HUMAN ANTOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

1. PRESENTED BY
D. JASMINE PRIYA, B.Sc., DCA., M.Sc., PGDCLT.
DR. NGP ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE
COIMBATORE

2. HUMAN ANATOMY
What is human anatomy ?
• Human anatomy is the scientific study of human body structures.
• Anatomy deals with human parts, including molecules, cells, tissues,
organs, systems, and the way they interact. It also deals with outward
characteristics, such as shape, structure, pattern, color, and composition.
• Study of the body parts and their relationships to one another.
• Anatomy is an Greek word.
• Ana + tome = cutting up.

3. BRANACHES IN ANATOMY
Gross anatomy Microscopic
anatomy
Developmental
anatomy
Special branches of
anatomy
1. Pathological
anatomy
2. Radiographic
anatomy
3. Molecular biology

4. 1. GROSS ANATOMY
• Gross anatomy is the most important branch of human anatomy It deals with the study of the gross
structure of the human body.
• It concerned with macroscopic details of human body structure, so it does not require the aid of any
instrument.
• It is generally done by naked eyes on dead bodies therefore it is also known as cadaveric anatomy.
• Gross anatomy has two approaches for its study:-
1. Systemic Approach
2. Regional Approach.
• In systemic approach, different human body systems are studied. And in a regional approach, Different
regions of the human body are studied and this approach is important for the surgery.

5. Examples of human gross anatomy
Human digestive system Human large intestine Human heart Human gall bladder

6. 2. MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
• Microscopic anatomy (micro; small) is a branch of anatomy that relies on the use of microscopes to
examine the smallest structures of the body tissues, cells, and molecules.
• The extent to which microscopic anatomy can be examined is limited by the equipment available.
• Through a simple dissecting microscope, tissues can be viewed, organized and described. This is known
as histology.
• More powerful microscopes can examine smaller structures found within tissues, namely
cells. Cytology has been expanded to include the sub-cellular components of cells (known as organelles),
and even the molecules that make up these organelles.
• Extremely powerful electron microscopes are required to see the structures at the molecular scale.

7. Examples of microscopic anatomy

8. 3. DEVELOPMENTALANATOMY
• The branch of anatomy that studies structural changes of an individual from fertilization to maturity.
• The field of EMBRYOLOGY concerned with the changes that cells, tissues, organs, and the body
• as a whole undergo from a germ cell of each parent to the resulting offspring; it includes both prenatal and
postnatal development.
• Also known as embryology.
• It referes to the study of development body from one cell stage to the period of growth and development
before birth.

9. HUMAN EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT

10. 4. SPECIAL BRANCHES IN ANATOMY
Pathological anatomy
• a branch of anatomy concerned with structural changes accompanying disease.
Radiographic anatomy
• Study of internal structures visualized by X-Ray, CT scan, MRI.
Molecular biology
• Study of anatomical structures at a sub- cellular level.
• DNA / RNA / Protein synthesis.

11. HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
What is human physiology ?
• Physiology is a branch of natural science and biology which includes the study of the complete
functioning system of a body.
• It is further classified into:
General
physiology
Systemic
physiology
Comparative
physiology
Medical
physiology

12. 1. General physiology
the term refers to the general concepts and principles that are the functions of all the system.
2. Systemic physiology
It deals with the functioning of different systems of the body.
(e.g) respiratory physiology includes different physiological aspects of respiration.
3. Comparative physiology
It refers to the study and comparing of various characteristics of living organisms.
4. Medical physiology
It deals with thr study of physiological dysfunction and disease of organs and system.