وزه‌ى با Wind energy كارۆ هه‌واى وزةى با كارؤ هةواى وزەی با - وزەی هەوا - وزەی کارۆهەوای وزه‌ى با Wind Energy كارۆ هه‌واى وزةى با كارؤ هةواى

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Energy History and Forecast
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Why we need Renewable Energy?
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Renewable and alternative energy supplies would help to diversity the country s energy portfolio
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Renewable energy would help in providing for our future energy needs and take advantage of
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However, effectively harnessing and implementing these renewable resources will require careful
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There is no surplus power; Additional demand would put pressure on more power generation.
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2

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2
O'1ABlade swept area-otor areaRA B2
rππππ=Area@B
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Wind energy increases proportionally with swept area of the blades
Blades are shaped like airplane wings.
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10% increase in swept diameter translates into 21% greater swept area
5! S!"? 4 %A+B& - ' ' e *A+3B
Longest blades up to 413 feet in diameter.
Resulting in 600 foot total height.
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10% increase in wind speed translates into 30% more electricity
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Power in the Wind (W/m2) = 1/2 x air density x swept rotor area x (wind speed)3
P = 1/2* ρ*A* V3
Wind energy increases with the cube of the wind speed
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AHeight@B
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(Wind energy increases with height to the 1/7 power)
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(2X the height translates into 10.4% more electricity)
rrS 4ALow Turbulent3B
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Characteristic of good wind
power site:
1
Power (P) = x ρ x A x V3
2
!' 'A4 !B5! !@
A good wind power site should have the following characteristics:
3!'?A! 1V,AB!:3B
AHigh annual wind speedB
3!! 43
AHigh wind towerB
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Longest blades in diameter
3: &, ! )>: & ! ! :! 4 &!3
(An open plain or an open shore type)
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(A mountain gap)
3: ", :1 ! 4 , :! $ N>: 4 ! S3! 4 !'? +
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(The top of smooth>well rounded hill with gentle slopes lying on a flat plain or located on an island in lake or sea)
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01 (! 2 - ! 2 -Lift & Drag Forces3
! 2 -4Lift Force"5
! "!8'- ", , '",
3"#!' % +:3
The Lift Force is perpendicular to the
direction of motion. We want to make this
force BIG.
2 -1 (!4Drag Force"5
"!!M!8'- ", N 4
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is parallel to the directionDrag ForceThe
of motion. We want to make this force small.
59.6
80
+, "# Y ! I ", ! ! !
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3
This picture shows a Vestas V-80 2.0-MW
wind turbine superimposed on a Boeing 747
JUMBO JET
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= low
= medium
<10 degrees
= High
Stall!!

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Airfoil Nomenclature: Wind turbines use the same aerodynamic principals as aircraft.
+++++++++++++++++++++++=======================++++++++++++++++++++++
3 Airfoil in stall 0(+ (! *. 6 !
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Stall arises due to separation of flow from airfoil
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Stall results in decreasing lift coefficient with increasing angle of attack
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Stall behavior complicated due to blade rotation
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Stall
Blade rotation

Pitch Control vs. Stall Control . 6 8 9*:;7
!< % $84Pitch"5
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•8 9*:;4Pitch Control5": 2! : ! ', 6 ! ' ? & %
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– Blades rotate out of the wind when wind speed becomes too great
•9*:;. 64Stall Control"54& %4 6 ! ? 4*!
R $ %:, N ",: ! 1 73". 6 ! ? 4 :! ', ] % !
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– Blades are at a fixed pitch that starts to stall when wind speed is too great
– Pitch can be adjusted for particular location’s wind regime
•. 6 9*:; < ,4Stall ControlActive"5+ 4
: . ! O) ( %& %: ! 2 6 ! ? 4!
! 1 R N ",3
– Many larger turbines today have active pitch control that turns the blades
towards stall when wind speeds are too great
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8 $
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3 Rotor Solidity 0< = ! 6 + 9*
!O'1 ".4 & % + - , S! ! "3
Solidity is the ratio of total rotor plan form area to total swept area>
Solidity = 3a/A
O'1 "!$ 8,! 13
Low solidity (0.10) = high speed, low torque
O'1 "!$ 8,! 1+43
High solidity (>0.80) = low speed, high torque
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Solidity = 3a/A
A
a
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3 Tip Speed Ratio 0? !( =
!S! ! "% O'1! 1
S! ' !! 1+& '1 ! 2! " )AErosion EffectsB
ANoiseB5! :,AVibrations3B
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,@ ! ( - !4How Does a Wind Turbine Work5:
Inside the wind turbine
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&&&& ( = !! 6 A B4Anemometer"5
' %8G "! '4 ! + R ! 1Acontroller3B
Measures the wind speed and transmits wind speed data to the controller.
(!4Blades"5
! %L, &! &3" :! %$ $ %
! O'1 '3Most turbines have either two or three blades.
Wind blowing over the blades causes the blades to "lift" and rotate.
C4Brake"5
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A disc brake, which can be applied mechanically, electrically, or hydraulically to stop the rotor
in emergencies.
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D $4Gear box"5
4! 1 "C ? + ! 1 "C ? &' R :, $ '! %FO'1
R ! j W 6 ! N'1j W 6 ! N'13#!' % ! ! 1 +"
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:#!' % + ! 1 RR 0 43
Gears connect the low-speed shaft to the high-speed shaft and increase the
rotational speeds from about 30 to 60 rotations per minute (rpm) to about 1000 to
1800 rpm, the rotational speed required by most generators to produce electricity.
The gear box is a costly (and heavy) part of the wind turbine and engineers are
exploring "direct-drive" generators that operate at lower rotational speeds and
don't need gear boxes.
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9*:;4Controller"5
! 1 7 R $ % N G ?&'+r)+r)
! 1 7 : ",+r: )3! 1
+r$ ? " ') R )! 13
Controller:
The controller starts up the machine at wind speeds of about 12 to 19 km (8 to 16 miles) per
hour (mph) and shuts off the machine at about 88 km/h (55mph)
Turbines do not operate at wind speeds above about 88 (km/h) because they might be damaged
by the high winds.
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&&&&& ! - ) -!! 6 ! /4Generator"5
:! + 4 ! "! - +3
Usually an off-the-shelf induction generator that produces 60-cycle AC electricity.
( = 6 %&&&&&&&!4High-speed shaft"5
+C ?"1'1 "! -"3ADrives the generator.3B
)2&&&&&&& ( = 6 %4Low-speed shaft"5
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The rotor turns the low-speed shaft at about 30 to 60 rotations per minute.
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E F4Nacelle"5
0 4 6 ! :! , H •F?1 "CF+ 1 "C ?F
"! -F8G!3" . , "% < & 4 $ & 8<• 7!$3
The nacelle sits atop the tower and contains the gear box, low- and high-speed shafts,
generator, controller, and brake. Some nacelles are large enough for a helicopter to land on.
!< % $84Pitch"5
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: + 6 ! O'1+ : &!3
Blades are turned, or pitched, out of the wind to control the rotor speed and keep the rotor
from turning in winds that are too high or too low to produce electricity.
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=&&&&<! :!4Rotor"5
& %:! & % % N 4O'14444Rotor>5>5>5>5
The blades and the hub together are called the rotor.
&&&&&&!4Tower"5
&5! :,! ' <",F&! :!? <",3! ! 1N 4 R
F: ! * ! :, : ! ' :3
Towers are made from tubular steel (shown here), concrete, or steel lattice. Because wind
speed increases with height, taller towers enable turbines to capture more energy and generate
more electricity>
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Hub
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&&&&&& 6 (!B4Wind direction"5
! 43!$ +€O $3
This is an "upwind" turbine, so-called because it operates facing into the wind. Other
turbines are designed to run "downwind," facing away from the wind.
1 !&&&&&&4Wind vane"5
' %! ",! N 4 $ '! %: ! '#6 !
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Measures wind direction and communicate with the yaw drive to orient the turbine properly
with respect to the wind.
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! ! !&&&4Yaw drive"5
!", %!N 44 %N 4",3
Upwind turbines face into the wind; the yaw drive is used to keep the rotor facing into the
wind as the wind direction changes. Downwind turbines don't require a yaw drive; the wind
blows the rotor downwind.
!! ! !&&&4Yaw motor"5
! ', " .1 'O'1APowers the yaw drive3B
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3 Active and Passive Yaw ' < , ' < , &&& 0
+ !@! ',!6O)AActive YawB$ + 4 + - , +
& '( 7!$!6O)AActive YawBR ! ' ? + i :!@
Active Yaw (all medium & large turbines produced today, & some small turbines from Europe)
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Anemometer on nacelle tells controller which way to point rotor into the wind
D! ',!AYaw driveB81 : ! ', 4", O'1:3
Yaw drive turns gears to point rotor into wind
+@! ',!6O)APassive YawB& '("! 4
R ! ' ? + i@Passive Yaw (Most small turbines)
DO'1 , 93Wind forces alone direct rotor
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Tail vanes , Downwind turbines.
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0( - ! *= !<4Rotor5&&&&&&/&&&&&&&&&&&!3
Turbines can be categorized into two overarching classes based on the orientation
of the rotor
Vertical AxisHorizontal Axis
'", ' ?! , ' ?
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0/ +&&&&&&&&&% !&&&&&&&&&6 !3
(Vertical Axis Turbines)
^^^^^^^^^
AAdvantages@B
rO'1 : 1 2! ! ? 4 '3
(Omnidirectional - Accepts wind from any angle)
r? R 8n * , :! - + 9 %3
(Components can be mounted at ground level)
rr) ,$ 1 #3(Ease of service)
•rr.3(Lighter weight towers)
r:#!' % :, "#!' % !3
(Can theoretically use less materials to capture the same amount of wind)
ADisadvantages@B
r* ! ! Z O'1 ? ".4 ! ' ?3
(Rotors generally near ground where wind poorer)
rW ) .3
(Centrifugal force stresses blades)
r1 % ",')3
(Poor self-starting capabilities)
rO'1 , ? ! ", &! :.I8% "#!' %Arotor3B
(Requires support at top of turbine rotor)
r"! 2 P 2 - ! ! O'1 "C ? "#!' %3
(Requires entire rotor to be removed to replace bearings)
r! K X"m 2 - ! K * ".4 ! ' ?3
(Overall poor performance and reliability)
r! ' , . ! 43
(Have never been commercially successful)
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3 Types of Wind Power ‚! /( - !
! , ' ?AHorizontal Axis Wind Power@B
' ?'",A'XmBAVertical Axis Wind Power@B
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) G"* ! /H4Looping"5
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AEnergy ball@B
r+! ! -4-P %'ALoopingB%AEnergy ballBN".4 !'?
!53
r! ! - +%AEnergy ballB", $!', ! I3
r",')3
r) %* ? ! ! 6:! 7 %"! ', $!3+ ')
! ' ?$ ! :! !3
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) I") &&&&&&&&&& : B4Aerocam"5
r! ! - ++AAerocamB! I:,",3
r: ,+! ! -+AAerocamB5!& %R $
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!!"#$$%&$$'(Helix Wind)
r- +( I'!AHelix WindB! 1 ! !3
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r- +( I'!AHelix WindB) :! +3
r: ! 4 6'( ! W : + ! * ! '", ' ? 8'-3
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r% ) & E %6 .1 $ ! $ 8 O ,3
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* ++, -(Magenn air rotor)
r- +4 O'1AMagenn air rotorB! !! ' ? : , ! ! '`
! $3
rL < JR ', . :! $ 2AB+
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!JK BASky Serpent@B
r- "#F! ,A+ #<, „B? 4
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.! 6 ! /!&&&AFlying Electrical Generator@B
r' ! C "! -AFlying Electrical GeneratorB' ?4 O'1AMagenn air
rotorB+') ? * -!1!3- + +VAB+
"3
r:, 6 ! ' ? ! !: 9 :, ! :! 5! 13
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( ! * ( - !Off-shore Wind power
Sea
!
Till
'".
c
Sandstone
Ice Cone
)'W
Casing
? %
5!
Grout
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D -, 5 C-(Onshore)(Offshore)
Cost comparison Onshore and Offshore
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4(! ' ( - !Number of Blades – One9
DAO'1B:! ! "! '# % "#!' %3
Rotor must move more rapidly to capture same amount of wind.
{0 43Gearbox ratio reduced
{% ( %7 .P , :!G,3
Added weight of counterbalance negates some benefits of lighter design
{! 1$ !:!3
Higher speed means more noise, visual, and wildlife impacts
D& , %:!G, , O'1 ?3
Blades easier to install because entire rotor can be assembled on ground
DS!ABUG! % - 6 : :,3
Captures 10% less energy than two blade design
D! * ! '3
Ultimately provide no cost savings
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Number of Blades – Two ( - !(!
6 % 1 ?6 !! %3
Advantages & disadvantages similar to one blade.
6 % 1 ?6 !! %3
Need teetering hub and or shock absorbers because of gyroscopic imbalances
S!ABU% , - 6 : :, G!3
Capture 5% less energy than three blade designs
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0( - !(!Number of Blades – Three3
r2 ,A# VB! $ %3
r1 O'13
r:! ",'4 '(3
r! '- !3
r3
r:! $ 8 G3
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0! L-!Sizes and Applications3
+ !@6'( -ASmallB'ASmall (≤10 kW)B:!' 1AHomesBN '".
AFarmsB8G 7 !'?: 5!ARemote Application3B
+@$ + -AIntermediateB'A10-250 kWB:!$ '4
AVillage PowerBN "# ,AHybrid SystemsB' *ADistributed Power3B
+ ! L,@4 -ALargeB'A660 kW - 2+MWB28< :!ACentral
Station Wind FarmsB' *ADistributed PowerBN "# ,ACommunity WindB3
300 kW
Turbine
10 kW
Turbine
Large:
Small:
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Wind Power Advantages
+ 2"#!%3', R :#!' %:3
Produces no waste or greenhouse gases
r0 % " M R 7! J -ANo air pollution3B
r-" M R 7! J* + 4ANo greenhouse gasses3B
r' - R 0 %ADoes not pollute water with mercury3B
rR :#!' %ANo water needed for operations3B
AEconomic DevelopmentB' ? 43
r! ? 4 & ' & C& . ƒ O ) : !3
Expanding Wind Power development brings jobs to rural communities
rV ? % 'AIncreased tax revenue3B
r! V $ ! $ ', "? C3
Purchase of goods & services
) ,@
) ,! X".! - 1 L! & "#!' %F] ', '
& + , ! ! 2!3
)' 8 N '". ", :! !]
& :, 6 ! 2!3
The land beneath can usually still be used for farming.
& ) ? ! 2!AIsolate areaB3
A good method of supplying energy to remote areas.
1 f! + ' $ 9- $ #R !3

&&&&&&&&&&&&
Disadvantage of wind energy
r".4 ! ' ?)3! 7! $ ) ! - ! K +3
(Low energy density, The wind is not always predictable - some days have no wind.)
r"# ,AB$ . ! 43
(Wind energy conversion system are noisy in operation)
r. ".4 ! ' ?!) ! S3
(The overall weight of wind power system is relatively higher)
r"#!' % !3* ! 1 i !'? 5!G?
! 'M 4 & '(3
(Large areas are required for installation /operation of wind energy system. Suitable areas for wind
farms are often near the coast, where land is expensive)
r* :! + + ! S!%& 4 ! , . % ) & 4 ? "#! $
R3
(Only in KW and a few MW range , it does not meet the energy needs of large cities and industry)
r) $ 8 "?' ! 2!& ) ! R M!3
Bird Migration:
Through design the wind farm we must be sure that this site is not cross the bird migration lines
according to the GEF recommendation and the ornithological study for bird migration should be
conducted
r!'? 5 & ) ! Y ) , ! 2! & 8 M,& Y !3
Shadow effect:
The blade’s shadow effect for the human eye should be effect with a bad level so the wind farm
may far from the human area as enough if any.
5'-5'-5'-5'-", % . " $ ! $ + % ", '3
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&&&&&&&& ! (M (M H
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P '>2 ! 1 7D:!G# $! 4 P )
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Environmental Impacts
Area Daylight Night
Residence area 45 DB 35 DB
Residence &
Industrial area
55 DB 45 DB
DB: Decibel P ' % !

= : !( (!! * &&&&&&&& ! ! !
% ',C , 2!:, & 1, R
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C !'?, 4 : &:! $3"#!' % !
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&&&& / N $Wind Energy
.
coal
petroleum
natural gas
nuclear
hydro
other renewables
wind
Wind could generate 6% of nation s
electricity by 2020.
S!8, $ 9-
UR !3
Wind currently produces less than 1% of
the nation s power.
S!"# $ 9-
U3
WindOther renewables
' Z'
'81
Coal
Nuclear
"? , 4
Natural
Gas
Hydro
Petroleum
R ',
Wind
Other renewables
' Z'
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% 2!AB2 ! ", % '? 5! ?3
US Wind Energy Capacity
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
MW
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
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V! & ! ".1 + 6 R 2 ! &! + ' $ 9-
Countries with the most Installed Wind Capacity (MW)
RV
! ' 2 ! !T!9.14911.60316.61825.170
X818.41520.62222.24723.903
I#10.02811.61515.14516.740
)1.2602.6046.05012.210
$4.4306.2708.0009.587
"81.7182.1232.7263.736
# C7571.5672.4543.404
$‰"c <XcUK1.3321.9632.3893.288
6 X3.1363.1403.1293.160
NJ' %1.0221.7162.1502.862
6831.4591.8562.369
$ 81.2191.5601.7472.225
& !1.0611.3941.5381.880
8 '",'7088178241.494
$!',5105727881.067
$4967458051.245
Austria819965982995
& !573746871990
$ 8%83153276472
'2051146333
=!267314333428
Belgium167193287384
Š
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morocco
! 2
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&
! ",
Rest of Europe
Rest of Americas
Rest of Asia
Rest of Africa&Middle East
Rest of Oceania
World total (MW)
Z ".1A7B
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0! &&&&&&&&& B ! &&&&* &&&&&&&&&&& O3
3 Costs of a Wind Turbine 0
! 1 1 ", !$ '! % 9AB!'? ! > !! !
"#!' %32"#! h '(AcostB! ! ') > ! ! 1 $ '! %
! >: ' , ? W >R ! '( !-
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: 6'( % 7 ! : ! 1 : 43
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No. Name Height(m) Boom direction (deg) Note
1 Top (V_1) 50 +/- 90 from MWD -
2 backup (V_2) 30 +/- 45 from MWD -
3 Ref_1 (V_3) 10 +/- 45 from MWD -
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1 Top (dir) 50 +/- 90 from MWD -
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1 Temp. /Hum. 9 0 from north -
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Wind measuring mast installation
!"#!$
WIND ENERGY DETAILED FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR ERBIL, DOHUK AND
SULAYMANIA GOVERNORATES
Contract no. KRG – MOE / WFS – 01 / 2008
1.:No
(
Location
U(#ArbilRegion
B 2F 5R,1 ?1st Mast; Tarjan -KhabatPosition name
!RR:Friday, 12. February 2010
Date of
installing:
: 2 E( 5 &Geographic coordinates
(determined by GPS-device; WGS 84; hddd°mm'ss.s")
)8#ss.s"mm'hddd°
)33,8''07'36°NLatitude
"a !07,2''44'43°ELongitude
: 2 + (;#Main wind direction at this place:
285° North(rough estimate by satellite; only necessary for boom-direction)
& 5 +GMast direction while assembling:
90° North(belongs to the existend countryside)
276 m! + : 2Height of location above sea level
%, :.166/
K?%,./

2.:No
(
Location
U(#ArbilRegion
B 2F ! 5R; , 5(f2nd Mast; Jazhnikan-BahrkaPosition name
!RRg 2 !Monday, 15. February 2010
Date of
installing:
)8#ss.s"mm'hddd°
G & 5 +Mast direction while assembling:
K?%,./
%, :.167/

3.:No
(
Location
U(#ArbilRegion
B 2F W 5RB hTi3rd Mast; KANI KAWAN HANARAPosition name
!RRg 2 >Wednesday, 17. February 2010
Date of
installing:
)8#ss.s"mm'hddd°
K?%,./
%, :.168/

4.:No
(
Location
U(#ArbilRegion
B 2F > 5R(4th Mast; Barazan-HarirPosition name
!RRg 2 9Sunday, 21. February 2010
Date of
installing:
)8#ss.s"mm'hddd°
%, :.169/
K?%,./

5.:No
(
Location
U(#ArbilRegion
B 2F b:# 5RW %&5th Mast; Mazne-SoranPosition name
!RRg 2 >Wednesday, 24. February 2010
Date of
installing:
)8#ss.s"mm'hddd°
"a !53,16''28'044°ELongitude
677 m+ : 2!Height of location above sea level
K?%,./
%, :.170/

6:.oN
($
Location
U9& !DohukRegion
B 2F 2 2 5R&?6th Mast; Barzor-ZakhoPosition name
!RRg 2 >Wednesday, 3. March 2010
Date of
installing:
)8#ss.s"mm'hddd°
%, :.171/
K?%,./

7:.oN
($
Location
U9& !DohukRegion
B 2F f 5R& ;b:#+S#7th Mast; Enjkasor-BatelPosition name
!RRg 2 ]:#Thursday, 4. March 2010
Date of
installing:
)8#ss.s"mm'hddd°
509 m! + : 2
Height of location above sea
level
%, :.172/
K?%,./

8:.oN
($
Location
U9& !DohukRegion
B 2F 2 5RE&?8th Mast; Batufa-ZakhoPosition name
!RRg 2Saturday, 6. March 2010
Date of
installing:
2 E( 5 &:Geographic coordinates
)8#ss.s"mm'hddd°
947 m! + : 2
level
%, :.173/
K?%,./

9:.oN
($
Location
U9& !DohukRegion
B 2F & 5Rj5&c #3 %9th Mast; Hojava-MangeshPosition name
!RRg 2 !Monday, 8. March 2010
Date of
installing:
)8#ss.s"mm'hddd°
933 m! + : 2
level
K?%,./
%, :.174/

10:.oN
($
Location
U9& !DohukRegion
B 25F !$S#Z10th Mast; Kani spi-SemmelPosition name
!RRg 2 >Wednesday, 10. March 2010
Date of
installing:
)8#ss.s"mm'hddd°
304 m! + : 2
level
%, :.175/
K?%,./

11:.oN
("#
Location
U#8SulaymanyahRegion
B 26 5k %% O% >11th Mast; Ban maqan-ChamchamalPosition name
!RRg 2 9Sunday, 14. March 2010
Date of
installing:
)8#ss.s"mm'hddd°
+ (;#: 2Main wind direction at this place:
887 m: 2! +Height of location above sea level
K?%,./
%, :.176/

12:.oN
("#
Location
B 256 !& 2!12th Mast; Shabaki kon-DukanPosition name
!RRWg 2Tuesday, 16. March 2010
Date of
installing:
)8#ss.s"mm'hddd°
5 +G &Mast direction while assembling:
K?%,./
%, :.177/

13:.oN
("#
Location
B 256 ## +k >13th Mast; Aliawa-Chwar QurnaPosition name
!RR]:#g 2Thursday, 18. March 2010
Date of
installing:
)8#ss.s"mm'hddd°
K?%,./
%, :.178/

14:.oN
("#
Location
B 25! >& [[14th Mast; Kalari kon-KalarPosition name
!RRg 2Saturday, 20. March 2010
Date of
installing:
)8#ss.s"mm'hddd°
K?%,./
%, :.179/

15:.oN
("#
Location
B 256l#% !(m!i #15th Mast; Kalari kon-KalarPosition name
!RRg 2 !Monday, 22. March 2010
Date of
installing:
)8#ss.s"mm'hddd°
K?%,./
%, :.801/

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A)) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power
B)) http://guidedtour.windpower.org
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NO. Subject Page 5 G F @
Directed to II II DI+
2 Thanks III III )H+ ] 2
3 Preface IV IV " &#* 3
4 KRG UUUU Logo V V " !* 4 ( & D2 4
5 About R.E – Editor VI-X VI-X [+= *-* 5
6 Introduction 1 1 UUUUU I+ 6
Renewable Energy 3 3 UUUUUUUUU UUUU UUU
Kurdistan and Obstacle for generation
and source of energy.
UUUUUUUUU* UUUUUUUUUU6+( - ( " I+
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Wind History UUUUUUUUUUUUUU " 6+( " L+
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Cost
23 23
" R+& )+"
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Atmospheric 24 24 6 , " & XD+
Roughness 31 31 " ( " 5
Obstacle of wind 33 33 3 5
Suitable location for wind 33 33 : ! 6"
Definition of wind 34 34 UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUU UUUUUUU 6+
Lift & Drag Forces 42 42 I+ )5"H+( * "H+(
Airfoil in stall 44 44 ) ) ^ " * *
Pitch Control vs. Stall Control 45 45 ^ c+ 1B/
Rotor Solidity 46 46 G " 5 +1
Tip Speed Ratio 47 47 )+ " L 5
How Does a Wind Turbine Work 48 48 F * ) ( 6+ 5 &
Turbines can be categorized into
two overarching classes based on
the orientation of the rotor
58 58
" & + ) ( 6+ 5 & * D6+
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Types of Wind Power 60 60 ) ( 6+ 5 & $
Off-shore Wind power 68 68 6+ 5 &)* * ) (
Cost comparison Onshore and
Offshore 69 69
") ( 6+ 5 & )+ " R+& " ) +$
DOnshore#*
Offshore#
Number of Blades – One 70 70 ) ") ( 6+ 5 &

Number of Blades – Two 71 71 5 &) * ") ( 6+
Number of Blades – Three 72 72 ) ") ( 6+ 5 &
Sizes and Applications 73 73 6+( ;
Wind Power Advantages 74 74 UUUUUUUUU " UUUU * UUUUUU
Disadvantage of wind energy 75 75 UUUUUUUU " UUUU
Sound & Noise from Wind
Turbines
76 76
UUUUUUUU 6+ & " )@ )@ d *
Effect of Wind Turbines on Radar
77 77
" )*)5 UUUUUUUU 6+ & " 3
B5%
Wind energy and Renewable
energy in the world 78 78
" X+$ &' 3 !
%Costs of a Wind Turbine
85 85
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Manufacturing Market Share
86 86
& * D * $) ( 6+ 5
D $
Process of building Wind Power 89 89 6 ) ( 6+ 5 & )*
Installation Mast of measurement of
wind in Kurdistan Region 91 91
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Equipments of mast 93 93 Q )* $ Q )* $ +
Reading and download data from data
logger to the PC 109 109
! &)* " &)* " 6) )*
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Process of building Wind measuring
mast 114 114 $ )*6 " &)* )+
WIND ENERGY DETAILED
FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR ERBIL,
DOHUK AND SULAYMANIA
GOVERNORATES
Contract no. KRG – MOE / WFS – 01 /
2008
$UUUUUUUUUU Q )* $ Q )*
!HV+ ((* 4+.W
43 Conclusion 136 136 -:A 43
44 Suggestion 139 139 +6I+. 44
45 Symbols and scales of energy 139 139 X+$ + + 4+(A 45
References & Sources 140 140 A
Contain 141 141 < 5+A
48 Brief history about editor: 143 143 *)D 5 *: 48

:
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E-mail Address: sarbast_engineer@yahoo.com
sarbastara@gmail.com
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##$ Z ) * Q 1D?h)+i(JICA Alumni Association – IRAQ (JAAI))
& 1 * + 3 ( ( 0 )@D $#(JICA-Japan International cooperation Agency)
" L+??*)E " " !&' & %A" ." *
j * 4 ( " ) =+A
&

Kurdistan Regional Government-Iraq
Ministry of Electricity
General Directorate of Electricity of Suleimany
Directorate of Technical
Hydropower & Renewable Energy
Renewable
Energy
Wind Energy
Prepared & Designed by:
Engineer: Sarbast F. Muhammed

وزه‌ى با Wind energy كارۆ هه‌واى وزةى با كارؤ هةواى وزەی با - وزەی هەوا - وزەی کارۆهەوای وزه‌ى با Wind Energy كارۆ هه‌واى وزةى با كارؤ هةواى

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