2. INTRODUCTION
The waste materials are creating a lot of problem
like –environment pollution ,radiation , waste
management problem and some other harmful
disease. That is why today in global era, there are
some methods use to solve this problem. There
are also some waste materials like- fly ash, cinder,
tire etc , which can be use in road construction to
increase the bearing capacity of the soil and road
stability can be increased.
5. EXPERIMENT USED IN MATERIAL
TESTING:
1- Proctor compaction test
2- Liquid limit and Plastic limit (for only soil)
3- Particle size distribution
4- Specific gravity
5- Permeability test ( falling head method )
6- Shear strength (Unconfined compression
test) only for soil and fly ash
7- California bearing ratio test ( CBR Test )
6. 1- COMPACTION TEST
Compaction – Expelling air from the void space .
Effect of Compaction-
. Increase material strength
. Decrease in future settlement of the
material
. Decrease in its permeability ( hydraulic
conduction)
7. METHOD
Dry out material sample
Add firstly 6% water and
after then every time before
compaction 4% water should be add.
Compact the clay soil sample in three layers.
Each layer consist of 25 blows in compaction
mold
Measure wet unit weight ( ϒ )
Measure moisture content
Calculate dry unit weight (ϒd= ϒ/1+w )
Repeat un till the weight of wet soil decrease.
9. 2- LIQUID LIMIT AND PLASTIC
LIMIT TEST
Liquid limit and plastic limit test only perform on
those type of soil which has the property of
cohesiveness. (This test can not perform on fly ash
and cinder)
Liquid limit: liquid limit is the water content at which
a soil is practically in a liquid state, but has
infinitesimal resistance against flow which can
measure by any standardized procedure.
Plastic limit: The plastic limit is defined as the water
content at which a soil thread with 3mm diameter
just crumble.
11. 3- PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
This test is perform to determine the percentage of
different grain sizes contain in soil and other material like-
fly ash and etc .This test is basically perform because of
the distribution of the different grain sizes affect the
engineering properties of soil. The grain size distribution
can be done with the help of two methods.
Sieve analysis: This method is performed to determine the
distribution of coarser and larger sized particle. Like –
Gravel and Sand.
Hydrometer analysis: This method is performed to
determine the distribution of finer particles. Like- Silt and
Clay
12.
13. METHOD
SIEVE ANALYSIS
In this method retained particles
which is not passes through the
75µ sieved through the various
sizes of sieve.
After passing the retained
particle through various sizes of
sieve we found the weight of
various sizes of sieves .
HYDROMETER ANALYSIS
In this method the passing
particles of material through 75µ
sieve are taken in 50gm weight.
mix with 2gm sodium oxolate
and mix it in 1 litre water .
Shake the mixture about 15
minute. And take in a glass jar.
Take the reading of hydrometer at
different times un till all the
particles had been settle down.
14. 4- SPECIFIC GRAVITY:
This number indicates the how much
heavier/lighter a material than water.
In soil SG refers to the mass of solid matter of a
given soil sample as compared to an equal volume
of water.
For example : a material with SG of 2 is indicate as
twice heavy as water(2x62.4 lbs/ft3) = 128 lbs/ft3.
Equation Forms : SG= MS/VS ϒwater
16. 5- Permeability Test
Permeability is a measure of the ease in which water can flow
through a soil volume. It is one of the most important
geotechnical parameter . In large part , it controls the strength
and deformation behaviour of the soil. It directly affect the
following
* Quantity of the water that will flow toward an excavation
* Design of cutoffs beneath domes on permeable building
* Design of the clay layer for a landfill liner
Application: 1-estimation of quantity of underground seepage
water.
2- quantity of water during pumping for under ground construction.
3- stability analysis of slopes, earth dams and earth retaining
structure.
17. 6- Shear Strength
It is mainly performed on cylindrical moist clay specimen
sampled from bore holes.
Measure vertical stress applied to soil sample with no
confining pressure
22. Conclusion
Clayey soil : After various testing we had found that
clay soil has the greatest characterstics in all aspects .
Fly ash : Individually fly ash has the some good
characterstics but there are some weakness found in it
* it has low resistance to permeability
* it has not the property of liquid limit and plastic
limit.
* it has not very good shear strength compared to
clayey soil.
Cinder: Individually it has not good characterstics in all
aspects.
