Lab Investigation with their Significance to diagnose the diseases easly

1. “LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS”
NIMS INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY
Subject: Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharm D
(2023-2024)
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:
DR. AKHILESH PATEL BHAVYA JINDAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ROLL NO. 06
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY PHARM D 2nd
YEAR
NIMS UNIVERSITY RAJASTHAN, JAIPUR
PIN CODE: 303121
AUGUST, 2023

2. LAB INVESTIGATION WITH THEIR
SIGNIFICANCE AND NORMAL RANGE
1. CBC: -
 HEMOGLOBIN
NORMAL VALUE LOW HIGH
13-18 mg/dL (male) Anemia Clots, heart attack,
Polycythemia vera,
Cancer, Kidney, or
Liver disease.
11.5-16.5 mg/dL
(female)
 TLC (TOTAL LEUKOCYTE COUNT) / WBC
NORMAL VALUE LOW HIGH
4,000-11,00 cells per
cubic millions of
blood
More vulnerable to
develop infection
Infection, Leukemia,
and other immune
system disease
 NEUTROPHILS
NORMAL VALUE LOW HIGH
2,500-7,000 per
microliter of blood
Neutropenia (swelling
and repeated
infection)
Leukocytosis
 LYMPHOCYTES
NORMAL VALUE LOW HIGH
1,000-4,800 per
microliter of blood
(ADULT)
Higher risk of
infection
Infection (bacterial,
viral, other), Blood
cancer, Autoimmune
disorder
3,000-4,000 per
microliter of blood
(CHILDREN)

3.  MONOCYTES
NORMAL VALUE LOW HIGH
200-800 per
microliter of blood or
2-8% of WBC count
More susceptible to
infection.
Mononucleosis or an
autoimmune disease
like lupus
 TRBC (TOTAL RED BLOOD CELLS)
NORMAL VALUE LOW HIGH
4.7-6.1 million cells
per microliter (MALE)
Anemia Blood will be thicker
than it should be and
it increase risk for
blood clots
4.2-5.4 million cells
per microliter
(FEMALE)
 PCV (PACKED CELL VOLUME)
NORMAL VALUE LOW HIGH
38.3-48.6% (MALE) Anemia or
Hemodilution
Cardiovascular events
such as a stroke, mini-
stroke, or heart attack
35.5-44.9%
(FEMALE)
 MCV (MEAN CORPUSCULAR VOLUME)
NORMAL VALUE LOW HIGH
80-100 femtoliter (ft) RBC are smaller than
normal and may
indicate microcytic
anemia
Anemia, liver disease
and thyroid
 MCHC (MEAN CORPUSCULAR HEMOGLOBIN
CONCENTRATION)
NORMAL VALUE LOW HIGH

4. 32-36 gram per
deciliter (gm/dL)
Hypochromic anemia Hyperchromic anemia
 PLATELET COUNT
NORMAL VALUE LOW HIGH
150,000-450,000
platelets per
microliter of blood
Thrombocytopenia Blood clots in blood
vessels
2. LFT
 ALT (ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE)
NORMAL VALUE LOW HIGH
4-36 U/L (UNIT PER
LITER)
Increased risk of long-
term morality
Sign of liver injury or
disease
 AST (ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE)
NORMAL VALUE LOW HIGH
14-20 units/L
(MALE)
Deficiency of
vitamin B6 and cause
kidney disease
Sign of hepatitis,
cirrhosis,
mononucleosis, or
liver disease
10-36 units/L
(FEMALE)
 ALP (ALKAINE PHOSPHATE)
NORMAL VALUE LOW HIGH
30-130 unit/L Protein deficiency or
Wilson’s disease
Liver damage or bone
disorder
 BILIRUBIN TOTAL
NORMAL VALUE LOW HIGH
0.1-1.2 mg/dL Risk factor of
coronary artery
disease (CAD) or
phenomenon
Jaundice

5.  BILIRUBIN DIRECT
NORMAL VALUE LOW HIGH
>0.3 mg/dL Generally, not a
concern
Indicate your liver is
not clearing bilirubin
properly
 BILIRUBIN INDIERCT
NORMAL VALUE LOW HIGH
0.2-1.3 mg/dL Increase risk of
developing deep
white matter lesions in
brain
Hemolytic disease
 ALBUMIN
NORMAL VALUE LOW HIGH
3.4-5.4 gm/dL Malnutrition, liver
disease or kidney
disease or an
inflammatory disease
Dehydration
 GLOBULIN
NORMAL VALUE LOW HIGH
2.0-3.5 gm/dL Liver or kidney
disease
Autoimmune disease,
infection, or cancer
3. RFT
 SERUM CREATININE
NORMAL VALUE LOW HIGH
0.7-1.35 mg/dL
(MALE)
Muscle loss, sever
liver disease
May lead to
permanent kidney
damage
0.6-1.04 mg/dL
(FEMALE)

6.  SERUM UREA
NORMAL VALUE LOW HIGH
10-50 mg/dL Not usually a cause of
concern
Kidney is not working
well
 SODIUM
NORMAL VALUE LOW HIGH
135-145 millimole
per lite (mmole/L)
Nausea, vomiting,
headache, confusion,
and fatigue
Hypernatremia
 POTASSIUM
NORMAL VALUE LOW HIGH
3.5-5.2 mmole/L Abnormal heart
rhythms
Irregular heart beat in
worst case it can
cause heart attack
 CHLORIDE
NORMAL VALUE LOW HIGH
96-106 mmole/L Dehydration and you
become sick
Dehydration, kidney
disease, and metabolic
acidosis
4. TFT (THYROID FUNCTION TEST)
 TSH (THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE)
NORMAL VALUE LOW HIGH
0.5-5.0 milli-
international unit per
liter (mlU/L)
Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism
 FREE THYROXINE (FT4)
NORMAL VALUE LOW HIGH
0.8-1.8 nanograms
per deciliter (ng/dL)
Hypothyroidism An overactive
thyroid gland

7.  TRIIODOTHRONINE (T3)
NORMAL VALUE LOW HIGH
80-220 ng/dL Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism
5. ANTIGEN TEST
NORMAL VALUE NEGATIVE POSITIVE
0-2.5 ng/dl Not detected with
antibody of virus
Detected with
antibody of virus
0-5 ng/dl (for smoker
it is slightly high)
6. ELISA TEST
ELISA test has a positive or negative result, but some might be invalid
Significance
 Negative result: - A negative result means that the test did not
detect any of the substance it was checked for.
 Positive result: - A positive result means that the test detected the
7. WIDAL TEST
There are 2 types of antigens in widal test: -
 Flagellar (H) antigen
 Somatic (O) antigen
Normal value
< 1:160
Significance
 If Salmonella O is positive, then you have an active fever.
 If Salmonella H is positive, then fever is a past infection.
 Negative Result: - A tire of O and H lower than 1:160 is considered
negative, it indicates that the person is unlikely to have an enteric
fever, and their symptom may be due to a different infection.

8.  Positive Result: - A tire of O and H greater than 1:160 to 1:320 is
considered positive. A positive widal test means there is a presence of
Salmonella typhi in the blood.
8. MONTAUX TEST
NORMAL VALUE NEGATIVE POSITIVE
0-15 mm
(micrometer)
Induration less than 5
mm diameter
More than 15 mm
diameter shows you
probably have TB
(TUBERCULOSIS)
germs in your body