PHYSIOLOGY ND TREATMENT

1. TETANUS AND
TRACHOMA
DONE BY,
K.PAVITHRA.
B.pharm

3. Tetanus is an acute, often-fatal disease of the nervous system
that is caused by nerve toxins produced by bacteria Clostridium
tetani.
This bacteria is commonly found in soil , dust and manure.
They generally enter the in to the body through break in the skin
such as cut or puncture.
As they enter the muscle they produce toxins that
interfere(damage) with muscle contraction.
This bacteria germinate under anaerobic conditions only and they
are gram positive spore bearing bacteria.

4. CAUSATIVE AGENT:
CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI:
It is drumstick
shaped It is tennis
racket
shaped

5. HOW DOES THE TETANUS TOXIN CAUSE DAMAGE TO THE BODY?
The tetanus toxin affects the interaction between the nerve and
the muscle that it stimulates, specifically at the neuromuscular junction.
The tetanus toxin amplifies the chemical signal from the nerve to the
muscle, which causes the muscles to tighten up in a continuous
("tetanic" or "tonic") contraction or spasm. This results in either localized
or generalized by Muscle spasms. And so called LOCKJAW.
WHERE DO TETANUS BACTERIA GROW IN THE BODY?
Contaminated wounds are sites where tetanus bacteria multiply. Deep
wounds or those with dead tissue are particularly prone to tetanus
infection

7. CAUSES AND MODE OF TRANSMISSION
 T e t a n u s i s m a i n l y c a u s e d t h r o u g h i n j u r i e s
c a u s e d b y i r o n a r t i c l e s
 I t a l s o c a u s e d w h e n s p o r e s a r e i n t r o d u c e d
t h r o u g h s u r g i c a l c a t g u t
 T e t a n u s i s n o t t r a n s m i t t e d f r o m p e r s o n t o
p e r s o n . I n f e c t i o n o c c u r s t h r o u g h I NJ URY .
C . t e t a n i s p o r e s e n t e r s t h r o u g h w o u n d s , s k i n
l e s i o n s a n d i n f e c t i o n s .

8. SYMPTOMS OF TETANUS:
Fever
Head ache
Sweating
Trouble in swallowing
High blood pressure
A fast heart rate

9. TREATMENT FOR TETANUS
 Debriding the wound to eradicate spores and alter conditions for
germination.
 Stopping the production of toxin within the wound.
 Neutralizing unbound toxin.
 Controlling disease manifestations.
 Managing complications.
 Immunization with human tetanus immune globulin (TIG) shortens
the course of tetanus and may lessen its severity.

10. PREVENTION:
• It can be prevented by proper immunization with
the tetanus vaccine.
• Be aware of any open wounds in our body.
especially when you come into contact with
manure and soil.
• Get a booster shot once every two years.
• The tetanus vaccine requires periodic update.

11. NEONATAL TETANUS
(UMBLICAL):
 Many mothers die after child birth
because of tetanus caused by unsafe
delivery practices.
 They may be due to improper and
unhygienic cutting of umbilical cord
after birth with dirty and rusted blades.
 It can be prevented by giving every
pregnant woman two doses of tetanus
toxoid and maintaining sterile
conditions during child birth.

13. TRACHOMA:
 I t i s a n i n f e c t i o u s d i s e a s e o f e y e .
 I t i s c h a r a c t e r i s e d b y i n f l a m m a t i o n o f
c o n j u n c t i v a a n d c o r n e a .
 I t i s t h e m a i n a n d i m p o r t a n t c a u s e o f b l i n d n e s s .
 I t c a u s e s i n f l a m e d g r a n u l a t i o n o n t h e i n n e r
s u r f a c e o f t h e l i d s .

14.  Trachoma, also called granular conjunctivitis,
Egyptian ophthalmia, and blinding trachoma.
 It is an infectious disease caused by the
bacterium chlamydia trachoma. The
infection causes a roughening of the inner
surface of the eyelids.
 This roughening can lead to pain in the eyes,
breakdown of the outer surface or cornea of the
eyes, and possibly to blindness.
 The bacteria that cause the disease can be
spread by both direct and indirect contact with
an affected person's eyes or nose

15. CAUSATIVE ORGANISM:
• Trachoma is caused by a virus called chlamydiae
trachomatis.
• It attacks mucous membrane covering the surface of
the eyeball and lining of eyelids.

16. SYMPTOMS:
 Itching and irritation of eyes
 Eye pain
 Discharge from eyes
 Blurred vision
 Scartching cornea
 Eyelashes turns inward

18. TREATMENT FOR TRACHOMA.
Trachoma treatment depend on the stage of the disease.
Inthe early stages of trachoma, treatment with
antibiotics alone may be enough toeliminate the infection that
are Oral azithromycin and tetracycline eye ointment.
Azithromycin appears tobe more effective than
tetracycline, but it's more expensive.
Treatment of later stages of trachoma —including painful
eyelid deformities —may require surgery

19. MODE OF TRANSMISSION:
 It may spread from one person to another by
DIRECT or INDIRECT contact.
 Handling of towels, handkerchiefs, kajal sticks
used by the infected persons.
 Swimming pools where water get
contaminated also act as a source of infection.
 Poor personal HYGIENE, over crowding,
poverty etc. are the contributory factors to the
spread of this disease.
 FLIES also play a major role in spreading
trachoma.

20. PREVENTION AND CONTROL
 Early diagnosis should be done.
 Environmental improvement i.e.
modification in water use, fly control, health
education have to be done.
 Defecation in open should be discouraged.
 Common use of eye preparations, towels
handkerchiefs etc. should be avoided.