Electricity: -> electricity is mechanical power. ->they release stored chemical energy on combustion. ->Electricity used topower vehicles is commonly provided by batteries, but recently fuel cells are also being explored. battery: ->it is device which is used to store electrical energy. ->in this chemical reactions are converted in to electrical powers Advantages of electric fuel: ->The advantages of electric fuel/fuel cells are No tailpipe emissions. ->Vehicles using electric fuel demand less maintenance. ->Electric fuel vehicle have less moving parts to service and replace. ->Fuel cells vehicles are highly efficient. ->Fuel cells have high power density . Disadvantages of electric fuel: -> Batteries may take time in charging . ->Noble metal required for somefuel cells thereby increasing the cost. ->Impurities in the hydrogen can hamper cell performance. -> Costly technology BIOHYDROGEN: 1slide: ->Biohydrogen is 1st generation biofuel and it is produced biologically ->Hydrogen can be produced from a number of different sources, including natural gas,water, methanol etc .., ->Two methods are generally used to produce hydrogen: (1) Electrolysis (2) Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or partial oxidation 2slide: Electrolysis: -> 2 H2O(l) → 2 H2(g) + O2(g) electrolysis of water diagram....... 3 slide: Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or partial oxidation: . -> C + ½ O2 → CO -> CO + H2O → CO2 + H2 syntesis diagram.......,. 4slide: Advantages: ->Hydrogen-air mixture burns nearly10timesfaster than gasoline-air mixture. ->Hydrogen has high self-ignition temperaturebut requires very little energy to ignite it ->.Clean exhaust, produces no CO2. ->As a fuel it is very efficient as there are no losses associated with throttling. Disadvantages: There is danger of back fire and induction ignition. ->Though low inexhaust,it produces toxic NOx ->it is diifficult to handle and store,requiring highcapital and running cost. .

2. OVERVIEW
Introduction to alternate fuels
Why to choose alternate fuels?
Different types of alternate fuels.
Advantages and disadvantages of alternate fuels.

3. Alternative fuels
 known as non-conventional and advanced fuels
 any materials or substances that can be used as fuels, other than conventional fuels
ex:
methane, natural gas, vegetable oil, propane and other biomass sources.
conventional fuels
 fossil fuels (petroleum (oil), coal, and natural gas),
 nuclear materials such as uranium and thorium
 artificial radioisotope fuels that are made in nuclear reactors
Introduction to alternate fuels

4. Why we need alternate fuels?
 Conventional fuels are finite
 to save money
 biodegradeable and non-toxic
 To reduce reliance on petroleum-based fuels, Alternate fuels are the best solution for the
tomorrow IC engines
 For use in motor vehicles to deliver direct propulsion,
 Less damaging to the environment than conventional fuels, and

8.  Ethanol
 Biodiesel
 Biohydrogen
 Natural gas
 Electricity
 Vegetable oil
 Lpg
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ALTERNATE FUELS

9.  It is a renewable fuel made from corn and other plant materials.
 more than 97% ethanol is used to oxygenate the fuel and reduce air pollution.
 ethanol is available as E85 and E15.
 It is clear colourless liquid.
 ethanol contains less energy than gasoline.
Ethanol

10.  it is also known as ethyl alcohol.
 it is produced from starch and sugar based feedstocks.
 cellulosic ethanol improves the energy balance of ethanol.
Properties of ethanol

11. Biodiesel
 Biodiesel is an alternative fuel similar to conventional or ‘fossil’ diesel.
 it can be produced from straight vegetable oil, animal oil/fats and waste cooking oil.
 Biodiesel production can be done in 3 steps:
1.Base catalyzed transesterification of the oil.
2.Direct acid catalyzed transesterification of the oil.
3.Conversion of the oil to its fatty acids and then to biodiesel.

12. Transesterification
 The process used to convert these oils to Biodiesel is called transesterification
 The Transesterification process is the reaction of a triglyceride (fat/oil) with an alcohol to form esters
and glycerol

13.  Biodiesel is a renewable energy source unlike other petroleum products.
 Since it is made from animal and vegetable fat, it can be produced on demand
and also causes less pollution than petroleum diesel.
 Can be Used in existing Diesel Engines
 Cleaner Biofuel Refineries.
 Biodegradable and Non-Toxic
 Better Fuel Economy and Better Fuel Economy
 More Health Benefits.
Advantages

14.  Variation in Quality of Biodiesel.
 Not Suitable for use in Low Temperatures
 Food Shortage.
 Increased use of Fertilizers and results in Clogging in
Engine.
Disadvantages

15.  Biohydrogen is 1st generation biofuel and
 it is produced biologically
 Hydrogen can be produced from a number of different sources, including
natural gas,water, methanol etc ..,
 Two methods are generally used to produce hydrogen
1. Electrolysis
2. Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or partial
oxidation
Biohydrogen

16. Electrolysis
2 H2O(l) → 2 H2(g) + O2(g)

17.  Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or partial oxidation:
C + ½ O2 → CO
+ H2O → CO2 + H2

18. Advantages:
 Hydrogen-air mixture burns nearly10timesfaster than gasoline-air mixture.
 Hydrogen has high self-ignition temperature but requires very little energy to ignite it
 Clean exhaust, produces no CO2.
 As a fuel it is very efficient as there are no losses associated with throttling.
Disadvantages:
 There is danger of back fire and induction ignition.
 Though low inexhaust,it produces toxic Nox
 it is diifficult to handle and store,requiring highcapital and running cost.

19. Electricity
 electricity is mechanical power.
 they release stored chemical energy on combustion.
 Electricity used to power vehicles is commonly provided by batteries, but recently fuel cells are
also being explored.
Battery
 it is device which is used to store electrical energy.
 in this chemical reactions are converted in to electrical powers

20. Advantages of electric fuel:
 The advantages of electric fuel/fuel cells are No tailpipe emissions.
 Vehicles using electric fuel demand less maintenance.
 Electric fuel vehicle have less moving parts to service and replace.
 Fuel cells vehicles are highly efficient.
 Fuel cells have high power density .

21. Disadvantages of electric fuel:
 Batteries may take time in charging .
 Noble metal required for some fuel cells thereby increasing the cost.
 Impurities in the hydrogen can hamper cell performance.
 Costly technology

22. NATURAL GAS
 Natural gas was discovered accidentally in ancient China, as it resulted from the drilling for brines.
 Natural gas is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas
 It is formed when layers of decomposing plant and animal matter are exposed to intense heat and pressure under
the surface of the Earth over millions of years
 Fossil fuel based natural gas is a non-renewable resource
 Natural gas can be "associated" (found in oil fields), or "non-associated" (isolated in natural gas fields), and is also
found in coal beds (as coalbed methane)
 Natural gas extracted from oil wells is called casing head gas or associated gas

23. Natural gas processing

24.  Mid-stream natural gas
 Power generation
 Domestic use
 Transportation
 Fertilizers
 Hydrogen
Uses:

25.  Global warming emissions
 Water use and pollution
 Land use and wildlife
Environment Effects:

26. Vegetable oil
 RUDOLF DIESEL Designed a diesel engine in 1984 to run on peanut oil.
 The use of vegetable oils for engine fuel may seem insignificant today.
But such oils may become in the course of time as important as petroleum an coal
tar products of the present time. -An Extract from Diesel’s speech in 1912

27.  LPG is a by-product of natural gas processing
 It is a product that comes from crude oil refining and is composed primarily of propane and butane with
smaller amounts of propylene and butylenes.
Lpg
 The LPG run vehicles have lower emission of reactive hydrocarbons (about one-third less),
NOx (20 percent less), and CO (60 percent less) than gasoline vehicles
Environmental Characteristics:

28.  Its cost is 60% of petrol with 90% of its mileage.
 Has a higher octane number and burns more efficiently.
 LPG has many of the storage and transportation advantages of liquids, along with the fuel advantages of
gases.
 Saves on the maintenance costs.
Advantages of LPG

29.  Many countries in the world are using LPG as automotive fuel.
 Many years of experience of successful use of LPG in vehicles and the emission benefits it offers
really support it to outperform the associated disadvantages of the fuel, if any.
 Moreover, familiarity with LPG in household application like cooking makes it more acceptable
to the users.
 However, in the initial stages of introduction of this fuel, issues like safety, storage & handling,
extreme volatility of the fuel, etc. needs proper attention.
Disadvantages of LPG

30.  Most diesel car engines are suitable for the use of straight vegetable oil (SVO), also commonly called pure plant
oil (PPO), with certain modifications
 Principally, the viscosity and surface tension of the SVO/PPO must be reduced by preheating it, typically by
using waste heat from the engine or electricity, otherwise poor atomization, incomplete combustion and
carbonization may result.
 One common solution is to add a heat exchanger and an additional fuel tank for the petro diesel or biodiesel
blend and to switch between this additional tank and the main tank of SVO/PPO.
 The engine is started on diesel, switched over to vegetable oil as soon as it is warmed up and switched back to
diesel shortly before being switched off to ensure that no vegetable oil remains in the engine or fuel lines when it
is started from cold again

31.  Methanol is an alcohol fuel.
 The primary alternative methanol fuel being used is M-85, which is made up of 85 percent methanol
and 15 percent gasoline. In the futurition, neat methanol (M-100), may also be used.
 Methanol is mainly produced from natural gas.
 Coal and cellulose consisting biomass like wood etc. may also be used to produce methanol
 Methanol is created from a synthesis gas (hydrogen and CO), which is reacted in the presence of a
catalyst.
Methanol

32.  Methanol perhaps is not the cleanest gasoline alternatives but it has a distinct advantage in
controlling ozone formation.
 USA is centred to methyl alcohol and methanol blends as it promises significant ozone
improvements and control smog formation at a reasonable detriment.
Emissions
 Methanol is mostly used in light-duty vehicles.
 More than 20,000 M85 flexible-fuel vehicles are in operation in USA.

33.  Because of low energy content, mileage will be slightly lower.
 Power, acceleration and payload are comparable to those of equivalent internal combustion
engines.
 Methanol needs special lubricants.
 Compatible replacement parts are required.
Operation & Performance

34.  Our dependence on energy is key to our economy and approach of life.
 Economically, new and renewable types of fuels are to be utilized, as our supplies of many current fuels
are very limited.
 Environmentally, burning fossil fuels has been greatly affecting and damaging our planet.
 Thus, it is necessary to compare all types of fuels, in order to determine the best ones, economically and
environmentally, short term and long term in all aspects.
 And hence, alternative fuels are to be developed.
Conclusion