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IV

Kurdistan Regional Government Iraq
Ministry of Electricity
V

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Energy History and Forecast
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Why we need Renewable Energy?
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Renewable and alternative energy supplies would help to diversity the country s energy portfolio
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Most alternative energy sources have little polluting side Effects. Clearly,
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3
Power in the Wind (W/m2) = 1/2 x air density x swept rotor area x (wind speed)3
Density = P/(RxT) Area = π
π
π
π r2
Instantaneous Speed
P - pressure (Pa) (not mean speed)
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kg/m3
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====================+++++++++===================
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otor area
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r
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R !
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Blades are shaped like airplane wings.
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10% increase in swept diameter translates into 21% greater swept area
5! S!
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Longest blades up to 413 feet in diameter.
Resulting in 600 foot total height.
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10% increase in wind speed translates into 30% more electricity
:! . 6
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Power in the Wind (W/m2) = 1/2 x air density x swept rotor area x (wind speed)3
P = 1/2* ρ*A* V3
Wind energy increases with the cube of the wind speed
N 4 :! 4 ", ! $ '! % '
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(2X the wind speed translates into 8X the electricit
!
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(Wind energy increases with height to the 1/7 power)
U A
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(2X the height translates into 10.4% more electricity)
rr
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Characteristic of good wind
power site:
1
Power (P) = x ρ x A x V3
2
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A good wind power site should have the following characteristics:
3
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A
B
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:
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A
High annual wind speed
B
3
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High wind tower
B
3
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3
Longest blades in diameter
3
: &, ! )
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3
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4
Lift Force
"5
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The Lift Force is perpendicular to the
direction of motion. We want to make this
force BIG.
2 -
1 (
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Drag Force
"5
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3
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+
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is parallel to the direction
Drag Force
The
of motion. We want to make this force small.
59.6
80
+
, "# Y ! I ", ! ! !
'
2 ! C , 2
3
This picture shows a Vestas V-80 2.0-MW
wind turbine superimposed on a Boeing 747
JUMBO JET
!
A
B
!
A
B
= low
= medium
<10 degrees
= High
Stall!!

(!
&
C M# ! %
R
3
Airfoil Nomenclature: Wind turbines use the same aerodynamic principals as aircraft.
+++++++++++++++++++++++=======================++++++++++++++++++++++
3 Airfoil in stall 0
(
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& % " - : :, 7 N ", !
3
Stall arises due to separation of flow from airfoil
D
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Stall results in decreasing lift coefficient with increasing angle of attack
D
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Stall behavior complicated due to blade rotation
!
A
B
!
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B
Stall
Blade rotation

Pitch Control vs. Stall Control . 6 8 9
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Pitch
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Pitch Control
5
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: 2! : ! ', 6 ! ' ? & %
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– Blades rotate out of the wind when wind speed becomes too great
•
9
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4
Stall Control
"5
4
& %
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R $ %:, N ",
: ! 1 7
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– Blades are at a fixed pitch that starts to stall when wind speed is too great
– Pitch can be adjusted for particular location’s wind regime
•
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4
Stall Control
Active
"5
+ 4
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& %
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– Many larger turbines today have active pitch control that turns the blades
towards stall when wind speeds are too great
!
A
B
!
8
4
Pitch
5
8 $
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3 Rotor Solidity 0
< = ! 6 + 9
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3
Solidity is the ratio of total rotor plan form area to total swept area>
Solidity = 3a/A
O'1 "!$ 8,
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3
Low solidity (0.10) = high speed, low torque
O'1 "!$ 8,
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+
4
3
High solidity (>0.80) = low speed, high torque
!
A
B
!
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B
Solidity = 3a/A
A
a
!
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B

3 Tip Speed Ratio 0
? !
( =
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Erosion Effects
B
A
Noise
B
5! :,
A
Vibrations
3B
!
A
B

,
@ ! ( - !
4
How Does a Wind Turbine Work
5
:
Inside the wind turbine
!
A
B

&
&
&
& ( = !
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4
Anemometer
"5
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A
controller
3B
Measures the wind speed and transmits wind speed data to the controller.
(!
4
Blades
"5
! %L, &! &
3
" :! %$ $ %
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3
Most turbines have either two or three blades.
Wind blowing over the blades causes the blades to "lift" and rotate.
C
4
Brake
"5
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3
A disc brake, which can be applied mechanically, electrically, or hydraulically to stop the rotor
in emergencies.
!
A
B

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4
Gear box
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4
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1 ", & :, 7! "! - & $8 & ! $ &! ?
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R 0 4
3
Gears connect the low-speed shaft to the high-speed shaft and increase the
rotational speeds from about 30 to 60 rotations per minute (rpm) to about 1000 to
1800 rpm, the rotational speed required by most generators to produce electricity.
The gear box is a costly (and heavy) part of the wind turbine and engineers are
exploring "direct-drive" generators that operate at lower rotational speeds and
don't need gear boxes.
!
A
B

9
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4
Controller
"5
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+
r
)
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+
r
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3
! 1
+
r
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! 1
3
Controller:
The controller starts up the machine at wind speeds of about 12 to 19 km (8 to 16 miles) per
hour (mph) and shuts off the machine at about 88 km/h (55mph)
Turbines do not operate at wind speeds above about 88 (km/h) because they might be damaged
by the high winds.
!
A
B

&
&
&
&
& ! - ) -!
! 6 ! /
4
Generator
"5
:! + 4 ! "! - +
3
Usually an off-the-shelf induction generator that produces 60-cycle AC electricity.
( = 6 %
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&
&
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High-speed shaft
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Drives the generator.
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Low-speed shaft
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The rotor turns the low-speed shaft at about 30 to 60 rotations per minute.
!
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Nacelle
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The nacelle sits atop the tower and contains the gear box, low- and high-speed shafts,
generator, controller, and brake. Some nacelles are large enough for a helicopter to land on.
!< % $
8
4
Pitch
"5
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F
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Blades are turned, or pitched, out of the wind to control the rotor speed and keep the rotor
from turning in winds that are too high or too low to produce electricity.
!
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B

=
&
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The blades and the hub together are called the rotor.
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Tower
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Towers are made from tubular steel (shown here), concrete, or steel lattice. Because wind
speed increases with height, taller towers enable turbines to capture more energy and generate
more electricity>
!
A
B
Hub
!
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B

&
&
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Wind direction
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This is an "upwind" turbine, so-called because it operates facing into the wind. Other
turbines are designed to run "downwind," facing away from the wind.
1 !
&
&
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&
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4
Wind vane
"5
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Measures wind direction and communicate with the yaw drive to orient the turbine properly
with respect to the wind.
!
A
B

! ! !
&
&
&
4
Yaw drive
"5
!
", %
!
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4 %
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3
Upwind turbines face into the wind; the yaw drive is used to keep the rotor facing into the
wind as the wind direction changes. Downwind turbines don't require a yaw drive; the wind
blows the rotor downwind.
!
! ! !
&
&
&
4
Yaw motor
"5
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Powers the yaw drive
3B
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Anemometer on nacelle tells controller which way to point rotor into the wind
D
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Yaw drive
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Yaw drive turns gears to point rotor into wind
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Passive Yaw
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Wind forces alone direct rotor
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Tail vanes , Downwind turbines.
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0
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5
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Turbines can be categorized into two overarching classes based on the orientation
of the rotor
Vertical Axis
Horizontal Axis
'", ' ?
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A
B

0
/ +
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(
Vertical Axis Turbines
)
^^^^^^^^^
A
Advantages
@B
r
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(Omnidirectional - Accepts wind from any angle)
r
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3
(Components can be mounted at ground level)
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3
(Ease of service)
•
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.
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(Lighter weight towers)
r
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(Can theoretically use less materials to capture the same amount of wind)
A
Disadvantages
@B
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(Rotors generally near ground where wind poorer)
r
W ) .
3
(Centrifugal force stresses blades)
r
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(Poor self-starting capabilities)
r
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rotor
3B
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(Requires entire rotor to be removed to replace bearings)
r
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(Overall poor performance and reliability)
r
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(Have never been commercially successful)
!
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B

3 Types of Wind Power ‚
! /
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Horizontal Axis Wind Power
@B
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'Xm
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Vertical Axis Wind Power
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( ! * ( - !
Off-shore Wind power
Sea
!
Till
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Sandstone
Ice Cone
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Casing
? %
5!
Grout
!
A
B

D -
, 5 C-
(
Onshore
)
(
Offshore
)
Cost comparison Onshore and Offshore
!
A
B
".1
A
B

4
(! ' ( - !
Number of Blades – One
9
D
A
O'1
B
:! ! "! '# % "#!' %
3
Rotor must move more rapidly to capture same amount of wind.
{
0 4
3
Gearbox ratio reduced
{
% ( %7 .
P , :!G,
3
Added weight of counterbalance negates some benefits of lighter design
{
! 1
$ !
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Higher speed means more noise, visual, and wildlife impacts
D
& , %
:!G, , O'1 ?
3
Blades easier to install because entire rotor can be assembled on ground
D
S!
A
BU
G
! % - 6 : :,
3
Captures 10% less energy than two blade design
D
! * ! '
3
Ultimately provide no cost savings
!
A
B

Number of Blades – Two ( - !
(!
6 % 1 ?
6 !
! %
3
Advantages & disadvantages similar to one blade.
6 % 1 ?
6 !
! %
3
Need teetering hub and or shock absorbers because of gyroscopic imbalances
S!
A
BU
% , - 6 : :, G
!
3
Capture 5% less energy than three blade designs
!
A
B

0
( - !
(!
Number of Blades – Three
3
r
2 ,
A
# V
B
! $ %
3
r
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r
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r
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r
3
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!
A
B

0
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Sizes and Applications
3
+ !
@
6'( -
A
Small
B
'
A
Small (≤10 kW)
B
:!
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A
Homes
B
N '".
A
Farms
B
8G 7 !'?
: 5!
A
Remote Application
3B
+
@
$ + -
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Intermediate
B
'
A
10-250 kW
B
:!
$ '4
A
Village Power
B
N "# ,
A
Hybrid Systems
B
' *
A
Distributed Power
3B
+ ! L,
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4 -
A
Large
B
'
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660 kW - 2+MW
B
28
< :!
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Central
Station Wind Farms
B
' *
A
Distributed Power
B
N "# ,
A
Community Wind
B
3
300 kW
Turbine
10 kW
Turbine
Large:
Small:
!
A
B
!
A
B
!
A
B

Wind Power Advantages
+ 2"#!
%
3
', R :#!' %
:
3
Produces no waste or greenhouse gases
r
0 % " M R 7! J -
A
No air pollution
3B
r
-
" M R 7! J
* + 4
A
No greenhouse gasses
3B
r
' - R 0 %
A
Does not pollute water with mercury
3B
r
R :#!' %
A
No water needed for operations
3B
A
Economic Development
B
' ? 4
3
r
! ? 4 & ' & C
& . ƒ O ) : !
3
Expanding Wind Power development brings jobs to rural communities
r
V ? % '
A
Increased tax revenue
3B
r
! V $ ! $ ', "? C
3
Purchase of goods & services
) ,
@
) ,
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! & "#!' %
F
] ', '
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3
)
' 8 N '". ", :! !
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& :, 6 ! 2!
3
The land beneath can usually still be used for farming.
& ) ? ! 2!
A
Isolate area
B
3
A good method of supplying energy to remote areas.
1 f
! + ' $ 9- $ #
R !
3

&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
Disadvantage of wind energy
r
".4 ! ' ?
)
3
! 7! $ ) ! - ! K +
3
(Low energy density, The wind is not always predictable - some days have no wind.)
r
"# ,
A
B
$ . ! 4
3
(Wind energy conversion system are noisy in operation)
r
. ".4 ! ' ?
!
) ! S
3
(The overall weight of wind power system is relatively higher)
r
"#!' % !
3
* ! 1 i !'? 5!G?
! 'M 4 & '(
3
(Large areas are required for installation /operation of wind energy system. Suitable areas for wind
farms are often near the coast, where land is expensive)
r
* :! + + ! S!
%
& 4 ! , . % ) & 4 ? "#! $
R
3
(Only in KW and a few MW range , it does not meet the energy needs of large cities and industry)
r
) $ 8 "?' ! 2!
& ) ! R M!
3
Bird Migration:
Through design the wind farm we must be sure that this site is not cross the bird migration lines
according to the GEF recommendation and the ornithological study for bird migration should be
conducted
r
!'? 5 & ) ! Y ) , ! 2! & 8 M,
& Y !
3
Shadow effect:
The blade’s shadow effect for the human eye should be effect with a bad level so the wind farm
may far from the human area as enough if any.
5'-
5'-
5'-
5'-
", % . " $ ! $ + % ", '
3
!
A
B

&
&
&
&
&
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&
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!
A
B
Environmental Impacts
Area Daylight Night
Residence area 45 DB 35 DB
Residence &
Industrial area
55 DB 45 DB
DB: Decibel P ' % !

= : !( (
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&
&
&
& / N $
Wind Energy
.
coal
petroleum
natural gas
nuclear
hydro
other renewables
wind
Wind could generate 6% of nation s
electricity by 2020.
S!
8, $ 9-
U
R !
3
Wind currently produces less than 1% of
the nation s power.
S!
"# $ 9-
U
3
Wind
Other renewables
' Z'
'81
Coal
Nuclear
"? , 4
Natural
Gas
Hydro
Petroleum
R ',
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' Z'
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R ',
!
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59
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!
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US Wind Energy Capacity
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
MW
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
!
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B
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B

@
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!
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B

V
! & ! ".1 + 6 R 2 ! &! + ' $ 9-
Countries with the most Installed Wind Capacity (MW)
RV
! ' 2 ! !T!
9.149
11.603
16.618
25.170
X8
18.415
20.622
22.247
23.903
I#
10.028
11.615
15.145
16.740
)
1.260
2.604
6.050
12.210
$
4.430
6.270
8.000
9.587
"
8
1.718
2.123
2.726
3.736
# C
757
1.567
2.454
3.404
$‰"c <
Xc
UK
1.332
1.963
2.389
3.288
6 X
3.136
3.140
3.129
3.160
NJ' %
1.022
1.716
2.150
2.862
683
1.459
1.856
2.369
$ 8
1.219
1.560
1.747
2.225
& !
1.061
1.394
1.538
1.880
8 '",'
708
817
824
1.494
$!',
510
572
788
1.067
$
496
745
805
1.245
Austria
819
965
982
995
& !
573
746
871
990
$ 8%
83
153
276
472
'
20
51
146
333
=!
267
314
333
428
Belgium
167
193
287
384
Š
&'!
H!
$ !'
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$ < C
morocco
! 2
7 #
&
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Rest of Europe
Rest of Americas
Rest of Asia
Rest of Africa&
Middle East
Rest of Oceania
World total (MW)
Z ".1
A
7
B
!
A
B

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&
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&
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3 Costs of a Wind Turbine 0
! 1 1 ", !$ '! % 9
A
B
!'? ! > !
! !
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3
2"#! h '(
A
cost
B
! ! ') > ! ! 1 $ '! %
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3
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3
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3
An extra meter of tower will cost roughly 1,500 USD.
-
A
600 kW
B
g<
A
O
B
: ) $
3
(A typical 600 kW turbine costs about $450,000.)
'(
.
A
O
B
: ) $
3
( Installation costs are typically $125,000.)
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( Therefore, the total costs will be about $575,000.)
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(The average price for large, modern wind farms is around $1,000 per kilowatt electrical power
installed. )
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( Modern wind turbines are designed to work for some 120,000 hours of operation throughout their
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(Maintenance costs are about 1.5-2.0 percent of the original cost, per year.)
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121
/

%&
'
.
Anemometer
=/
No. Name Height(m) Boom direction (deg) Note
1 Top (V_1) 50 +/- 90 from MWD -
2 backup (V_2) 30 +/- 45 from MWD -
3 Ref_1 (V_3) 10 +/- 45 from MWD -
<
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.
Anemometer
/
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%,
.
123
/
K?
%,
.
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.
Anemometer
/
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<
:
%,
.
124
/
:
%,
.
125
/

.
Wind direction Transmitter - Wind Vane
=/
1 Top (dir) 50 +/- 90 from MWD -
R
@
@
@
@
@ + #
.
Wind Vane
/
# &
+
4 ( !! > & +
<
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Wind Vane
/
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@
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.
Wind Vane
/
4# #2 L #
1 @ ! ! @ + + + ( ! O# + ; >
I
;# &
<
K?
%,
.
/
:
%,
.
126
/

!(; >
@
@
@
@
@ + #
.
Wind Vane
/
=
L# & J &
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# !!%
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2 @ @
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@
2
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127
/

.
Humidity/- Temperature sensors
=/
1 Temp. /Hum. 9 0 from north -
; L:#
; 6 K# ( B 6 ! #2
.
UV
/
M
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!
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#: ? *
<
K?
%,
.
/
:
%,
.
128
/

.
Pyramometer sensor
=/
1 Pyrano. 9 180 from north -
L:# F +
&? ;K# X& 2 # &
#
.
4000 W/m2
/
K@
# @
.
U@
Y
/
% 8
.
-40ºC / 80ºC
/
1 !
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L #
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.
@
%
/
4# 9
<
4# ! (? 3 FN 4# ! &? ;K# X& 2 # 4# % Z +
<
:
%,
.
130
/
K?
%,
.
/

!
.
Air pressure sensor- barometer
=/
1 pressure Cabinet No direction necessary -
# & L:# F +
& ! &? L & !
<
"# $# % %
.
Lighting rod
=/
1 Lighting rod top 0 from MWD -
F +
(#%+
&
1 @ ! @ ! @
2 @
@ 5 @
; @ !
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# 6 @ @ 5 @
(E K# #
<
K?
%,
.
/
:
%,
.
133
/
K?
%,
.
/
:
%,
.
134
/

& " ' ( "
.
Data logger
=/
1 Data logger 4 m No direction necessary -
%& & (#%+F +
4 ! :2 #
4 ( !9[> (D; %
<
! %&
@
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% B C% @
<
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35
1 &@ (#@ @ @
@
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@
@
@
@
@
@
.
Serial port
/
4 ( ! 2 2 & ! : ? ! !
!
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
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@
@
@
@
@
@
@
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@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@ 8
.
-40ºC / +85ºC
/
1 @ !
M
L@ # B C% @
M
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.
GSM
/
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@
@
#% @
@
@ S @
@
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@
@
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@
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@
@ 3 @
@
@ ! @
@
@
.
E-mail / Text Messages
/
M
@
@
@ & #% @
@
@
.
1000KB
</
K?
%,
.
/
:
%,
.
135
/

)'
*
.
Satellite system
=/
P#
4 [
F&!&%
.
Satellite modem
/
4 [
:# +
.
Satellite antenna
/
<
4 [
F&!&%
.
Satellite modem
/
1
2 3
:
%,
.
136
/

4 [
:# +
.
Satellite antenna
/
& F&!&% &?
F&!&%
:
%,
.
137
/
:
%,
.
138
/

& F&!&% &?
.
PSTN
/
&E
<
4# :#+ & F&!&% &?
.
Internet
</
%, :
.
139
/
%, :
.
140
/

* +
,
.
Solar Panel
=/
1 Panel 6.5 m S/180 -
F @
@
+
[&@
@ *@
@
@
@
:# F @
@ &@
@
&@
@ &@
@
? @
@ @
@
@
@ (#%+ !(;# @
@ @
@ %
4 ! 5
-
%, :
.
141
/
K?
%,
.
/

. '
% ! /
0
=
^K ( &? #
@! B@ + 5 @ @ L@ # @& 3 L@ @ &@ @ ( %
: @
2 @
1 ; 4 !4L # " 2& _
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=
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.
Fixed angle
</
0 ! P#5
! ! : 9 4 ( !4 ! >
<
& 3
?
:#
.
Rolling sphere
</
! ! : 9 1 !4 ! > 1 ! 5 N ? &
%, :
.
142
/
%, :
.
143
/
%, :
.
144
/

1 " 2 ( 0 " , 0 0 2 '
F
=
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8#
.
Serial port
/
! #$%&
&
.
Data Logger
/
4 C !
<
F !
=
!
& &5 !(
.
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/
M
(#? ! a *
%, :
.
145
/
%, :
.
146
/

3 !
4
" 0% "
-
-
-
-
%, :
.
147
/

3 5
4
0%" '
0
COM4
-
-
-
-
%, :
.
148
/

F b:#
=
4 (; ! !& ! &5 % !4L # & ! !( 4 c #
<<<<
F 2 2
=
& ! !( 4
<<<<
%, :
.
149
/
%, :
.
150
/

!( !
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; ,
5 @
% + +&
@
@
@#;# @
@
@ @
@
@
(@
@
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@
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+
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$
% / 0
%, :
.
151
/
%, :
.
152
/
@
@
+ 4@
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@
#
( ! !F 5

()
*
Process of building Wind measuring mast
!(; !
" +" (;#
d
"
#8 > &
=270° N
M.W.D
!(; !
" ) !" +
d
"
mast direction=90° N
=270° N
M.W.D
%, :
.
153
/
%, :
.
154
/

e
Stay
! "
Stay
# $
%
#&
Stay
# $
e
e
'
( ) *
data logger
#
+ ,
%, :
.
155
/
%, :
.
156
/

'
solar panel
#
! " ! -. + ,
'
$ $ -$ ./ . 0 # 1 ! "
2- 34 + -&
5
+6 #
! -. 6 6
humidity
6 6
%, :
.
157
/
%, :
.
158
/

'
1 ! "
v3
#
$ $ -$ ./ .
$ 6
'
1 ! "
v2
#
$ $ -$ ./ .
6
$
%, :
.
159
/
%, :
.
160
/

'
1 ! "
v1
# 0 #
6 7 -. 8 " # + ,
. 79
$ 6
'
) +1 ! "
'
%, :
.
161
/
%, :
.
162
/

'
& /: / 6) +
; 6 < $=
! "
/
6 <
>
; ? 6 < / + @
$ A - # B C ? 3 )
3 A ,
(IRIDIUM 9522B)
/ , :%
#./+
D # E
6 , + + )
? 6 <
%, :
.
163
/
%, :
.
164
/

V % :
M
( 4 ( !
.
B #
<
( %
/
%, :
.
165
/

Wind measuring mast installation
!
"#
!
$
WIND ENERGY DETAILED FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR ERBIL, DOHUK AND
SULAYMANIA GOVERNORATES
Contract no. KRG – MOE / WFS – 01 / 2008
1
.:
No
(
Location
U
(#
Arbil
Region
B 2
F 5
R
,

1 ?
1st Mast; Tarjan -Khabat
Position name
!
R
R
:
Friday, 12. February 2010
Date of
installing:
: 2 E( 5 &
Geographic coordinates
(determined by GPS-device; WGS 84; hddd°mm'ss.s")
)8
#
ss.s"
mm'
hddd°
)
33,8''
07'
36°
N
Latitude
"a !
07,2''
44'
43°
E
Longitude
: 2 + (;#
Main wind direction at this place:
285° North
(rough estimate by satellite; only necessary for boom-direction)
& 5 +
G
Mast direction while assembling:
90° North
(belongs to the existend countryside)
276 m
! + : 2
Height of location above sea level
%, :
.
166
/
K?
%,
.
/

2
.:
No
(
Location
U
(#
Arbil
Region
B 2
F ! 5
R
; , 5

(f
2nd Mast; Jazhnikan-Bahrka
Position name
!
R
R
g 2 !
Monday, 15. February 2010
Date of
installing:
: 2 E( 5 &
)8
#
ss.s"
mm'
hddd°
)
23,5''
21'
36°
N
Latitude
"a !
20,2''
57'
043°
E
Longitude
: 2 + (;#
75° North
G & 5 +
255° North
430 m
! + : 2
K?
%,
.
/
%, :
.
167
/

3
.:
No
(
Location
U
(#
Arbil
Region
B 2
F W 5
R

B hTi
3rd Mast; KANI KAWAN HANARA
Position name
!
R
R
g 2 >
Wednesday, 17. February 2010
Date of
installing:
: 2 E( 5 &
)8
#
ss.s"
mm'
hddd°
)
21,3''
15'
36°
N
Latitude
"a !
12,0''
16'
044°
E
Longitude
: 2 + (;#
75° North
G & 5 +
300° North
891 m
! + : 2
K?
%,
.
/
%, :
.
168
/

4
.:
No
(
Location
U
(#
Arbil
Region
B 2
F > 5
R

(
4th Mast; Barazan-Harir
Position name
!
R
R
g 2 9
Sunday, 21. February 2010
Date of
installing:
: 2 E( 5 &
)8
#
ss.s"
mm'
hddd°
)
17,9''
34'
36°
N
Latitude
"a !
00,6''
18'
044°
E
Longitude
: 2 + (;#
75° North
G & 5 +
290° North
605 m
! + : 2
%, :
.
169
/
K?
%,
.
/

5
.:
No
(
Location
U
(#
Arbil
Region
B 2
F b:# 5
R
W %

&
5th Mast; Mazne-Soran
Position name
!
R
R
g 2 >
Wednesday, 24. February 2010
Date of
installing:
: 2 E( 5 &
)8
#
ss.s"
mm'
hddd°
)
6,1''
43'
36°
N
Latitude
"a !
53,16''
28'
044°
E
Longitude
: 2 + (;#
75° North
G & 5 +
255° North
677 m
+ : 2
!
K?
%,
.
/
%, :
.
170
/

6
:
.
o
N
(
$
Location
U
9& !
Dohuk
Region
B 2
F 2 2 5
R

&?
6th Mast; Barzor-Zakho
Position name
!
R
R
g 2 >
Wednesday, 3. March 2010
Date of
installing:
: 2 E( 5 &
)8
#
ss.s"
mm'
hddd°
)
18,3''
11'
37°
N
Latitude
"a !
42,8''
41'
042°
E
Longitude
: 2 + (;#
60° North
G & 5 +
40° North
509 m
! + : 2
%, :
.
171
/
K?
%,
.
/

7
:
.
o
N
(
$
Location
U
9& !
Dohuk
Region
B 2
F f 5
R
& ;b:#+

S#
7th Mast; Enjkasor-Batel
Position name
!
R
R
g 2 ]:#
Thursday, 4. March 2010
Date of
installing:
: 2 E( 5 &
)8
#
ss.s"
mm'
hddd°
)
37,7''
03'
37°
N
Latitude
"a !
07,7''
26'
042°
E
Longitude
: 2 + (;#
60° North
G & 5 +
320° North
509 m
! + : 2
Height of location above sea
level
%, :
.
172
/
K?
%,
.
/

8
:
.
o
N
(
$
Location
U
9& !
Dohuk
Region
B 2
F 2 5
R
E

&?
8th Mast; Batufa-Zakho
Position name
!
R
R
g 2
Saturday, 6. March 2010
Date of
installing:
2 E( 5 &
:
)8
#
ss.s"
mm'
hddd°
)
35,9''
10'
37°
N
Latitude
"a !
25,7''
01'
043°
E
Longitude
: 2 + (;#
60° North
G & 5 +
230° North
947 m
! + : 2
level
%, :
.
173
/
K?
%,
.
/

9
:
.
o
N
(
$
Location
U
9& !
Dohuk
Region
B 2
F & 5
R
j5&

c #3 %
9th Mast; Hojava-Mangesh
Position name
!
R
R
g 2 !
Monday, 8. March 2010
Date of
installing:
: 2 E( 5 &
)8
#
ss.s"
mm'
hddd°
)
27,4''
00'
37°
N
Latitude
"a !
13,3''
02'
043°
E
Longitude
: 2 + (;#
60° North
G & 5 +
250° North
933 m
! + : 2
level
K?
%,
.
/
%, :
.
174
/

10
:
.
o
N
(
$
Location
U
9& !
Dohuk
Region
B 2
5
F !
$

S#Z
10th Mast; Kani spi-Semmel
Position name
!
R
R
g 2 >
Wednesday, 10. March 2010
Date of
installing:
: 2 E( 5 &
)8
#
ss.s"
mm'
hddd°
)
20,0''
53'
36°
N
Latitude
"a !
54,2''
50'
042°
E
Longitude
: 2 + (;#
60° North
G & 5 +
225° North
304 m
! + : 2
level
%, :
.
175
/
K?
%,
.
/

11
:
.
o
N
(
"#
Location
U
#8
Sulaymanyah
Region
B 2
6 5
k %

% O% >
11th Mast; Ban maqan-Chamchamal
Position name
!
R
R
g 2 9
Sunday, 14. March 2010
Date of
installing:
: 2 E( 5 &
)8
#
ss.s"
mm'
hddd°
)
11,6''
31'
35°
N
Latitude
"a !
25,5''
47'
044°
E
Longitude
+ (;#
: 2
270° North
G & 5 +
90° North
887 m
: 2
! +
K?
%,
.
/
%, :
.
176
/

12
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Location
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Sulaymanyah
Region
B 2
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12th Mast; Shabaki kon-Dukan
Position name
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R
W
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Tuesday, 16. March 2010
Date of
installing:
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#
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13,2''
57'
35°
N
Latitude
"a !
32,4''
56'
044°
E
Longitude
: 2 + (;#
270° North
5 +
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90° North
602 m
! + : 2
K?
%,
.
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.
177
/

13
:
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o
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Location
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#8
Sulaymanyah
Region
B 2
5
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k >
13th Mast; Aliawa-Chwar Qurna
Position name
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g 2
Thursday, 18. March 2010
Date of
installing:
: 2 E( 5 &
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#
ss.s"
mm'
hddd°
)
36,1''
11'
36°
N
Latitude
"a !
27,5''
48'
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E
Longitude
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90° North
535 m
! + : 2
K?
%,
.
/
%, :
.
178
/

14
:
.
o
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(
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Location
U
#8
Sulaymanyah
Region
B 2
5
! >
& [

[
14th Mast; Kalari kon-Kalar
Position name
!
R
R
g 2
Saturday, 20. March 2010
Date of
installing:
: 2 E( 5 &
)8
#
ss.s"
mm'
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)
17,5''
39'
34°
N
Latitude
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7,6''
18'
045°
E
Longitude
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254 m
! + : 2
K?
%,
.
/
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.
179
/

15
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Location
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Sulaymanyah
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B 2
5
6
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15th Mast; Kalari kon-Kalar
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Monday, 22. March 2010
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#
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46,1''
19'
35°
N
Latitude
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43,9''
51'
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509 m
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B)) http://guidedtour.windpower.org
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Renewable Energy 3 3 U
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Roughness 31 31 " ( " 5
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Pitch Control vs. Stall Control 45 45 ^ c+ 1
B/
Rotor Solidity 46 46 G " 5 +1
Tip Speed Ratio 47 47 )+ " L 5
How Does a Wind Turbine Work 48 48 F * ) ( 6+ 5 &
Turbines can be categorized into
two overarching classes based on
the orientation of the rotor
58 58
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Cost comparison Onshore and
Offshore 69 69
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Onshore
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Number of Blades – One 70 70 ) ") ( 6+ 5 &

Number of Blades – Two 71 71 5 &
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Sizes and Applications 73 73 6+( ;
Wind Power Advantages 74 74 U
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76 76
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Wind energy and Renewable
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Manufacturing Market Share
86 86
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Process of building Wind Power 89 89 6 ) ( 6+ 5 & )
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Installation Mast of measurement of
wind in Kurdistan Region 91 91
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WIND ENERGY DETAILED
FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR ERBIL,
DOHUK AND SULAYMANIA
GOVERNORATES
Contract no. KRG – MOE / WFS – 01 /
2008
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44 Suggestion 139 139 +6I+
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45 Symbols and scales of energy 139 139 X
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References & Sources 140 140 A
Contain 141 141 < 5+
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48 Brief history about editor: 143 143 *
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E-mail Address: sarbast_engineer@yahoo.com
sarbastara@gmail.com
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Kurdistan Regional Government-Iraq
Ministry of Electricity
General Directorate of Electricity of Suleimany
Directorate of Technical
Hydropower & Renewable Energy
Renewable
Energy
Wind Energy
Prepared & Designed by:
Engineer: Sarbast F. Muhammed

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