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Integrated Pest Management of Sugarcane
1.
2.
3. The word 'sugar' is known to have derived
from the Sanskrit word sharkara.
Sugarcane is scientifically known as Saccharam
officinarum
It is believed to be originated from South and
South-East Asia
India is the second largest producer of cane
sugar next to Brazil
Sugarcane is infested by 287 species of insect and
non insect pests.
Out of them, 14 are major pests of sugarcane in
India
4.
5. What is IPM?
Integrated pest management (IPM) is an ecosystem-
based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests
or their damage through a combination of techniques such as
biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of
cultural practices, and use of resistant varieties.
How do IPM programs work?
1. Set Action Thresholds
2. Monitor and Identify Pests
3. Prevention
4. Control
Main Objective- Pest control materials are selected and
applied in a manner that minimizes risks to human health,
beneficial and non-target organisms, and the environment.
9. Attack 1-3 month old crop and cause
Dead heart , which can be easily
pulled out.
Rotten portion of the cane coloured
dead heart emits an offensive odour.
A number of bore holes at the base
of the shoot just above the ground
level.
DEAD HEART
ROTTEN BASE
WITH HOLE
SYMPTOMS OF DAMAGE
10. LarvaAdult
Larvae are white with a black
head which later become
creamy in colour with
prominent brown spots
Body bearing stout hairs in
each section of the body
Adult moths are yellowish or
straw coloured with thin brown
lines along the length of the
forewings
Hind wings in females are white
but slightly darker in males
11. SYMPTOMS OF DAMAGE
Constricted and shortened
internodes, with a number of
boreholes filled with excreta
at nodal region.
Reddening of affected
tissues inside the cane.
Fresh borer attack is mostly
found in the top five
immature internodes and its
activity continues till harvest.
Multiple holes with
excreta outside
Hole just
above the node
12. AdultLarvaEgg
Milky white moth
Brownish tuft of
silken hair at the
tip of abdomen
Full grown larva
is 25- 30mm
Long creamy
white & rather
sluggish.
Adult
Dull white elongate
eggs
Covered by buff
coloured hairs
from female anal
tuft
13. SYMPTOMS OF DAMAGE
Parallel rows of short holes
in the emerging leaves causes
a white streak which later
turns reddish brown
Dead heart in grown up canes
reddish brown in color which
cannot be easily pulled .
In tillering phase of the crop,
the attacked shoots die, side
shoots (tillers) develop
producing a bunchy top
appearance Bunchy
top
Parallel
rows of
short
holes
14. Time of planting
Early planting during December –
January to escape the shoot borer
incidence.
Avoid Autumn planting for top borer
Manuring
Avoid excess use nitrogenus fertilizers.
Stalk borer and internode borer.
Trash mulching and earthing up
Early shoot borer and Internode borer
Detrashing
Internode borer and Stalk borer
IPM for Sugarcane borers
EARTHING UP
DETRASHING
M
A
N
U
R
I
N
G
Use of pheromone traps @ 5/acre for
monitoring of adult moths
15. Removal and destruction of infested cane
Early shoot borer and Gurdaspur borer
Collection and destruction of eggs
Internet borer and Top borer
Cultivation of resistance variety
Co 975, Co 46, Co 7304, Co 312,
Co 421, Co 661, Co 7706, CO 7005
Irrigation at closer intervals for managing
Practice deep harvesting to destroy
stubbles
Early shoot borer
Removal of water shoots to destroy
Top shoot borer
16. For Early shoot borer :
• Sturmiopsis inferens or S. semiberbis
• Trichogramma chilonis
For Internode borer :
• Cotesia flavipes
• Trichogramma chilonis
For Top borer :
• Trichogramma chilonis or T. japonicum
• Isotima javensis
Release 50,000 Trichogramma sp./ha at 10-20 days interval from
July onwards upto October against cane borer complex.
Release of Isotima javensis against 3rd and 4th broods of top borer.
Release 125 gravid females of Sturmiopsis inferens /ha on 30 and 45 DAP
Spray Granulosis virus at 1.5 x 1012 PIB/ha twice on 35 and 50 days after
planting (DAP)
S. inferens
C. flavipes
I. javensis
17. Insecticide and
formulation
Dosage Method and time of
application
SHOOT BORER
Chlorpyrifos 20EC 1kg a.i ha -1 (5 litre) Soil drenching at planting
and if need be at 45 days
after planting.
Cypermethrin10%
EC
260-304 ml in 200-
280 l of water/acre
Sprayed around the base of
plants at 30days and if need
be at 60days after planting.
Fipronil 5%SC
Phosalone 35 EC
1500-2000 ml/ha
1000-1500 ml/ha
Properly sprayed on crop
canopy as well as basal part
of the plant after 30-45 days
of planting
NSKE 5 % 25 Kg/ha Sprayed on soil as well as on
crop to prevent larval feeding
18. TOP BORER
Carbofuran 3 G or
Phorate 10 G
1 kg a.i./ha (33 kg)
or
3 kg a.i./ha (30 kg)
Soil application during last
week of June or first week of
July against third brood of
the pest in sub-tropical India.
STALK BORER
Monocrotophos 36
SL
3 kg a.i./ha (7.5 lit.)
Both foliar and Soil
application during July-
August.
ROOT BORER
Qunalphos 5 G
Phorate 10%G
2.5 kg a.i./ha (50 kg)
30 kg/ha Soil application.
Continued…
19. The eggs are oval creamy white when
fresh and later turn to brown in colour
The newly hatched grub is white &
scarabaeiform
The pupa is exarate type and pupation
takes place in soil
- Generally the adults are lamellate
and males being smaller than female.
- Dark brown beetles.
20. SYMPTOMS OF DAMAGE
Both grub and adult cause the
damage
Grub feeds on fine rootlets and
then girdles of the main roots .
Yellowing and wilting of leaves
and finally dries out
Affected canes come off
easily when pulled
21. Cultural Methods
Collection and destruction of adult beetles from host
trees immediately after first heavy summer rains
Picking of grubs manually from field
Repeated ploughing & exposing various stages of
grub to their natural enemies.
The use of light trap.
Biological Methods
Bacillus popillae (Bacteria)
Beauveria bassiana (Fungus)
IPM strategy for White grub
Chemical Methods
The adult can be controlled by -
Carbaryl 0.1%
Monocrotophos 0.05%
Chlorpyriphos 0.05%
The grub can be controlled by -
Phorate 10 G @25 kg per ha.
Carbofuran 3G @35 kg per ha.
(Light trap)
22. Workers attack the
newly planted setts and
affect germination.
They enter through cut ends of
setts & feed on the soft tissue.
The tunnel or rind excavated is
filled with the soil.
The termites attack setts, shoots,
canes and also stubbles
Entire shoot dries up and can
be pulled out easily
SYMPTOMS OF DAMAGE
23. The use of partially decomposed manure should be
avoided
Locate and destroy the termite colony near by field
Irrigation water with crude oil emulsion.
The removal of decaying organic matters cow dung,
wood or dry stubbles from the field.
Setts treatment with Imidacloprid 70 WS(0.1%) or
Chlorpyriphos 20 EC 0.04 % for 5 min.
Application of well rotten Neem cake manure @ 60
Cartloads/ ha.
Spray Chlorpyriphos 20%EC 750 ml/ha
IPM strategy for Termite
24. Pale greenish yellow eggs in clusters
Eggs are laid on the underside of leaves,
covered over with a white filamentous
waxy material secreted by the female
Newly hatched nymphs are milky
white in color
They posses a characteristic feather
like processes covered by wax
Adults are straw coloured with wings
folded like a roof on the back
Head is prominently drawn forward as
a sort of rostrum.
EGG
N
Y
M
P
H
ADULT
25. SYMPTOMS OF DAMAGE
Adults and the nymps suck leaf
sap from the under surface of the
lower leaves.
Leaves become yellow, top leaves
get dried up and lateral buds
germinate
Hoppers exude honeydew, result
the leaves are completely covered
by the sooty mould. This affects
photosynthesis.
Black sooty
mould
Yellowing in
leaf
26. Burn trashes after harvesting canes
Remove lower leaves bearing egg cluster.
Ratooning should be avoided
Balance Nitrogen should be applied.
Dust malathion 5% @ 40kg/ha. or
Spray malathion 50 EC @ 1.25kga.i./ha.
Release of 8,000-12,000 cocoons or 3.2 to 4
lakh eggs of Epiricania melanoleuca per ha.
during July-August
Use Coccinella septempunctata (predator) &
Metarhizium anisopliae (fungal pathogen)
IPM strategy for Pyrilla
E. melanoleuca
27. Nymphs and adults feed by sucking
the juice and cause shrivelling up
and stunting of canes.
Nodal region is more infested than
internodal region.
Infested crop losses its vigour, canes
shrivel, non-opening of leaves &
ultimately cane dries up
Such canes when slit open appear
brownish red
SYMPTOMS OF DAMAGE
Node
28. Stripping of cane leaves may minimize attack
Select and plant the scale insect free setts
Avoid water stagnation for the longer period
Detrash the crop at 150th and 210th day of planting.
Give hot water treatment before planting
Presoak the setts in 0.1% solution Malathion 50 EC
Spray 1.25 litres of Malathion 50 EC or 2 litres of
Dimethoate 30 EC in 1250 litres of water per ha
Spray methyl demeton 25 EC @ 2ml/lit of water
IPM strategy for Sugarcane Scale
29. Parasitoids: Cheiloneurus spp.
Predatory mite: Saniosulus nudus
Tyrophagus puttoscentiae
Predators : Pharoscymnus horni
Chilocorus nigritus
( Cheiloneurus spp. )
( P. horni )
ADULT LARVAE
( T. puttoscentiae )
( C. nigritus )
A
D
U
L
T
LARVAE
30. SYMPTOMS OF DAMAGE
Pinkish oval insects beneath leaf
sheath & on the nodes, with whitish
waxy coating.
Nymph and adult suck juice from cane in group
& reduces vigour of the plant
It also attack roots
Honey dew secretion leads to development of
Sooty mould which gives blackish appearance
to canes.
31. IPM strategy for Sugarcane Mealy bug
Use resistant varieties like CO 439, CO 443, CO 720, CO 730
Drain excess water from the field
Detrash the crop on 150 and 210 Days After Planting.
Apply methyl parathion 50 EC 1000 ml or malathion 50 EC
1000 ml per ha on the stem immediately when noticed
Rubbing of setts with gunny bag pieces dipped in Malathion
(0.1% solution.)
Biocontrol agents
Brumoides suturalis
Leptomastix dactyolopii
B. suturalis L. dactyolopii
(Predator) (Parasitoid)
32. Nymphs and adult
of C. lanigera
Alate (winged) form
of C. lanigera
SYMPTOMS OF DAMAGE
Nymphs and adult feed in groups
and weaken cane
Leaves turn yellow color because of
sucking sap by these aphids
Sooty mould growth on lower leaves
of woolly aphid infested plant.
( Affected plant leaves )
33. Avoid the planting of sugarcane under and around trees in
order to prevent the perpetuation of white woolly aphid
Removal of water shoots
Detrashing of canes in woolly aphid prone areas.
IPM strategy for Sugarcane Woolly Aphid
Dipha aphidivora Micromus igorotus
Biocontrol agents
Syrphid larvae Aphelinus desantisi
( PREDATORS ) ( PARASITOID )
Release of M. igorotus @ 2600 grubs/ha
Release of Dipha aphidivora @ 1000 larvae/ha
34. • Soil application of phorate 10G @ 10 kg or carbofuron
3G @ 30 kg /ha in
• Foliar application of dimethoate 30 EC @ 0.05%
metasystox 25 EC @ 0.04%,
acephate 75 SP @ 0.1%
at 15-20 days interval depending on pest population.
Synonycha
grandis (Thunberg)
Megalocaria
dilatata (Fabricius
Coelophora
biplagiata (Swartz)
OTHER NATURAL PREDATORS
Epiricania melanoleuca - ectoparasite, female moth, upon emergence, remains near the cocoon. the male flies to the cocoon to mate
with the female, female begins to lay eggs alongside the cocoon.