(8264348440) 🔝 Call Girls In Shaheen Bagh 🔝 Delhi NCR
Alternative fuels
1.
2.
3. To reduce the amount of Global Greenhouse Gases
CO2
To reduce our dependence on foreign oil supplies
By lowering our use of petro-fuels
To increase our Sustainability level
Use of more Bio-friendly fuels
4. We are taking the first steps
This is NOT going to resolve itself overnight
It is going to be expensive
Much of the technology needed does not yet exist!
22. Sustainable energy is the sustainable provision of
energy that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their needs (long-term availability).
Hydroelectricity
Geothermal
Solar
Wind
Tidal
23. is a subset of renewable energy and represents those
renewable energy resources and technologies that
provide the highest environmental benefit.
Biofuels
Ethanol
Biodiesel
Hydrogen
Fuel Cell
Climate Change
GHG-CO2, CH4, N2O, CFC’s, HFC’s, PFC’s, SF6
24. Better for the environment
Emissions
But what about electric vehicles?
Trendy
First Adopters
Hollywood stars
Convenient
Have Alternative Fuel at home, ranch
Petro fuel located too far away
Only do short trip driving
25. NG
Natural Gas
CNG
Compressed Natural Gas
LNG
Liquefied Natural Gas
Propane
Biomass
Ethanol
Methanol
Biodiesel
EV’s and Hybrids
Hydrogen Fuel Cells
26. For this class, AFV means
Alternative Fueled Vehicles, NOT:
America’s Funniest Videos!!!
27. Engine wear and cleanliness much better
with certain fuels
Most have much less GHG impact
May help obtain energy future
independence
Lower emissions
Lower fuel costs
Renewable/sustainable
28. Generally less driving range
Fuel storage takes up space in vehicle
Lack of infrastructure to support fueling
Technician training not widespread
Dual-fuel systems more complex
Higher initial costs
Few OEM models
Outlook uncertain
Can it survive without subsidy?
29. Found deep underground, and in coal beds
“Landfill gas”: renewable
Methane hydrate:
CH4 trapped in ice beneath ocean floor
Worldwide est. 104 gigatons, not all recoverable
30. 19th century street-lighting US cities
Limited number, used cast-iron pipes
US early 20th century
First interstate pipelines
Mid 20th century and WWII
Strategic national crude pipeline network, later used as natural
gas pipeline
Pre-1940’s, unwanted by-product of oil drilling-often flared off
Limited vehicle fuel use during WWII with higher gasoline prices
31. Very safe-ignition temperature: >1000oF
Very high octane rating: 115+
Energy: ~20,500 Btu/lb.
Methane is a GHG
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) stored under pressure (3600psi)
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) cryogenically stored (-260oF)
32. High pressure onboard tank-3600psi
Requires heavy/bulky tanks
Lighter composite tanks are expensive
Less energy per volume than liquid fuel
Limited range and/or payload
33. Extremely low temperature
-260oF (-162oC). 1/600 the volume of gas
Pressure equal to or close to atmospheric
Requires special cryogenic “Dewars” (~72 hrs.)
Not suitable for vehicle fuel in general
Shipped via truck where pipeline not available
34. LPG first distilled from gasoline in 1910
Common for heating/cooking in rural areas
World Propane use ~270 million metric tons 2012
One of the simplest hydrocarbons
Non-toxic, odorless and non-caustic
Spill/leak will not cause environmental hazards
Lower CO2 emissions, not a Green House Gas
Octane rating 104-112
35. Ethanol = Grain Alcohol CH3CH2OH
Biomass sources are corn, sugar cane, etc.
By bacterial fermentation
Cellulosic sources are Switch grass, etc.
Blends easily with gasoline
Lower blend = Oxygenate
Higher blend = E85 and Flex Fuel Vehicle (2003)
36. Methanol = Wood Alcohol CH3OH
Can be derived from:
Coal, natural gas, algae, biomass, etc.
Similar to Ethanol, used as racing fuel
Highly poisonous
Corrosive to some metals, rubber, and polymers
MTBE – Methanol oxygenate-big environmental problems!
37. Low-level blends usable in any gasoline vehicle
Many FFV models available at little or no extra cost
Biodegradable and less toxic than gasoline
Cost of fueling stations (new/upgrade) is reasonable
Renewable, domestic
Cellulosic ethanol has great potential to reduce GHG
38. Corrosive to certain materials
Water absorption (& phase separation)
Higher blends may have cold start issues
Less range due to less heat content per volume
Costs more than gasoline
39. Biodiesel – Rudolf Diesel used Peanut Oil in 1893
Feedstock: vegetable oil, animal fat, fatty algae
Petrodiesel would become affordable, then
dominant!
Rising oil prices and environmental concerns have
led to reintroduction of biodiesel as alternative fuel
Modern biodiesel is different from raw vegetable oil
Biofuels have potential to replace >10 billion
gallons of petroleum in US by 2030
40.
41.
42.
43.
44. Domestic, Renewable
Reduces CO2 emissions
Little or no engine/fuel
system modification
required
Tested to ASTM spec
B5 part of standard diesel
fuel pool
More OEM’s ok up to B20
Produces fewer
harmful emissions
(CO2, HC’s, PM)
New-design engines
meet CARB
standards
Less environmental
spill damage vs.
petrodiesel
45. Higher cost vs.
Petrodiesel (Jan 2012)
Diesel #2.87
B20 $2.96
B99-100 $3.59
Production is limited by
feedstock supply!
Shorter storage life –
6 months advised
Cold weather issues
May initially clog
filters
OEM warranty may
be at risk
Check with OEM!
46. In the early 1900’s, EV’s completed with ICE
powered vehicles
100 years later, EV’s are gaining public interest
Battery power not a “fuel”, but EV’s and HEV’s are
considered AFV
47. In the early 1900’s, EV’s completed with ICE
powered vehicles
100 years later, EV’s are gaining public interest
Battery power not a “fuel”, but EV’s and HEV’s are
considered AFV
48. HEV: Hybrid Electric Vehicle
ICE + Battery + Motor
Toyota Prius, Honda Insight
PHEV: Plug-in HEV
HEV + External Charge
Chevy Volt, Toyota Prius PHV
EV: All electric Vehicle
Battery + Motor + external charge
Nissan Leaf, Mitsubishi iMiEV
49. Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
Low speed efficiency, less at highway speeds
Parallel HEV
Higher speed efficiency, less at in-town speeds
Mild/Micro HEV
Simple version of Parallel HEV, less power, less costs
Series/Parallel HEV
Efficient at both low and high speeds, more complex and expensive
Plug-in HEV
Range extended ICE, similar to HEV
EV-Electric Vehicle
Classic Battery/Motor, zero emissions, limited range
50. Electric Motor Types
Induction motor
Relatively mature
Permanent Magnet
Switched Reluctance motors
Many other types…
51. Battery Types
Lithium-ion
Li-ion light weight, high energy density power source
Nickel-Metal Hydride
Ni-MH all-electric plug-in vehicles
Lead-acid
Very low energy to weight ratio, invented in 1859
Lithium-Polymer
LiPO batteries may also power the next generation of
battery electric vehicles
Ultracapacitor
Particularly suitable for regenerative braking
applications, possible future replacement for EV and
Plug-in HEV batteries
52.
53. HEV
Can greatly improve fuel
economy in Stop-go
conditions
Hybrid technology can be
combined with
alternatively-fueled ICE’s
Many more models will be
offered with a range of
hybrid technologies
EV
Niche market now, limited
range, cost, charging
As battery + charging
technologies/access improve,
so will EV range + acceptance
ZEV – not zero emissions
“Well-to-wheel” analysis
Source of power dirty or
clean?
Line loss and heat issues
Securing, expanding clean
power is a daunting,
expensive challenge
152. Very special thanks to:
For information content used
William (Bill) S. Gaines, Chairman of the Board, Transfer Flow, Inc.
Dr. Daisuke Aoyagi, PhD, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
