Systematic bacteriology, also known as bacterial taxonomy or bacterial systematics, is a branch of microbiology that focuses on the classification, identification, and naming of bacteria. It plays a crucial role in organizing and understanding the diversity of bacteria, which are a diverse group of microorganisms with a wide range of shapes, sizes, and metabolic capabilities
2. LEPTOSPIRA
• Leptospirosis is a zoonosis with protean clinical
manifestations caused by pathogenic spirochetes of
the genus Leptospira. Synonyms for the disease include
Weil's disease, Weil-Vasiliev disease, Swineherd's
disease, rice-field fever, waterborne fever, nanukayami
fever, cane-cutter fever, swamp fever, mud fever, Fort
Bragg fever, Stuttgart disease, Mgunda fever, and
Canicola fever.
• The epidemiology, microbiology, clinical
manifestations, and diagnosis of leptospirosis will be
presented here. The treatment and prevention of this
disease are discussed separately
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4. MORPHOLOGY &COLONY
CHARACTERS
• Leptospira interrogans causes leptospirosis, a usually mild illness
that may result in liver or kidney failure.
• Leptospira is a flexible, spiral-shaped, Gram-negative spirochete
with internal flagella. Leptospira interrogans based on cell surface
antigens.
• Leptospira organisms are very thin, tightly coiled, obligate aerobic
spirochetes characterized by a unique flexuous type of motility.
The genus is divided into two species: the pathogenic leptospires L
interrogans and the free-living leptospire L biflexa.
• The diagnosis of leptospirosis should be considered in any patient
with an acute illness characterized by headache, myalgia, fever,
chills and conjunctival suffusion, and in any patient in whom
“aseptic meningitis” develops following an acute febrile illness of
five to seven days' duration.
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6. BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERS AND
CULTIVATION
• Leptospirosis can be diagnosed on the basis of
the presence of IgM antibodies by ELISA, in a
single serum sample collected during the acute
phase of the illness. A sample taken after two
weeks is required to confirm the results.
• It Grows Best under Aerobic Conditions, at 28-30
degree celsius best demonstrate in Semisolid
Agar Medium such as EMJH and Stuart and
Fetcher”s Medium.
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9. ZOONOSIS
• Zoonotic diseases are of major concern
worldwide. The word 'Zoonosis' (Pleural:
Zoonoses) was introduced by Rudolf Virchow in
1880 to include collectively the diseases shared in
nature by man and animals.
• Later WHO in 1959 defined that Zoonoses are
"those diseases and infections which are naturally
transmitted between vertebrate animals and
man".
• The infectious diseases such as bacterial, viral,
fungal, protozoal and parasitic are responsible for
most losses in the food animals, therefore of
great economic importance.
10. ZOONOTIC BACTERIA
• Bacterial zoonotic Diseases in animals are anthrax,
brucellosis, bovine tuberculosis, Listeriosis,
Salmonellosis, Leptospirosis, Cat scratch disease and
Psittacosis.
• The most commonly suffered zoonotic bacterial
infections in humans are transmitted via animal bites
and scratches.
• Bacterial Zoonotic disease can be spread to human by
Close contact with infected animals like livestock, pets
and wildlife. Direct and Indirect contact with an
infected animals saliva, blood, urine and faeces.
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12. PRESERVATION OF BACTERIA
• Bacteria can survive for a short period of time at 4°C. For
strains that are used daily or weekly, cultures grown on
agar slants or plates can be stored in a refrigerator
assuming that precaution has been taken to avoid
contamination.
• Cultures should be prepared using standard techniques
and then sealed before storing. For slants, we recommend
using screw capped tubes.
• For cultures on Petri dishes, the plates need to be sealed
with Parafilm.
• Sealing the plates not only helps to prevent molds from
sneaking into the plates, but it slows the agar from drying.
13. • Freezing is a good way to store bacteria. Generally, the colder
the storage temperature, the longer the culture will retain
viable cells.
• For long term storage, microorganisms are cryopreserved at
temperatures below freezing (-20°C, -80°C, or liquid
nitrogen) .Cryopreservation is suitable for a wide range of
bacteria, algae, fungi, viruses, and protozoa.
• Cryopreservation and lyophilisation both are well-known
methods for long-term preservation of microbial cultures. Use
of ultra-low temperature for preservation of microorganism is
a traditional practice in every microbiological laboratory.
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16. MECHANISM OF DRUG ACTION
• By Enzymes
• By Receptors
• By Ion Channels
• By Transport Process
• By Physical /Chemical Properties
17. • The actions of the majority of drugs are intimately
related to their three-dimensional chemical structure.
Seemingly minor alterations to a drug molecule can
result in major changes in pharmacological properties.
• This can be exploited to develop drugs with a more
favorable therapeutic index, fewer side effects or a
shorter or longer duration of action.
• The penicillins and cefalosporins has led to the
availability of many new groups or generations of
antibacterial.
• The actions of drugs on receptors that lead to responses
are governed by the same factors that influence the rate
and direction of chemical or biochemical reactions, i.e.:
• •temperature
• •the concentration of each reactant (including cofactors)
• •catalysts (enzymes that activate drug precursors).
18. DRUG RESISTANT GENES
• Microbes, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and
parasites, are living organisms that evolve over
time.
• The primary function is to reproduce, thrive, and
spread quickly and efficiently.
• Microbes adapt to their environments and
change in ways that ensure their survival.
• If something stops their ability to grow, such as
an antimicrobial, genetic changes can occur that
enable the microbe to survive. There are several
ways this happens.
