Trachoma is one of the leading tropical disease which affected over 80 million people globally.

1. A bacterial infection that affects the eyes.
TRACHOMA

2. Trachoma: world’s major infectious cause
of blindness
Trachoma is the leading infectious cause of
blindness in the world.
The disease thrives especially in crowded living
conditions where there are shortages of water,
inadequate sanitation and where numerous eye-
seeking flies are present.
Infection spreads from person to person, particularly
from child to child and from child to mother to child.
In affected communities, infection is often first
encountered in infancy or childhood.
With repeated infection over many years, the
cumulative effect of many inflammatory episodes may
cause the upper eyelid to turn inwards, so that the
eyelashes rub on the eyeball, resulting in intense pain
and scarring of the front of the eye.
This is called trachomatous trichiasis, and ultimately
leads to irreversible blindness.

3. Blinding trachoma is endemic in many of the poorest and most remote
areas of 51 countries in Africa, Asia, Central and South America,
Australia and the Middle East.
Worldwide, an estimated 2.2 million people are visually impaired as a
result of trachoma, of whom 1.2 million are blind.
◉ An estimated 232 million people living in trachoma-endemic
districts are at risk. More than 21 million have active trachoma
and about 7.3 million require surgery for trachomatous trichiasis.
◉
The risk of blinding trachoma is greater in women than in men.
Epidemiological
situation

4. Risk factors / Causes
6 D’s -DRY
-DUST
-DIRTY
-DUNG
-DISCHARGE
-DENSITY(OVER CROWDING IN THE
AREA OR HOME)
◉ Poverty. Trachoma is primarily a disease of extremely poor
populations in developing countries.
◉ Crowded living conditions. People living in close contact are at
greater risk of spreading infection.
◉ Poor sanitation. Poor sanitary conditions and lack of hygiene,
such as unclean faces or hands, help spread the disease.
◉ Age. In areas where the disease is active, it's most common in
children ages 4 to 6.
◉ Sex. In some areas, women's rate of contracting the disease is
two to six times higher than that of men.
◉ Flies. People living in areas with problems controlling the fly
population may be more susceptible to infection.
◉ Lack of latrines. Populations without access to working latrines
— a type of communal toilet — have a higher incidence of the
disease

5. Symptoms
◉ Signs and symptoms of trachoma usually affect both eyes and may include:
◉ Mild itching and irritation of the eyes and eyelids
◉ Discharge from the eyes containing mucus or pus
◉ Eyelid swelling
◉ Light sensitivity (photophobia)
◉ Eye pain

6. The World Health Organization has
identified five stages in the development
of trachoma:
◉ Inflammation — follicular The infection is just beginning in this stage. Five or more
follicles — small bumps that contain lymphocytes are visible with magnification on the inner
surface of your upper eyelid (conjunctiva).
◉ Inflammation — intense. In this stage, your eye is now highly infectious and becomes
irritated, with a thickening or swelling of the upper eyelid.
◉ Eyelid scarring. Repeated infections lead to scarring of the inner eyelid. The scars often
appear as white lines when examined with magnification. Your eyelid may become distorted
and may turn in (entropion).
◉ Ingrown eyelashes (trichiasis). The scarred inner lining of your eyelid continues to
deform, causing your lashes to turn in so that they rub on and scratch the transparent outer
surface of your eye (cornea).
◉ Corneal clouding. The cornea becomes affected by an inflammation that is most
commonly seen under your upper lid. Continual inflammation compounded by scratching
from the in-turned lashes leads to clouding of the cornea.

7. DIAGNOSIS
1.HISTORY
2. CLINICAL PICTURE
3.LABORATORY TESTS
4.DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

8. Pathophysiology

9. Treatment
PHARMACOLOGICAL
TREATMENT
-Topical and systemic
- Tetracycline
or
- Erythromycin
-Systemic
- Azithromycin
Treatment of trachoma is
the SAFE strategy
developed by the WHO.
The surgical
("S"),Antibiotics ("A"), facial
cleanliness ("F"), and
environmental
improvement ("E")
 NON PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT
◉ Facial cleanliness
◉ Environmental improvement
◉ Improving access to water and sanitation
◉ Avoid contact with infected persons
◉ Improve social habbits

10. Prevention
◉ Face washing and hand-washing. Keeping faces clean may help break the cycle of reinfection.
◉ Controlling flies. Reducing fly populations can help eliminate a major source of transmission.
◉ Proper waste management. Properly disposing of animal and human waste can reduce breeding
grounds for flies.
◉ Improved access to water. Having a fresh water source nearby can help improve hygienic
conditions.
 No trachoma vaccine is available, but prevention is possible. The World Health Organization (WHO)
has developed a strategy to prevent trachoma, with the goal of eliminating it by 2020. The strategy,
titled SAFE, involves:
◉ Surgery to treat advanced forms of trachoma
◉ Antibiotics to treat and prevent the infection
◉ Facial cleanliness
◉ Environmental improvements, particularly in water, sanitation and fly control

11. Conclusion
◉ Trachoma is one of the major tropical diseases that causes blindness , it is an highly
contagious disease
◉ It is an preventable by taking precautionsan it is essentially totally preventable and
curable.
◉ Over 10,0000 people 7.2% people per year lost their healthy life due to trachoma,
Approximately 80 million people in the world have active trachoma.
◉ Even though trachoma may not cause mortality , it still requires a serious attention .

12. References
http://www.who.int/trachoma/epidemiology/en/
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Ocular_Infection_by_Chlamydia_trachom
atis:_Public_Health_Responses_to_Pathology
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trachoma/symptoms-causes/syc-
20378505

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