Discovery of synthetic pesticides in 1940, the whole scenario of pest management has changed. From late 1940 to mid 1960 has been called “the dark ages” of pest control. The insecticidal properties of DDT (dichloro diphenyl trichlorethane) discovered by Paul Muller in 1939 triggered this “dark age” of pest control. Resistance of pests to pesticides was observed, the minor pests to major pests due to killing beneficial insects.

1. Welcome
SHARANABASAPPA M GANGANALLI
2018-21-046

2. Successful case studies of national as well as international
IPM programmes

3. Introduction
• Discovery of synthetic pesticides in 1940, the whole
scenario of pest management has changed.
• From late 1940 to mid 1960 has been called “the dark ages”
of pest control.
• The insecticidal properties of DDT (dichloro diphenyl
trichlorethane) discovered by Paul Muller in 1939 triggered
this “dark age” of pest control.
• Resistance of pests to pesticides was observed, the minor
pests to major pests due to killing beneficial insects.

4. • Soon after World War II few scientists realized that
indiscriminate use of synthetic organic insecticides would
be problematic.
• Entomologists at the University of California, United States
of America (USA) developed the concept of integrated pest
management (IPM) during the 1950, two major factors:
1. Development of resistance to insecticides
2. Destruction of insect natural enemies by insecticides.

5. • Rachel Carson (1962) mentioned in Silent Spring the
problems caused by pesticides.
• The term “Integrated Pest Management” was used for the
first time by Smith and van dan Bosch (1967)
• In the 1970s, DDT was widely banned due to environmental
risks.

6. • In 1972, Bacillus thuringiensis, were released for control of
Lepidopteran pests.
• Transgenic pest resistant crops were released in 1996,
representing the biggest step in technology.
• IPM is the main strategy recommended for pest
management under Agenda 21 of the United Nations
Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED,
1992).

7. • Use of pesticides application has been decreased from 2.6
billion kg to 1.7 billion kg in 2007 (Agranova, 2008).
• Total sales of pesticides were estimated in 2007 was US
$35.85 billion (insecticides 26.4%, fungicides 23.2%,
herbicides 45.6% and others 4.7%) (Agranova, 2008).
• Global pesticide market recorded a negative average annual
growth rate of 1.3 percent (after inflation) between 1998
and 2007 (Agranova, 2008).

8. IPM Programs in India
• In the era of green revolution the application of higher
inputs (pesticides, fertilizers and high yielding verities)
increased production from 5640 to 21200 tons in 1968–
1969.
• Most of the pesticide were consumed in the green
revolution areas of Punjab, Haryana, Andra Pradesh,
Western Uttar Pradesh (around 103 districts) and 50 percent
in cotton crop.
• A number of IPM programs have been launched in India from
1993 onwards.

9. Outcome of IPM programs in India

10. Success Stories of Integrated Pest
Management in India
• Cotton is a cash crop of the farmers in Marathwada region
of Maharashtra.
• It continues to suffer heavily from a complex of insect-pests
and diseases, which affect the crop from seedling to harvest
stage.
• The losses due to pests leads to 50-60% yield reduction.
• It consumed 54% of the total chemical pesticides before
introduction of transgenic cotton in 2002.

11. ASHTA – the IPM Village
• Ashta is located in the tribal belt of Nanded district
(Marathwada region of Maharashtra) on the border of
Andhra Pradesh.
• Major crops such as cotton intercropped with pigeonpea,
blackgram, jowar, groundnut, maize, soybean and chickpea
covered the total arable land of 935 ha. The soil is light
black alluvial.

12. Reasons for the selection of Ashta
• Ashta was selected for implementing sustainable cotton
IPM strategy on a village basis for two reasons:
I. It was representative of rainfed cotton growing area of 11
districts of Maharashtra and four districts of Andhra
Pradesh.
II. The village had experienced a large-scale epizootic of
Helicoverpa armigera in 1997-98 season and faced a total
crop failure, and the farmers had decided to shift to other
crops in the subsequent year.

13. The village was found to be pest attacks due to
the following reasons:
1. More number of cotton cultivars
2. Sowing of crop May end to early July. As a result, the crop
having longer duration.
3. Imbalance in use of fertilizers
4. Continuous availability of Helicoverpa hosts in the
cropping system
5. Sanitation
6. Ratooning

14. Scenario of cotton protection practices
• Among the insecticides, monocrotophos (17.35%) was the
most widely used by Ashta farmers followed by endosulfan
(12.26%), dimethoate (10.8%), cypermethrin (9.95%) and
fenvalerate (7.35%) were widely used.
• Among the combinations, endosulfan + dimethoate ranked
first and was adopted by 56.5% of the farmers.
• The seed cotton yield ranged from a minimum of 0.75 q/ha
to a maximum of 3.75 q/ha with an average of 2.20 q/ha,
results in heavy dependence of the farmers on the use of
chemical pesticides.

15. Development and Validation of the IPM
Module
• Work carried out by ICAR institutes as well as SAUs on
rainfed cotton pest management through IPM modules for
their field during 1995.
• It was decided to carry out experimentation at Agricultural
College, Nanded in collaboration with Cotton Research
Station, MAU, Nanded.
• Four IPM modules were synthesized viz., Bio-intensive,
Biocontrol + insecticides, Biocontrol + intercrop and
Chemical modules.

17. Components of the bio-intensive module
The observations made during three years (1995-1997) of
validation, a number of modifications were made in the
module.
• Mass motivation of farmers for large-scale field sanitation.
• Uniform sowing: using certified acid delinted seeds of single
hybrid (NHH-44) and a variety (Renuka) in the entire
village.

18. • Seed treatment with imidacloprid @ 7 g a.i./kg of seed.
• Use of recommended spacing of 90 cm x 60 cm and 60 cm x
30 cm, respectively for the hybrid and the variety.
• Sowing of maize (border crop), cowpea (inter crop) for
buildup of coccinellid (lady bird beetles) predators and their
migration to cotton.
• Sowing of Setaria between 9 or 10 rows of cotton to increase
the activity of predatory birds by serving as food source and
acting as live perch.

19. • Trichogramma chilonis @ 1,50,000/ha was released in cotton
• Neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) 5%
• Application of HaNPV @ 250 LE/ha
Trichogramma chilonis egg card
tagging demonstration

20. Economics of IPM
• The IPM module resulted in reduction of chemical
insecticide and cost of protection.
• Conservation of natural fauna and created ecological
balance.
• The bio-intensive technology provided higher net returns
and yields to the farmers.
• The average seed cotton yield was 962.5 kg/ha as compared
to 220 kg/ha during the previous season (1997), which
reflected a difference of 742.50 kg/ha or an increase of
77.1% (4.37 times) over the 1997,

21. The general impacts of the Ashta IPM
• The yields from cotton were supplemented by yields of
Setaria, Maize and Cowpea.
• Conservation and enhancement in the activity of the
natural enemies (predators and parasites)
• Reduction in the quantity of chemical insecticides used
• Environmental safety as evident by increase in the number
of bird population in the crop.
• Compensatory yields and higher net returns

22. Impact on environment
• Using eco-friendly bio-pesticides and conservation of
parasitoids and predators had resulted in restoration of
environment.
• Population of lady bird beetles was 0.04-0.36 adults/plant
under the non-IPM practices compared to the 3.00 to 4.8
adults/plant in IPM fields.
• Population of green lace wing (Chrysoperla) was negligible
in non-IPM plots compared to 1.4 eggs/plant in IPM plots.

23. • Planting Setaria as intercrop between 9th and 10th row of
cotton and providing bird perches enhanced the activity of
the predatory birds (bulbul),
• Field collected bollworm larvae had shown 100%
parasitisation.
• The conservation of natural enemies and reduced usage of
chemical pesticides.
• All the practices under the IPM provided for a safe
environment.

24. IPM Initiatives in other Countries
IPM Programs and Policies in the USA
• IPM strategies emerged in the USA in 1950s to reduce
pesticide use in agriculture.
• Political leaders and public understood the problems of
pollution and destruction of natural enemies due to
insecticides.
• This leads to entomologists conducted research on IPM.

25. • The US congress made pesticide regulation law, because due
to extensive damage of environment.
• After 1972, no pesticide could be sold
• In the same year, the report “Integrated Pest management”
was published (Council for Environmental Quality, 1972).
• A number of IPM programs were implemented in the USA.
• Among that “Huffaker Project,” also one, after its chairman,
Carl Huffaker of the Entomology Department of the
University of California at Berkeley.

26. • United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), National
Science Foundation (NSF) and Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) jointly financed a 5 year program of IPM to
cover around 1.6 million hectares (the Huffakar Project).
• Six crops viz. – alfalfa, citrus, cotton, pines, pome and stone
fruits and soybean were covered under the project
(Huffakar and Smith, 1972).
• Consortium for Integrated Pest Management was second
large scale project (1979 to 1985). The coverage of the
project was 5.76 million hectares.

27. • Adoption of IPM strategies saved USA agriculture US$ 500
million per year due to reductions in pesticide use (Rajotte
et al., 1987).
• During 2001, United States General Accounting Office
(USGAO) conducted an audit.
• The area under IPM was: cotton-86%, fruit and nuts-62%,
vegetables-86%, soybean-78%, corn-76%, barley-71%,
wheat-65%, alfalfa-40% and other crops 63%.

28. The West African Regional Integrated Production
and Pest Management (IPPM) Programme

30. Indonesia’s Integrated Pest Management in Rice
• Rice is the important crop in Indonesia, occupied about 60%
of the total area (Raheja, 1995).
• Before 1969, Indonesia had been the world’s largest
importer of rice.
• After that Green Revolution (high yield seed varieties,
fertilizers, and intensive pesticide) Indonesia achieved self-
sufficiency in rice production in 1984.

31. • Initially, pest control was achieved only through pesticide
use.
• Government provided subsidy to farmers for purchase
pesticides (at one point in the 1980s, the subsidy rate was as
high as 85%).
• Given training to use of pesticide application equipment
(World Bank, 1995).
• Pesticide subsidies amounted was 179 million (US$), which
was about 0.17% of Indonesia’s Gross Domestic Product
(World Bank, 1995).

32. • Excessive pesticide use resulted in development of
resistance and pest resurgence. Minor pests became major
pests
• The brown plant hopper (Nilaparvata lugens) was
considered minor pest, after the Green Revolution, it
become a major pest.

33. • The IPM concept was officially adopted by Indonesia in
1979.
• Indonesian government, November 5, 1986, was declared
IPM the national pest control strategy for rice.
• The insecticides should be applied only when an economic
threshold was reached.

34. • Later pesticide subsidies gradually decreased in January,
1989 (Raheja, 1995).
• The government has saved more than 100 million (US$) of
pesticide expenditures.
• Although financial returns, decreased pesticide inputs, and
increased yields are all measures of success for the
Indonesian IPM program,

35. IPM Programs in Asia

36. Cont…

37. IPM-FFS (Integrated Pest Management-
Farmer Field School).
• FFS model was initiated by FAO in Southeast Asia in the
late 1980s. Over the past two decades and spread to nearly
90 countries worldwide.
• IPM-FFS encourages farmers not to spray unless pest
thresholds reach a damaging level.
• This is an informal learning approach where “classroom” is
the farmers’ own field.
• FFS approach is to improve farmers’ livelihoods through
adoption of IPM practice and empowerment.

38. • IMP-FFS grouped into 25 farmers, learn together through
discovery and experience.
• FFSs make farmers better decision-makers.
• FFS having variety of objectives:
• Grow healthy crop, observe the field regularly, conserve on
natural enemies and to make farmers (IPM) experts on crop
production.
• It is an innovative tool to facilitate interactive learning.
• This case study was conducted to analyze the
implementation on the FFS approach of IPM during July
2010 to June 2013.

39. Adoption of IPM Practices
• The adoption of IPM practices by the farmers was
significantly higher after joining FFS compared to before
joining in the FFS.
• The area under higher adoption (100%) was use of balanced
fertilizer, synchronized crop production, transplanting
healthy seedlings & line sowing, bird perching, surveying
before using chemicals pesticides.

40. Farmer Field School

42. References
• Settle, W. and Garba, M.H. 2009. A case study of the West African
Regional Integrated Production and Pest Management (IPPM)
Programme by FAO, Rome, Italy.
• Vennila, S., Birah, A., Kanwar, V. And Chattopadhyay, C. 2016. Success
Stories of Integrated Pest Management in India. ICAR-NCIPM, National
Printers, B-56, Naraina Indl. Area, Phase-II, New Delhi.
• Rajinder Peshin, Rakesh S. Bandral, WenJun Zhang, Lewis Wilson and
Ashok K. Dhawan 2009. Integrated Pest Management: A Global
Overview of History, Programs and Adoption. Integrated Pest
Management: Innovation-Development Process.
• McClelland, S. 2002. Indonesia’s Integrated Pest Management in Rice:
Successful Integration of Policy and Education. Environmental Practice,
4 (4) : 194-195.