The document discusses robotics in biotechnology. It begins with definitions of robotics and provides examples of laws of robotics proposed by Isaac Asimov. The document then gives a history of robotics from 1921 to 2003. It describes various types of robots and provides 25 examples of applications of robots in biotechnology, such as for culturing and sampling, DNA sequencing, and drug development. The document discusses advantages like precision and increased safety, and disadvantages including high costs. It concludes with references.

2. “ROBOTICS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY”
P. G. Student
Bipasha Datta
Dept. of Genetics and
Plant Breeding

3. CONTENTS
• Definition
• History
• Types
• Application in
biotechnology
• Future of Robots
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• References

4. DEFINITION
 Robot- A reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move
material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through various programmed
motions for the performance of a variety of tasks. Robot Institute of America,
1979 .
 Robotics word originated from the word ‘Robot’.
 Robotics - is a branch of engineering that involves the conception, design,
manufacture, and operation of robots.
 It deals with the design, construction, operation, and use of robots, as well
as computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information
processing.
Karel Capek (1920) - in his play titled Rassum’s
Universal Robots (RUR).
Robot in Czech is a word for worker or servant.

5. LAWS OF ROBOTICS
Asimov proposed three “Laws of Robotics ” and
later added the “zeroth law ”.
Law 0: A robot may not injure humanity or
through inaction, allow humanity to come to
harm.
Law 1: A robot may not injure a human being or
through inaction, allow a human being to come to
harm, unless this would violate a higher order
law.
Law 2: A robot must obey orders given to it by
human beings, except where such orders would
conflict with a higher order law.
Law 3: A robot must protect its own existence as
long as such protection does not conflict with a
higher order law.

6. HISTORY
Here are a number of highlights in the history of
robotics in the 20th century:
 (1921) Karel capek - coined the term robotics.
 (1942) Asimov –’Runaround’ was composed which was all
about robots, it held the “Three rules for robots”.
 (1956) George Devol & Joseph Engelberger - established the
first robot company.

7.  (1961) - UNIMATE- The first industrialized robot
was online in a General Motors automobile

8.  (1963) - first computer controlled robotic arm “Rancho Arm”
was designed for the handicapped peoples.
 (1978) - The Puma (Programmable Universal Machine for
Assembly) robot was developed by Unimation.
Cont…

9.  (1980) - Dr. Masahide Sasaki - first automatized lab.
 (2003) - NASA’s Mars Exploration Rovers will launch
toward Mars in search of answers about the history of
water on Mars

10. TYPES:
1.Soft Elastic Robots
1.1.Snake Robot 1.2.Crawler Robots
1.3.Hybrid Robots

11. 2. Wheleed Robots
2.1 Single Wheel (Ball)
Robots
2.2 Two-Wheeled Robots 2.3 Three Wheeled
Robots
2.4.Four Wheeled Robots 2.5.Multi Wheeled Robots 2.6.Tracked Robots

12. 3. Legged Robots
3.1.One Legged Robot 3.2.Two Legged – Bipedal
Robot
3.3. Three legged - Robot
3.4.Four Legged Robot 3.5.Six Legged Robot 3.6 Robots With Many Legs

13. 4. Swimming Robots – Robot Fish
6. Rolling Robotic Balls (Mobile Spherical
Robots)
5. Flying Robots
7. Swarm Robots

14. 8.Modular Robots 9.Micro Robots
10. (b) Nano Robots10. (a) Nano Robots

15. 11.1 Cartesian/Gantry
Robots
11.2 Cylindrical Robots 11.3 Spherical Robots
11.5 Robotic Arms - (Articulated Robots )11.4 SCARA Robots 11.6 Parallel Robots
11. Stationary phase

16. Applications in biotechnology
1.
Low cost robotic arm used as an
auto-sampler.

17. 2.
An example of pipettes and microplates
manipulated by an anthropomorphic Robot
(Andrew alliance)

18. 3.
High volume production of single cell
cultures (TAP Biosystems).

19. 4.
Filling and closing syringes (A- Pack
technologies).

20. 5.
Laboratory robots doing acid digestion
chemical analysis

21. 6.
Aseptic drug manufacturing

22. 7.
Researchers adapt a DIY robotics kit to
automate biological experiment

23. 8.
Mixing granules in cleanroom

24. The spinnmaker microplate mover provides self
correcting precision as well as powerful sample
tracking and inventory management.
9.

25. Hamilton Microlab STARlet" systems for handling
liquids, optimized for carrying out DNA extraction,
PCRs, sequencing and SNPlex.
10.

26. Automatic DNA sequencing equipment, a caliper twister ll robot for automated
handling of plates linked to the 7900HT Fast Real Time PCR System quantitative
PCR unit, and also state-of-the-art equipment for gene expression studies using
microarray technology made by Agilent Technologies.
11.

27. Each four axis robot manipulatoris eqquiped with a
four- jaw fall safe tube gripper capable of handling
a range of industry standard test tubes.
12.

28. Motoman AutoSorter II is a high-throughput, robust instrument for
tube sorting, rack loading, archiving and other specimen processing
operations performed at >1,000 tubes per hour.
13.

29. Culturing and dispensing with much more
accuracy and speed than a human. Mahoro
completed the tasks with better results and in half
the time.
14.

30. To automate early-stage drug development: drug
screening, hit conformation, and cycles of
QSAR hypothesis learning and testing.
15.

31. The robot is capable of simultaneously handling a large
number of plants and measuring a variety of plant growth
parameters at regular time intervals. The standard
platform consists of a table with a capacity of 396 pots.
16.

32. Biological assay miniaturization: it comprises
the DNA microarray and protein microarrays.
Gives detailed information on gene expression
or protein interaction at the cell or tissue level.
17.

33. Lab robot – culturing and precision
sampling
18.

34. Thermo CRS catalyst 5 robotic arm
loading a bank of MWG high throughout
thermal cycles
19.

35. surgical robot to perform soft tissue
surgery by Johns Hopkins scientists.
20.

36. ORCA (Optimized Robot for Chemical Analysis)-
used for the analysis of petroleum samples by
simulated distillation (SIMDIS).
21.

37. Thermo scientific VAlet microplate mover
with spex sample preperation.
22.

38. Auto-sampler used in gas-chromatography
23.

39. Mitsubishi robot- pick and place
24.

40. An industrial bench top robot for liquid
handling with multiple arms for tray handling and
pipetting.
25.

41. OTHER APPLICATIONS OF ROBOTS
INCLUDE
Robotic assistant
for micro surgery
The operative system
in robotic surgery

42. HAZBOT operating in
atmospheres containing
combustible gases
TROV in Antarctica
operating under water

43. Sony SDR-3X
Entertainment Robot
NASA space
station

44. FUTURE OF ROBOTS
Kismet (Artificial
intelligence)
Cog (intelligence of
six months old baby)

45. Smart irrigation
system
Robodry

46. Humanoids Automated
distinguisher
Hexapod for
Disaster recovery

47. ADVANTAGES
Time effective
Minimal wastage
Task reproducibility
Task endurance
Precision
High productivity
Enhanced safety for laboratory personnel
the ability to withstand adverse environmental conditions
Reduced tedium and boredom among laboratory workers
who would otherwise perform the tasks.
Establish safer working environments since hazardous
compounds do not have to be handled.

48. DISADVANTAGES
 Typically the cost of a single synthesis or sample assessment are
expensive.
 To set up and start up cost for automation are generally
expensive.
 Some systems require the use of programming languages such
as C++ or Visual Basic to run more complicated tasks.
 Job shortages as automation may replace staff members who
do tasks easily replicated by a robot.
 Automation fails where visual analysis, recognition, or
comparison is required such as colour changes.

49. REFERENCES
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics
• https://cs.stanford.edu/people/eroberts/courses/soco/projects/1
998-99/robotics/history.html
• http://www.robotpark.com/All-Types-Of-Robots
• https://www.staubli.com/en-in/robotics/solution-
application/healthcare-life-sciences-robots/pharma-production-
biotechnology/
• http://hudsonrobotics.com/products/liquid-handling/solo-
liquid-handling/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_robotics

50. • https://www.the-
scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/14354/title/High-
Throughput-Thermocyclers/
• http://88proof.com/synthetic_biology/blog/archives/318
• https://www.ehu.eus/en/web/sgiker/sekuentziazio-eta-
genotipo-tresnak
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_robotics#Histor
y
• https://www.robotics.org/josephengelberger/unimate.cfm
CONTI…

51. Thank you
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