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Design and Analysis of Agricultural Experiments - Dr. Awadallah Belal Dafaallah
Steps Followed in
Conducting Scientific
Research

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Design and Analysis of Agricultural Experiments - Dr. Awadallah Belal Dafaallah
Before
conducting
exp.
• Formulation of research plan
• Definition of research variables
• Selection of inference field
Design of
exp.
• Selection of experimental materials
• Selection of experimental design
• Formulation adequate mathematical model
After
conducting
exp.
• Data collection
• Statistical analysis of data
• Conclusion and interpretation of results
• Writing a scientific report
Steps Followed in Conducting Scientific
Researches:

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Design and Analysis of Agricultural Experiments - Dr. Awadallah Belal Dafaallah
Formulation of research plan:

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Design and Analysis of Agricultural Experiments - Dr. Awadallah Belal Dafaallah
Definition of research variables:
Independent
variables
(treatments)
Dependent
variables
(parameters
measured)

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Design and Analysis of Agricultural Experiments - Dr. Awadallah Belal Dafaallah
Selection of inference field:
Selection of inference field means selection of a
sample from a statistical population with
appropriate scientific procedure to produce
information about the population.

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Design and Analysis of Agricultural Experiments - Dr. Awadallah Belal Dafaallah
Selection of experimental materials:
Selection of quality and quantity of the
experimental materials depend on objectives,
factors, field of inference, finance and availability
of the materials.

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Design and Analysis of Agricultural Experiments - Dr. Awadallah Belal Dafaallah
Selection of experimental design:
 Is it a questionnaire study, a laboratory
experiment or a field experiment?
 What kind of design do you choose?

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Design and Analysis of Agricultural Experiments - Dr. Awadallah Belal Dafaallah
Selection of experimental design depend on:
 Degree of heterogeneity in experiments units and
its directions.
 Number of factors in the experiment.
 Number of treatments in the experiment.
 Number of available experiment units.
 Availability of Human and natural resources.
 Degree of precision required.
 Objective of the study.

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Design and Analysis of Agricultural Experiments - Dr. Awadallah Belal Dafaallah
Formulation adequate mathematical model:
Mathematical model for any design is an
equation lead to interpretation of difference
between an observation and another one.
Linear additive model

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Design and Analysis of Agricultural Experiments - Dr. Awadallah Belal Dafaallah
Primary data
Questionnaires
Interviews
Case studies
Experiments
Direct observations
Participant observations
Secondary data
Books
Journals
Reports
Official documents
Legal precedence
Data collection:

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Design and Analysis of Agricultural Experiments - Dr. Awadallah Belal Dafaallah
Statistical analysis of data:
Data analyses include the statistical, manual
tools or packages, models, software that will be
used.

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Design and Analysis of Agricultural Experiments - Dr. Awadallah Belal Dafaallah
Common
statistical
tests
T-test
F-test
Z-test
X2-test

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Design and Analysis of Agricultural Experiments - Dr. Awadallah Belal Dafaallah
Conclusion and interpretation of results:
 Describe the main findings.
 Results may be presented in graphs, tables, text, plates
and/or maps.
 Describe only the most important information in the
table, figure, etc..
 Interpret and evaluate research results.
 Highlight the most important or significant data.
 Compare the study findings with that reported in the
literature on the same or similar problems under study.

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Design and Analysis of Agricultural Experiments - Dr. Awadallah Belal Dafaallah
Writing a scientific report:

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Design and Analysis of Agricultural Experiments - Dr. Awadallah Belal Dafaallah
In general, a scientific report includes the following
main parts:
 Introduction
 Literature review
 Materials and methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Conclusion and recommendations
 References
 Appendices

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Design and Analysis of Agricultural Experiments - Dr. Awadallah Belal Dafaallah
Reference:
Dafaallah, A. B. (2017).Fundamentals of Design and
Analysis of Agricultural. Experiments
(Observation – Experimentation –Discussion), Part
One. First Edition. University of Gezira House for
Printing and Publishing, Wad Medani, Sudan. Pp
246.
Dafaallah, A. B. (2017). Fundamentals of Design and
Analysis of Agricultural Experiments (Observation
– Experimentation –Discussion), Part Two. First
Edition. University of Gezira House for Printing
and Publishing , Wad Medani, Sudan. Pp 204.

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Design and Analysis of Agricultural Experiments - Dr. Awadallah Belal Dafaallah
Thanks
Dr. Awadallah Belal Dafaallah
E-mail: awadna@hotmail.com;
awadna@uofg.edu.sd
Tel: +249902295166