2. DEFINITION
Land reclamation, the process of improving lands
to make them suitable for a more intensive use.
Also known as land fill, is the process of creating
new land from sites such as the sea, lakes,
riverbeds, and so on.
Reclamation may be concerned with the
improvement of rainfall-deficientareas by
irrigation,the removal of any possible damage
that caused from salty or alkali lands, the
smoothing and revegetation reclaim of mining
areas.
7. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
The loss of wetlands from
land reclamation can worsen
drought
Land reclamation can mean
the loss of biodiversity and
fisheries
Land reclamation causes
flooding and can have
potentially disastrous
consequences
Land reclamation destroys
naturallandscapes. If it takes
place too quickly, the nature
would not adapt to it
The quality of water was
degraded. Turbidity levels
wereslightly higher than the
allowable limits for
dischargeto marine
environmentset by the Law.
9. DREDGING
Dredging is the operation of
removing material from one part
of the water environment and
relocating it to another. In all but
a few situations the excavation is
undertaken by specialist floating
plant, known as a dredger.
Dredging is carried out in many
different locations and for many
different purposes, but the main
objectives are usually to recover
material that has some value or
use, or to create a greater depth
of water.
10. Dry
Method
• Suitable for filling material from
land sources, especially rock, hill
cut and clay fill.
• Viscous slurry is created which
would take much longer to become
usable land.
• Truck or conveyor belt is used to
transportthe fill material to extend
the land towards thesea.
• This method works wellfor
foreshorelocations with underlying
competent seabed soil.
• Generally, this method usually
results in a loose profile of fill with
less density.
11. Direct Dumping
• A direct dumping method is used when the
seabed is deep or the underlying seabed soil is soft.
• A bottom-openingbargeusually carries fill
material from the borrow source and dumps it in
the given locationthrough the opening in the
bottom.
• This method is used not only for granular
material but also for stiff clay and soft clay.
• Bottomdumping alone cannot complete the
reclamationbecause it can only operateup to 2 – 3
meters depth below sea level. The next level of fill
has to be raised by hydraulicfilling or other means.
12. Rehandling
From
Rehandling
Pit
The rehandlingmethod involves transportingsand by
barges and dumpingthe fill material temporarilyin the pit
for storage which usuallyhas its capacity in million cubic
meters.
Rehandlingpit locationsare generallyselected at natural
depressions on a firm seabed or created by dredgingby
analysingthe pit slope stability.
One cutter suction hopper dredger dredges the sand at the
borrowsource and transports it to the rehandlingpit,
while another stationarycutter suction dredger will
operate at the rehandlingpit to fill the reclamation area.
The productionrate ofsuch reclamation is dependent
upon the stationarycutter suction dredgers and the
number of barges used fortransportation.
14. Hydraulic
Filling
• The hydraulic filling method is suitable for granular and is used
when filling is carried out froman offshoresource, either froma
rehandling pit or froma dredger.
• Hydraulic filling is not suitable when the seabed is too shallow
or the seabed soil is too soft. In that case, a sand spreading
method is applied..
• In the case of pumping froma dredger, the fill material is
dredged from the borrow sourcewith its own dredger which is
moved adjacent to the reclamation area and then pumped
through the dischargepipe.
• Pumping is usually done with a mixture of fill material and
water. The ratio of fill material to water is adjusted according to
the grain sizeof the fill material.
16. Sand
Spreading
• Sandspreading is implemented
when a shallow seabedis
encounteredorwhenthe seabedsoil
is too soft anda rehandling pit is
generally necessary.
• The spreader is mountedon a
small floatingbarge and sandis
dischargedthrough rainbowing.
• Sandspreading is not stationary
and movingfromone end to another
is required, moving the spreader is
made it possible with a winch system
and a heavy duty bulldozer.
• Sanddeposits using a sand
spreading methodusually results in a
loose profile.
18. CONSIDERATION IN THE PLANNING
AND DESIGN
01
02
03
Layout Planning
Erosion Prevention/ Protection
Type of Soil
19. Layout Planning
The layout planning of any reclamationproject
should give full considerationsto hydraulic
characteristicsof the area. For this purpose,
observationsof offshore and nearshore wave
conditions,bathymetricinformation,tides, etc are
required. The correctsiting of platform level is
crucial to the functional performanceof the
reclamationworks as well as its financial viability.
Properly conductedengineering study by qualified
and experienced specialists is the only proven and
trustedapproachof developing projectlayout and
dimensions thatfulfil the functional requirements
of a particularproject.
20. Erosion Prevention/ Protection
• There should be adequate protection againsterosion of
the reclamation area. Ideally, the reclaimed land should be
bordered by stable sandy beaches, but this is only possible
under highly favourablewaveclimate or conditions.
• Erosion protection works can be costly and hence must be
accounted for in the capital costoutlay. There aremany
forms of erosion protection measures such as revetment,
articulated concrete slab/ mattress, sea wall, etc.
• Seawall and other structures with vertical faces are
generally not preferred becauseof the likely occurrenceof
excessivetoe scour and lowering of the foreshoreleading
to structuralcollapse. This is evident in some of the beach
frontprotection works constructed by localauthorities and
municipalities in the past.
• Another importantconsideration in the design of
protection works is that it should not result in the
transferring of the erosion hazard to neighbouring
shoreline, a classic example is that of groyneconstruction.
21. Type of Soil
• Where the reclamation work is carried out over clayey
foundation (marine clay in particular), adequate
considerations must be given to the likely problems of
construction difficulties and excessivesettlement.
• Marine clay found on the west coast of Malaysia is
characterised by low shear strength and high
compressivity. Some of the engineering problems that
could be encountered are sand penetration or loss of fill
material, slip failure and excessive postconstruction
settlement.
• In particular, consolidation settlement in marine clay can
extend up to 30 to 50 years. To overcome or minimise
these problems, the designer should consider various ways
of improving the engineering properties of the foundation
soil such as preloading, soil removal and sand drain
techniques.
• Most of these techniques, however, have only
demonstrated marginal success or cost-effectiveness when
applied to marine clay. More local effort in innovative and
adaptive research arethereforestrongly advocated.
22. BENEFITS OF
LAND
RECLAMATION
• Takes pressureof urban areas
• Don’tnecessarily haveto
build houses on
• Improveagriculturalland
• Helps areas with restricted
land use
• Relatively cheap
• Costis low compared to its
use
• A feasible solution to the
problem of overcrowding
• Itallows for further growth of
a country’s industries
23. CHALLENGE IN
LAND
RECLAMATION
Initial Drainage
To reduce the periods of waterloggingand hence
improvethe soil bearingstrength.
Clearing
Wet surfaces with low bearingstrengths make the use
of bulldozers ortractors with winches impossible.
Burning
This is traditionalpractice in peat reclamationbythe
local populationin South East Asia.
Subsidence
lead to biological oxidation ormineralizationofthe
organicdeposits.
Organization
24. LAND
RECLAMATION
CHALLENGE
(case study)
Concernedabout the affectof the
natural habitat& geologyof the
existingland.
The islanddisruptedthe natural
current off the coast, acting as a
giant jetty.
The erosionin some areas is up to
10 metersof shoreline peryear.
The wave forces have beendamped
by the islandso sediment
depositiononthe beaches has
lessened.
Constant maintenance of the
mainlandcoast is required
25. SAFETY, HEALTH &
ENVIRONMENTAL
CONSIDERATION
The use of rock or sand and silt curtains are
employed to cut off siltation into the open sea
during reclamation works
Before the start of a reclamation, the site is
enclosed with a cofferdam. Containment
bunds made from rocks or geo-textile bags of
sand are constructed to barricade and push
the sea away.
The setup prevents suspended silt from
escaping and causing the surrounding sea to
become turbid.
26. SAFETY, HEALTH&
ENVIRONMENTAL
CONSIDERATION
The reclamation of wetland should
be considered and planned well as it
could harm the aquatic ecosystems
and fastens the erosion of sand due
to absence of mangrove trees in the
erosion buffer zone
The angle of slopes that should not
exceed 45° while an exposed slope
area should be covered with plants to
decrease the amount of erosion that
could lead to landslide
27. LAND
RECLAMATION
GUIDELINES
❑Policy and Legal Requirements
oNational PhysicalPlan, April 2005
oEnvironmentalQualityOrder (Prescribed Activities)
(EnvironmentalImpacts Assessment)1987
oEnvironmentalQualityRegulations (Scheduled Waste)
2005
oEnvironmentalQualityRegulations (Clean Air) 1978
oEnvironmentalQualityRegulations (Sewage &
IndustrialEffluent)1979
oTown and CountryPlanningAct
oFederal Department ofTown and Country Planning
28. LAND
RECLAMATION
GUIDELINES
❑Site Selection
oThe project proponentand environmentalconsultant
to corroborate the NationalPhysical Plan (2005)
publishedbythe Department of Town & Country
Planning,in selectingsite to reclaim in order to avoid
coastal environmentalsensitive areas.
❑Statement of Need
oHighlights the various benefits such as social,
economic,cultural & aesthetics that mayaccrue from
the project.
29. LAND
RECLAMATION
GUIDELINES
❑Key Issues and Scope
oDescription of the Proposed project
oDescription of the ExistingEnvironment
oPotential Significant Impacts
oEconomicAssessment of Environmental Impacts
oMitigation and Abatement Measures
