The document discusses three major intellectual revolutions: 1. The Copernican Revolution shifted views of the solar system from geocentric to heliocentric, with Copernicus proving the sun is at the center. 2. The Darwinian Revolution provided evidence of evolution through natural selection, challenging religious views of creationism. 3. The Freudian Revolution developed psychoanalysis to understand the unconscious mind, though Freud's theories were controversial and criticized for a lack of empirical evidence.

1. Science, Technology, and Society
Chapter III. The IntellectualRevolution
IntellectualRevolution (scienceapproach)-also termed as scientific
revolution - refers to the series of events that led to the emergenceof
modern science and the progressof scientific thinking across critical
periods in history. Also describedas a new way of thinking about the
natural world and society that challenged traditional views and instead
relied upon experimentation and new science. - developments in
mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy), and
chemistry transformed societalviews about nature. Although there are
many intellectual revolutions, this discussionfocuseson three of the most
important ones that altered the way humans view science and its impacts
on society:1. Copernican Revolution 2. Darwinian Revolution 3. Freudian
Revolution
A. COPERNICAN REVOLUTION- Refers to the 16th century paradigm
shift named after the Polish mathematician and astronomer, Nicolaus
Copernicus. - This caused the paradigm shift of how the earth and the sun
were placed in the universe. It is the idea that rejected Ptolemaic model,
the earth as the center of the solar system and proved the heliocentric
model,the sun as the center of the solar system having the earth revolving
around it. - Claudius Ptolemy formulated the geocentric modelof the
universe in the 2nd century CE - Nicolaus Copernicus (born February 19,
1473,Toruń, Royal Prussia, Poland— died May 24, 1543,Frauenburg,
East Prussia [now Frombork,Poland]) formulated the heliocentric modelof
the universe. Copernicus probably hit upon his main idea sometime
between 1508 and 1514,and during those years he wrote a manuscript
usually called the Commentariolus (“Little Commentary”).However, the
book that contains the final version of his theory, De revolutionibus orbium
coelestium libri vi (“Six Books Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly
Orbs”),did not appear in print until 1543,the year of his death. Geocentric
Model Two commonlymade observations supported the idea that Earth
was the center of the Universe. The first observation was that the stars, the
sun, and planets appear to revolve around Earth each day, making Earth

2. the center of that system. Further, every star was on a "stellar" or "celestial"
sphere,of which the earth was the center, that rotated each day, using a
line through the north and south poles as an axis. The stars closestto the
equator appeared to rise and fall the greatest distance, but each star
circled back to its rising point each day. The second commonnotion
supporting the geocentric modelwas that the Earth does not seem to move
from the perspective of an Earth-bound observer,and that it is solid, stable,
and unmoving. Heliocentric Model In his model, Copernicus repositioned
the earth from the center of the solar system and introduced the idea that
the Earth rotates on its own axis. The model illustrated the earth, along with
other heavenly bodies to be rotating around the sun. The heliocentric
modelmet huge resistance, primarily from the church accusing Copernicus
of heresy. Copernicus faced persecutionfrom the church because of his
idea. Although far more sensible than the Ptolemaic model,which as early
as the 13th century had been criticized for its shortcomings,the Copernican
modelalso had multiple inadequacies that were later filled in by
astronomers who participated in the revolution. Nonetheless, despite
problems with the modeland the persecutionof the church, the heliocentric
modelwas soon accepted by other scientists of the time, most profoundly
by Galileo Galilei, father of the modern science.The contribution of the
Copernican Revolution is far-reaching. It served as a catalyst to sway
scientific thinking away from age-long views about the positionof the earth
relative to an enlightened understanding of the universe. This marked the
beginning of modernastronomy.
B. DARWINIAN REVOLUTION- The English naturalist, geologistand
biologist,Charles Darwin (father of evolution ) is credited forstirring
another important intellectual revolution in the mid-19th century . This
revolution provided a differentidea than the Creation theory. His treatise on
the science of evolution, “On the Origin of Species” was published in 1859
and began a revolution that brought humanity to a new era of intellectual
discovery. - Darwin gathered evidences pointing to what is now known as
natural selection,an evolutionary process by which organism including
humans, inherit, develop and adapt traits that favored survival and
reproduction.These traits are manifested in offspring that are more fit and
well-suited to the challenges of survival and reproduction. - Darwin’s theory
of evolution, met resistance and consideredto be controversial. Critics

3. accused the theory of being either short in accounting forthe broad and
complexevolutionary processor dismissive of the idea that the functional
designof organisms was a manifestation of an omniscient God.The
Darwinian revolution can be likened to the Copernican revolution in its
demonstration of the power of the laws of nature in explaining biological
phenomenonof survival and reproduction. - The place of the Darwinian
revolution in modernscience cannot be underestimated.Through this
revolution, the developmentof organisms and the origin of unique forms of
life and humanity could be rationalized by a lawful system or an orderly
process ofchange underpinned by laws of nature.
C. FREUDIAN REVOLUTION- Austrian neurologist, Sigmund Freud is
credited for stirring a 20th -century intellectual revolution named after him. -
Freud developedpsychoanalysis,a scientific method of understanding
inner and unconscious conflicts embeddedwithin one’s personality,
springing from free associations,dreams and fantasies of the individual.
Psychoanalysis immediately shot into controversyfor it emphasized the
existence of the unconscious where feelings,thoughts, urges, emotions
and memories are contained outside of one’s conscious mind. Freud
suggestedthat humans are inherently pleasure-seeking individuals. These
notions were particularly caught in the crossfireof whether Freud’s
psychoanalysis fit in the scientific study of the brain and mind. - Scientists
working on a biologicalapproach in studying human behavior criticized
psychoanalysis for lack of vitality and bordering on being unscientific as a
theory. Particularly the notion that all humans are destined to exhibit
Oedipus and Electra complexes (i.e, sexual desire towards the parent of
the opposite sexand exclusion of the parent of the same sex) did not seem
to be supported by empirical data. It appeared to critics that psychoanalysis
then, was more of an ideologicalstance than a scientific one. - Amidst
controversy, Freud’s psychoanalysis is widely credited for dominating
psychotherapeutic practice in the early 20th century. Psychodynamic
therapies that treat a myriad of psychologicaldisorders still remain largely
informed by Freud’s work on psychoanalysis.