This PPT is about Auto Immunity from Immunology.

1. DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY
AYUSHI SHARMA

2.  Autoimmunity is the failure of an organism in
recognizing its own constituent parts as self,
thus leading to an immune response against
its own cells and tissues.
 Autoimmune diseases are the consequence of
an inappropriate immune response directed to
self-antigens of healthy tissues.
 Any disease that results from such an aberrant
immune response is termed as auto immune
diseases.

3.  The cause of autoimmune diseases
is unknown. If you have a family
member with an autoimmune
disease, you may be more
susceptible to developing one.
 bacteria or virus
 drugs
 chemical irritants
 environmental irritants

4.  Autoimmune diseases are of two
types:
1. Organ specific autoimmune
diseases.
2. Systemic autoimmune diseases.

5.  An organ-specific disease is one in which
an immune response is directed toward
antigens in a single organ or gland.
 Examples :
 Autoimmune anaemias
 Good pasteur’s syndrome
 Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
 Grave’s disease
 Myasthenia gravis.

6.  A systemic autoimmune disease is that in
which the targeted antigens are located
throughout the body.
 Examples:
 Systemic lupus erythematosus
 Multiple sclerosis
 Rheumatoid arthritis.

7.  Autoimmune anaemias include:
1. Pernicious anaemia
2. Hemolytic anaemia
3.Drug-induced hemolytic anaemia.

8.  It occurs when auto- antibodies are
directed against the antigens of person's
own red blood cells (RBCs).
 Triggers complement mediated lysis or
antibody mediated opsonization and
phagocytosis of the red blood cells.

9.  Blood disorders
 toxins
 infection by various
bacteria and viruses

10.  paleness of the skin
 fatigue
 fever
 confusion
 lightheadedness
 dizziness
 weakness/inability to do physical activity

12.  blood transfusion
 intravenous immune globulin
 corticosteroid medication
 surgery

13.  Develops due to production of auto-
antibodies against intrinsic factor which is a
membrane bound intestinal protein on gastric
parietal cells.
 Intrinsic factor facilitates uptake of vitamin
B12 from small intestine which is necessary
for hematopoiesis.
 Binding of auto-antibody to intrinsic factor
mediated absorption of vitamin B12 resulting
in reduction of number of mature red blood
cells below normal.

14.  long-term use of certain medications and
antibiotics (methotrexate, azathioprine,
etc.)
 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD)
 folate deficiency caused by poor intake or
malabsorption

15.  weakness
 headaches
 chest pain
 weight loss
 unsteady gait
 Spasticity (stiffness and tightness in the
muscles)
 peripheral neuropathy (damage to the nerves
in your arms and legs)
 progressive lesions of the spinal cord
 memory loss

16.  Vitamin B-12 injections that are slowly
decreased over time
 Blood test for iron deficiency followed by
regular blood tests
 CBC tests to measure serum cobalamin
and ferritin levels
 Blood tests to monitor replacement
treatments

17.  occurs when the body’s immune system
mistakenly produce auto-antibodies against
a protein called collagen in the alveoli of
the lungs and the filtering units (glomeruli)
of the kidney.
 Damage to glomerular and alveolar
basement membranes leads to
progressive kidney damage and
pulmonary hemorrhage.

18.  Exposure to hydrocarbon fumes, metallic
dust, tobacco smoke, or certain illegal
substances such as cocaine may also
increase risk.

19.  fatigue, weakness, or lethargy
 nausea and/or vomiting
 loss of appetite
 unhealthy, pale appearance
 dry cough or coughing up blood
 shortness of breath or difficult breathing
 burning sensation during urination
 blood in the urine or foamy urine
 swelling of the hands and feet
 high blood pressure
 back pain below the ribs

20.  immunosuppressive drugs to keep
immune system from making the
antibodies that damage lungs and
kidneys.
 Cyclophosphamide is one example.
 corticosteroids like prednisone help
control bleeding in lungs. These
medications also suppress immune
system.

21.  It is a form of diabetes mellitus that results
from the autoimmune destruction of the
insulin-producing beta cells in
islets of langerhans of pancreas.
 This results in lack of insulin
leading to increased blood
and urine glucose.

23.  polyuria (frequent urination)
 polydipsia(increased thirst)
 xerostomia (dry mouth)
 polyphagia (increased hunger)
 fatigue
 weight loss.

24.  Taking insulin
 Exercising regularly and maintaining a
healthy weight
 Eating healthy foods
 Monitoring blood sugar

25.  It occurs due to an abnormal immune
system response that causes
the thyroid gland to produce
too much thyroid hormone.
 mediated by binding of auto antibodies
on TSH receptor present on
thyroid gland, activating adenylate cyclase
resulting in production of thyroid hormones.

27.  Anxiety
 Difficulty concentrating
 Double vision
 Eyeballs that stick out (exophthalmos)
 Eye irritation and tearing
 Fatigue
 Frequent bowel movements
 Goiter (possible)
 Heat intolerance

28.  Increased sweating
 Insomnia
 Irregular menstrual periods in women
 Muscle weakness
 Nervousness
 Rapid or irregular heartbeat (palpitations or
arrhythmia)
 Restlessness and difficulty sleeping
 Shortness of breath with activity
 Tremor
 Weight loss(rarely, weight gain)
 Increases appetite

29.  Radioactive iodine therapy
 Anti-thyroid medications
 Beta blockers
 Surgery

30.  A neuromuscular disease in which the
muscles under our voluntary control become
easily tired and weak because there is a
problem with how the nerves stimulate the
contraction of muscles.
 circulating antibodies cause weakness by
blocking acetylcholine receptors on motor
end plates of muscles, blocking normal
binding of acetylcholine.

32.  fatigue
 ptosis (drooping of one or both eyelids)
 diplopia (double vision)
 blurred vision (which may be intermittent)
 speech may become soft or nasal.
 making eating, drinking, swallowing pills
harder.
 develop an unusual or different smile if
certain facial muscles are affected.

33.  arm and leg muscles may weaken,
affecting such activities as lifting or
walking .

34.  Anticholinesterase agents which improve
neuromuscular transmission and muscle
strength.
 Immunosuppressive drugs which
suppress production of abnormal
antibodies.

35. (The Antigen Processing and Presentation) Foreign Pathogen protein
antigen are degraded into small antigenic peptides that from complexes
with class I or Class II MHC Molecule.
The Conversion of Proteins into MHC associate Peptide fragments is called
APC

36.  This can process a Protein antigen, break into
peptides and Present it with class I and Class II
molecule on cell surface where it way Interact
with appropriateT Cell Receptors.
 They Engulf a a pathogen through phagocytosis
and Presenting it to theWhole Immune Syatem.
 So,That Cell Mediated and Humoral Immune
Response Can build Up.
 Some Examples of APC are- Dendritic Cell,
Macrophages and B cell.

37.  Phagocytosis of Antigen
 Fusion of Lysosome and Phagosome
 Enzymes start to degradeAntigen
 Fragments of Ag presented on APC surface.
 Leftover fragments released by Exocytosis.

39.  Unlike NK cells of the innate immune system, B cells (B lymphocytes) are
a type of white blood cell that gives rise to antibodies, whereasT cells (T
lymphocytes) are a type of white blood cell that plays an important role
in the immune response.T cells are a key component in the cell-
mediated response—the specific immune response that utilizesT cells to
neutralize cells that have been infected with viruses and certain bacteria.
There are three types ofT cells: cytotoxic, helper, and suppressorT cells.
CytotoxicT cells destroy virus-infected cells in the cell-mediated immune
response, and helperT cells play a part in activating both the antibody
and the cell-mediated immune responses. SuppressorT cells deactivateT
cells and B cells when needed, and thus prevent the immune response
from becoming too intense.
 An antigen is a foreign or “non-self” macromolecule that reacts with
cells of the immune system. Not all antigens will provoke a response. For
instance, individuals produce innumerable “self” antigens and are
constantly exposed to harmless foreign antigens, such as food proteins,
pollen, or dust components.The suppression of immune responses to
harmless macromolecules is highly regulated and typically prevents
processes that could be damaging to the host, known as tolerance

40.  The innate immune system contains cells that detect potentially harmful antigens, and then
inform the adaptive immune response about the presence of these antigens. Anantigen-
presenting cell (APC) is an immune cell that detects, engulfs, and informs the adaptive immune
response about an infection. When a pathogen is detected, these APCs willphagocytose the
pathogen and digest it to form many different fragments of the antigen. Antigen fragments will
then be transported to the surface of the APC, where they will serve as an indicator to other
immune cells. Dendritic cells are immune cells that process antigen material; they are present in
the skin (Langerhans cells) and the lining of the nose, lungs, stomach, and intestines. Sometimes
a dendritic cell presents on the surface of other cells to induce an immune response, thus
functioning as an antigen-presenting cell. Macrophages also function as APCs. Before activation
and differentiation, B cells can also function as APCs.
 After phagocytosis by APCs, the phagocytic vesicle fuses with an intracellular lysosome forming
phagolysosome. Within the phagolysosome, the components are broken down into fragments;
the fragments are then loaded onto MHC class I or MHC class II molecules and are transported to
the cell surface for antigen presentation, as illustrated in Figure 1. Note thatT lymphocytes
cannot properly respond to the antigen unless it is processed and embedded in an MHC II
molecule. APCs express MHC on their surfaces, and when combined with a foreign antigen, these
complexes signal a “non-self” invader. Once the fragment of antigen is embedded in the MHC II
molecule, the immune cell can respond. HelperT- cells are one of the main lymphocytes that
respond to antigen-presenting cells. Recall that all other nucleated cells of the body expressed
MHC I molecules, which signal “healthy” or “normal.”

41.  An Antibody or Immunoglobulin is Y Shaped structure consist of 4 polypeptides -2 HC & 2
LC , with 1 Variable region and 1 Constant region.
 The Structure allows Ab molecules to carry out and dual function,Ag Binding and Biological
Activity Mediation.
 The Imp. Feature of Vertebrate Immune System is ability to respond to an apparent Limitless
array of Foreign Ag.
 Ig Sequence data accululate, virtually every Ab molecule studied was foundto contain a
unique Aas sequence in its variable region but only limited no. of invariant sequences in ts
Constant region.
 The Ab Combine sie made up of VL and VH.
 The Specificiy of any Combining site deermine by Aas sequences.
 3 famlies of Ig genes exist in mammals, 1 HC, 1 KAPPA chain and 1 LAMBDA chain.
 These clusters contan one or ore Constant region genes and no. of variable region gene
segments.
 The Formation of VR of Light and Heavy Chain requires join of 2 or 3 genetic element by a
process of Gene rearrangement.
 Both Germline and Somatic Cell contribute to Ab Include Somatic Cell Mutation.