Anatomy and Physiology I

1. An
Introduc+on
to
the
Human
Body
BIOL
121:
A&P
I
Chapter
1
Rob
Swatski
Associate
Professor
of
Biology
HACC
–
York
Campus
Textbook images - Copyright © 2014 John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. Themes
organize
&
connect
biology
concepts
Chunk
it!!!
2

3. 3
Anatomy
body
structures
organs
&
systems
Physiology
body
func+ons
chemical
reac5ons

4. 4
Anatomy
is…

5. 5
Physiology
is…

6. Cell
biology
Histology
Surface
anatomy
Gross
anatomy
Systemic
anatomy
Regional
anatomy
Radiographic
anatomy
Pathological
anatomy
Embryology
Develop-­‐
mental
biology
6
Subspecial+es
of
Anatomy

7. Cardiovascular
physiology
Respiratory
physiology
Immunology
Exercise
physiology
Endocrinology
Neuro-­‐
physiology
Renal
physiology
Pathophysiology
7
Subspecial+es
of
Physiology

8. 8
Levels
of
Organiza+on

9. Atoms (C, H, O, N, P)
Digestive system
CHEMICAL LEVEL
CELLULAR LEVEL
Molecule (DNA)
Smooth muscle cell
TISSUE LEVEL
Smooth muscle tissue
ORGAN LEVEL Epithelial and
connective tissues
Smooth muscle
tissue layers
Epithelial tissue
Stomach
Esophagus
SYSTEM LEVEL
Stomach
Pancreas
(behind stomach)
Small intestine
Salivary
glands
Gallbladder
Large
intestine
ORGANISMAL LEVEL
Mouth
Liver
Pharynx
1
2
3
4
5
6

10. Integu-­‐
mentary
system
Skeletal
system
Muscular
system
10

11. Cardio-­‐
vascular
system
Lympha+c
system
Respiratory
system
11

12. 12
Diges+ve
system
Urinary
system
Endocrine
system

13. 13
Nervous
system
Female
reproduc+ve
system
Male
reproduc+ve
system

14. 14
Life
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Differen+a+on
Reproduc+on
Metabolism

15. 15

16. 16

17. 17

18. Homeostasis
18

19. 19
Intracellular
fluid
Extracellular
fluid
Inters++al
fluid

20. 20
How
does
the
body
regulate
homeostasis?
• Nerve
impulses
(ac5on
poten5als)
• Fast
Nervous
System
• Hormones
• Slow
Endocrine
System

21. 21
Disorder
Disease
Aging
Death
Disrup+ons
to
homeostasis

22. Can
you
name
this
disease
from
these
general
symptoms
?
22

23. How
about
now
using
these
specific
signs?
23
Fas+ng
plasma
glucose
test
>126
mg/dL
Hemoglobin
A1c
test
Avg
blood
glucose
over
6-­‐12
weeks

24. STIMULUS
CONTROLLED CONDITION
RECEPTORS
CONTROL CENTER
that receives the input
and provides nerve
impulses or chemical
signals to
EFFECTORS
that bring about
a change or
RESPONSE that
alters the controlled
condition
Return to
homeostasis when
the response brings
the controlled
condition back to
normal
that send nerve impulses
or chemical signals to a
Input
disrupts homeostasis by
increasing or decreasing a
Output
that is
monitored by
What
makes
up
a
feedback
system?

25. Nega+ve
Feedback
Systems
Decrease
s+mulus
if
too
high
Increase
s+mulus
if
too
low
25

26. STIMULUS
RECEPTORS
Disrupts homeostasis
by increasing
CONTROLLED CONDITION
Blood pressure
Baroreceptors
in certain
blood vessels
CONTROL CENTER
Brain
EFFECTORS
Heart
Blood
vessels
Nerve impulses
Nerve impulses
Input
Output
RESPONSE
A decrease in heart rate
and the dilation (widening)
of blood vessels cause
blood pressure to
decrease
Return to
homeostasis when
the response brings
blood pressure back
to normal
Nega+ve
Feedback
System
Example:
blood
pressure
homeostasis

27. 27
Posi+ve
Feedback
Systems

28. Contractions of the wall of
the uterus force the baby's
head or body into the cervix
Increasing
Stretching of cervix
Stretch-
sensitive
nerve
cells in
the cervix
Brain
Muscles
in the wall
of the
uterus
Baby’s body stretches
the cervix more
RECEPTORS
Nerve impulses
Brain interprets input
and releases oxytocin
Input
Output
CONTROL CENTER
EFFECTORS
Contract more
forcefully
RESPONSE
Increased stretching
of the cervix causes
the release of more
oxytocin, which
results in more
stretching of the
cervix
CONTROLLED CONDITION
Interruption of the cycle: The birth of
the baby decreases stretching of the
cervix, thus breaking the positive
feedback cycle
Posi+ve
Feedback
System
Example:
childbirth

29. 29
Anatomical
Terminology
Anatomical
posi+on
Body
regions
Planes
&
sec+ons
Direc+onal
terms

30. Anatomical
Posi+on
30

31. Reclining
Posi+ons
31
Prone
Supine

32. Body
Regions,
anterior
view
1
32

33. 33
Body
Regions,
anterior
view
2

34. 34
Body
Regions,
posterior
view
1

35. 35
Body
Regions,
posterior
view
2

36. Esophagus (food tube)
Trachea (windpipe)
Rib
Left lung
Heart
Diaphragm
Stomach
Transverse colon
Small intestine
Descending colon
Urinary bladder
Right lung
Sternum
(breastbone)
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Liver
Gallbladder
Ascending
colon
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Anterior view of trunk and
right upper limb
SUPERIOR
INFERIOR
PROXIMAL
DISTAL
MEDIAL
Midline
LATERALLATERAL
Spleen
Direc+onal
Terms

37. 37
Superior
Inferior
Anterior
Posterior

38. 38
Medial
Lateral
Proximal
Distal

39. 39
Midsagial
Parasagial
Frontal
Transverse
Oblique
Planes
&
Sec+ons
Frontal
plane
ParasagiXal
plane
Anterior
view
Transverse
plane
MidsagiXal
plane
(through
midline)
Oblique
plane

41. 41
Planes
&
Sec+ons
of
the
Brain
Transverse
Frontal
Midsagial

42. Noninvasive
Techniques
42
Aor5c
Abdominal
TMJ
Dorsalis
pedis
Palpa+on
Thorax
Abdominal
Percussion

43. Cranial
cavity
Vertebral
canal
(b)
Anterior
view
(a)
Right
lateral
view
43
Cranial
cavity
Formed
by
cranium
Contains
brain
Vertebral
canal
Formed
by
vertebrae
Contains
spinal
cord
Dorsal
Body
Cavity

44. Thoracic
cavity
Diaphragm
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Pelvic
cavity
(b)
Anterior
view
Abdominal
cavity
(a)
Right
lateral
view
44
Ventral
Body
Cavity
Thoracic
cavity
Abdomino-­‐
pelvic
cavity

45. 45
Thoracic
Cavity
Pleural
cavity
Medias+num
Pericardial
cavity
MEDIASTINUM
Parietal pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Visceral pericardium
Left pleural cavity
Right pleural cavity
Parietal pleura
Visceral pleura
Diaphragm
(a) Anterior view of thoracic cavity
PLEURA PERICARDIUM

46. Thoracic
Cavity
46

47. Sternum
(breastbone)
(b) Inferior view of transverse section of thoracic cavity
POSTERIOR
ANTERIOR
Thymus
Left lung
Esophagus (food
tube)
Vertebral column
(backbone)
LEFT
PLEURAL
CAVITY
Muscle
Heart
PERICARDIAL
CAVITY
Aorta
RIGHT PLEURAL
CAVITY
Rib
Right lung
Transverse plane
View
Medias+num

48. Anterior view
Liver
Gallbladder
Large
intestine
Diaphragm
Stomach
Urinary bladder
Small intestine
Abdominal
cavity
Pelvic cavity
Abdominopelvic
Cavity

49. CAVITY COMMENTS
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
Thoracic cavity*
Pleural cavity
Pericardial cavity
Mediastinum
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
Formed by cranial bones and contains brain.
Formed by vertebral column and contains spinal
cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves.
Chest cavity; contains pleural and pericardial
cavities and mediastinum.
A potential space between the layers of the pleura
that surrounds a lung.
A potential space between the layers of the
pericardium that surrounds the heart.
Central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs;
extends from sternum to vertebral column and from
first rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus,
esophagus, trachea, and several large blood
vessels.
Subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities.
Contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small
intestine, and most of large intestine; the serous
membrane of the abdominal cavity is the
peritoneum.
Contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine,
and internal organs of reproduction
* See Figure 1.10 for details of the thoracic cavity.

50. 50
Serous
Membranes
of
the
Ventral
Body
Cavity
Pleura
Pericardium
Peritoneum

51. 51
Parietal
layer
Serous
fluid
Visceral
layer
How
are
Serous
Membranes
Organized?

52. 52
Serous
membrane
visual
analogy

53. LEFT
HYPOCHONDRIAC
REGION
LEFT LUMBAR
REGION
LEFT INGUINAL
REGION
RIGHT
HYPOCHONDRIAC
REGION
RIGHT
LUMBAR
REGION
RIGHT INGUINAL
REGION
Clavicles
Midclavicular lines
Right Left
EPI-
GASTRIC
REGION
UMBILICAL
REGION
HYPO-
GASTRIC
REGION
(a) Anterior view showing location of abdominopelvic regions
Abdominopelvic
Regions

54. Median
line
LEFT UPPER
QUADRANT (LUQ)
Transumbilical line
LEFT LOWER
QUADRANT (LLQ)
RIGHT UPPER
QUADRANT (RUQ)
RIGHT LOWER
QUADRANT (RLQ)
(b) Anterior view showing location of abdominopelvic quadrants
Abdominopelvic
Quadrants

55. Medical
Imaging
55

56. The
Anatomy
Theater
56

57. 57

58. 58
Vesalius
“De
Humani
Corporis
Fabrica…”
(1543)

59. “Anatomy
Lesson
by
Professor
Deyman”
Rembrandt
(1606-­‐1669)
59

60. “The
Anatomy
Lesson
of
Dr.
Tulp”
Rembrandt
(1632)
60

61. “The
Anatomy
Lesson
of
Dr.
Tulp”
(with
Legos)
61

62. Wilhelm
Rontgen
The
first
ever
x-­‐ray
photograph
(1895)
62
?

63. Left clavicle
Radiograph of the thorax in
anterior view
Left rib
Left lung
Heart
Diaphragm
Vertebral column

64. 64
Conven+onal
Radiography
2-­‐D
radiograph
Cheap,
quick,
simple
White,
gray,
black

65. Contrast
X-­‐rays
65
Stenosis
of
lel
subclavian
artery
Angiography
Intravenous
urography
Barium
contrast
x-­‐ray

66. 66
Computed
Tomography
CAT
scan
Moving
x-­‐ray
beam
Transverse
sec5on
à3-­‐D
views
More
soa
5ssue
details

67. 67

68. 68
Ultrasound
High-­‐freq
sound
waves
à
sonogram
Safe,
noninvasive,
painless,
no
dyes
Doppler
ultrasound

69. 69

70. 70
Endoscopy
Colonoscopy
Laparoscopy
Arthroscopy

71. 71
Magne+c
Resonance
Imaging
(MRI)
High-­‐energy
magne5c
field
aligns
protons
2-­‐D
or
3-­‐D
blueprint
of
cellular
chemistry
Fine
soa
5ssue
details
Tumors,
plaques,
brain
imaging,
blood
flow,
liver
&
kidney
disorders

72. 72
Radionuclide
Scanning
Color
intensity
=
ac5vity
level
Single-­‐
photoemission
computerized
tomography
(SPECT)
Brain,
heart,
lungs,
liver,
tumors

73. 73

74. 74
Positron
Emission
Tomography
(PET)
+/-­‐
charges
collide
Color
intensity
=
ac5vity
level
Brain
&
heart
physiology

75. 75