sanitation
Security
Cost

24. Statutory Requirements
 There are various statutory and non-statutory requirements that make demands on
those who design, build, manage repair, maintain, occupy or demolish buildings. In
practice, many of these demands are made in relation to the health, safety and well-
being of such persons.
User Requirements
 The user of a building can expect to liveor work in a space that satisfies basic human
requirements and, in addition, certain needs that are specific to the activities being
performed.
 To identify purpose in terms of activities (the things people do) and human needs (physical,
psychological, physiological and social).
 Building to be fit for its purpose it must allow its occupants to carry out their activities
economically and conveniently, and have a satisfactory environment to suit the user

25. User Requirements
Classificationof
user e.g task
orientation
Analysis of
activities (e.g
social interaction)
Requirements of
space (e.g
circulation in and
around buildings)
Environmental
conditions (e.g sensory
stimulation)
Structural
implications (e.g
compatibility)
Cost (e.g
improvements)

26. Our Expectations of buildings
The ‘use’ and ‘type’ of a particular building – evident in how it
looks and performs:
➢ Agriculture –barn
➢ Commerce – shop,office
➢ Defence – castle
➢ Education – school
➢ Entertainment – cinema,
theatre
➢ Habitation – house, flat
➢ Health – surgery, hospital
➢ Horticulture – glasshouse
➢ Manufacture – factory
➢ Navigation – lighthouse
➢ Security – prison
➢ Social interaction – restaurant
➢ Travel – airport, railway
station
➢ Worship – mosque, church

27. Agricultural

28. Commerce

29. Defence

30. Education

31. Entertainment

32. Habitation -
Residential

33. Health -
Hospital

34. Horticulture
-
Glasshouse

35. Manufacture - factory

36. Navigation
– Light
House

37. Social
Interaction
-
Restaurant

38. Travel -
Airport

39. Worship

40. Conclusion
 The various aspects of design and construction that will
have influenced how it was built and how it has
performed
 Consideration of functional, performance, statutory and
user requirements, will provide much information to be
assess but there are other level investigation that also
need to considered.