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RNI Title Code: MPENG01378
B.R. Nahata Smriti Sansthan
International Journal of
Pharmaceutical and Biological Archive
Volume 11 / Issue 4 / Oct-Dec-2020
B.R. Nahata Smriti Sansthan International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Archive
Printed and published by Mr. Rahul Nahata on behalf of B.R. Nahata Smriti Sansthan and printed
at Fun and Art, 29, Nagar Palika Complex, Gandhi Chouraha, Mandsaur - 458001 [M.P.] and
published at Nahata Chouraha, Station Road, Mandsaur - 458001 [M.P.] editor Mr. M.A.Naidu.
ISSN: 2582-6050[Online]
REVIEW ARTICLE
Cognition and Behavioral Effects in Epilepsy: A Review
K. Sravanthi, A. Sireesha, K. Bhavani, Nayudu Teja............................................................................................................................171
RESEARCH ARTICLES
Insecticidal Potential of Two Monoterpenes against Tribolium Castaneum (Herbst.) and
Sitophilus Oryzae (L.) Major Stored Product Insect Pests
Jyotika Brari, Varun Kumar..................................................................................................................................................................175
Dissolution Method Validation with Reverse Phase Chromatographic Method for Determination
of Eltrombopag Drug Release in Dissolution Samples of Tablets
Keyur Ahir, Sumer Singh, Dharti Patel, Miral Patel ............................................................................................................................182
Development and Validation of Reversed Phase-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography,
Dissolution Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Aminocaproic Acid in Pharmaceutical
Dosage Forms
Keyur Ahir, Sumer Singh, Dharti Patel, Miral Patel ............................................................................................................................190
Adverse Drug Reactions of Lithium Monotherapy in Bipolar Affective Disorder: An Observational
Study in Eastern Nepal
Deependra Prasad Sarraf, Suraj Nepal, Nidesh Sapkota.....................................................................................................................198
Biochemical and Toxicological Investigations of 5-Fluorouracil, Nimesulide, and Ascorbic Acid
in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Mohd Asif, Nazim Hussain, Mokinur Rahman, Shubham J. Khairnar, Mithun Rudrapal....................................................................204

B. R. Nahata Smriti Sansthan International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Archive • Oct-Dec 2020 • 11 (4) | i
B. R. Nahata Smriti Sansthan International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Archive
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The Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UN-
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B.R. Nahata College of Pharmacy, Mandsaur, M.P., India
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B. R. Nahata Smriti Sansthan International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Archive • Oct-Dec 2020 • 11 (4) | ii
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B. R. Nahata Smriti Sansthan International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Archive • Oct-Dec 2020 • 11 (4) | iii
ContentContents
REVIEW ARTICLE
K. Sravanthi, A. Sireesha, K. Bhavani, Nayudu Teja��171
RESEARCH ARTICLES
Insecticidal Potential of Two Monoterpenes against Tribolium Castaneum (Herbst.) and
Sitophilus Oryzae (L.) Major Stored Product Insect Pests
Jyotika Brari, Varun Kumar��175
Dissolution Method Validation with Reverse Phase Chromatographic Method for Determination
of Eltrombopag Drug Release in Dissolution Samples of Tablets
Keyur Ahir, Sumer Singh, Dharti Patel, Miral Patel��182
Development and Validation of Reversed Phase-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography,
Dissolution Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Aminocaproic Acid in Pharmaceutical
Dosage Forms
Keyur Ahir, Sumer Singh, Dharti Patel, Miral Patel��190
Adverse Drug Reactions of Lithium Monotherapy in Bipolar Affective Disorder: An Observational
Study in Eastern Nepal
Deependra Prasad Sarraf, Suraj Nepal, Nidesh Sapkota��198
Biochemical and Toxicological Investigations of 5-Fluorouracil, Nimesulide, and Ascorbic Acid
in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Mohd Asif, Nazim Hussain, Mokinur Rahman, Shubham J. Khairnar, Mithun Rudrapal��204

© 2020, IJPBA. All Rights Reserved 171
Available Online at www.ijpba.info
International Journal of Pharmaceutical BiologicalArchives 2020; 11(4):171-174
ISSN 2582 – 6050
REVIEW ARTICLE
K. Sravanthi1
*, A. Sireesha2
, K. Bhavani3
, Nayudu Teja4
1
Department of Pharmacy Practice, Narasaraopeta Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guntur, Andhra
Pradesh, India, 2
Department of Pharmacy Practice, Balaji Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Warangal,
Telangana, India, 3
Department of Pharmacy Practice, Geethanjali College of Pharmacy, Rangareddy, Telangana,
India, 4
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vallabhaneni Venkatadri Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Krishna, Andhra Pradesh, India
Received: 01 August 2020; Revised: 10 September 2020; Accepted: 10 October 2020
ABSTRACT
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder which is caused by various factors which may vary according
to the age of patients which results in asynchronization of neurons. Cognitive functional impairment is
mostly seen in epileptic patients compared to the general population, and the degree of its impairment
varies from one another according to the epilepsy syndrome. Behavioral changes are more seen in
epileptic people and people with drug-resistant epilepsy, frequent seizures, and associated neurological
or mental abnormalities. In children and adults, many data suggest a correlation between behavior/
cognition and some other specific epilepsy syndromes. The major predictors of such behavioral changes
in children with epilepsy are epilepsy itself, treatment, the underlying structural lesion, and epilepsy
treatment.
Keywords: Behavior, Cognitive impairment, Epilepsy, Structural abnormalities, Syndromes
INTRODUCTION
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized
by episodic or recurrent seizures. The word
“epilepsy” has its origin in ancient Greece which
means “to seize, possess.” Epilepsy is due to
asynchronization of neurons. It is a chronic non-
communicable disorder of brain.[1]
.It is one of
the most common neurological disorders that
affect people of all age groups.[2]
The incidence
of epilepsy ranges from 30 to 57/100,000
population.[3]
These rates change with age, more
in infants and young children, and then decreased
throughout adulthood until approximately 60
years of age, when they again begin to raise. The
overall prevalence of epilepsy is approximately
6/1000 population.[3]
*Corresponding Author:
K. Sravanthi
E-mail: kondramutlasravanthi@gmail.com
COGNITION AND BEHAVIORAL
CHANGES IN CHILDHOOD EPILEPSY
Several studies have reported that epileptic seizures
may be associated with cognitive and behavioral
alterations in infants and adults.[4,5]
Well-defined
psychologicalandpathologicalpatternscanbefound
in specific epilepsy syndromes. Several reports
suggest that there is a close correlation between
mood, behavior, seizure activity, and cognition in
these conditions.[6]
Many epidemiological studies
reported that cognitive functions (attention,
reaction time, emotional memory, and specific
learning disorders, such as those affecting reading,
writing, or many skills) are impaired in people with
epileptic seizures than in the general population.[7]
Psychological impairment is an important comorbid
condition of chronic epilepsy.[8]
Mental retardation,
learning disabilities, memory impairment, attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, anxiety, and
conduct disorders are greatly observed in epileptic

Sravanthi, et al.: Cognition and behavioural effects in epilepsy: A review
IJPBA/Oct-Dec-2020/Vol 11/Issue 4 172
individuals.[9,10]
Behavioral disorders include
depression, anxiety, and anger are more frequent
in people with epileptic seizures than individuals
who do not have epilepsy.[11-14]
Serious psychiatric
problems are less common in children than adults
with seizures.[15]
Many children and adults have
behavioral problems, even if they are seizure-free.
For example,Austin et al.[16]
showed that behavioral
problems could be recognized before the first
clinical seizure (like depressive symptoms before
Alzheimer’s dementia) and autism cases have been
found to precede the sudden onset of seizures.[17]
Many findings say that in some patients epilepsy is
a pervasive condition which includes both seizures
and behavioral problems. Among the comorbidities
that are associated with epilepsy, cognitive, and
behavioral abnormalities are the most common and
severe condition.[18,19]
FACTORS LINKED WITH COGNITIVE
AND BEHAVIORAL CHANGES IN
EPILEPSY
Structural brain abnormalities
Approximately 1/4th
of all childhood epilepsy
occurs due to structural brain lesions, presumed
early insults, as evidenced by cerebral palsy.[20]
One
major factor that may underlie cognitive changes
in children with epilepsy is the structural brain
abnormality. Quantitative magnetic resonance
imaging has been used to characterize the nature
and pattern of brain abnormality in adults with
epilepsy, especially the temporal lobe epilepsy.[21-24]
Progressive cognitive impairment
Many recent investigations have focused on the
neurobiological burden associated with chronic
epilepsy and the risk of progressive cognitive
impairment.[25]
In addition, much interest is
growing in lifespan models of the neuropsychology
of epilepsy condition.[26,27]
Epilepsy itself a factor
The epilepsy itself is associated with behavioural
changes, which are frequently not much serious.
In most cases, epilepsy condition is reversible.
Often, behavioural alterations can be identified
as mild or limited psychiatric manifestations, that
are included in any specific diagnostic category
as defined by the Diagnostic statistical manual of
mental disorders V.[28,29]
The most frequent causes
were prodromal (27%) or postictal changes (12%)
and frequent subtle seizures (18%).The abnormal
synaptic activity of the brain may induce some
changes through various mechanisms, and impair
the naturally occurring homeostatic seizure-
suppressing mechanisms which maintain the
interictal state, with adverse effects on the normal
neuronal function.[30]
There is clear evidence that
simple partial or complex partial seizures and
secondarily generalized seizures may be associated
with neural damage[31]
and that brain extracellular
glutamate may build up in partial seizures to
neurotoxic levels,[32]
which can be predictors of
behavioral problems includes depression and
anger. Moreover, epileptic seizures are known to
disrupt sleep patterns and also endocrine functions,
which can result in an alteration of behavior.[33]
Epilepsy treatment
Cognitive functions, including psychomotor
speed, cognition, attention, depression, anger,
and mood, are affected by antiepileptic drugs
(AEDs) in many different ways; children and old
people are especially vulnerable to such cognitive
adverse effects. It is very important to treat
epileptic patients with appropriate drugs, such as
valproate, levetiracetam, and phenytoin. However,
incorrect AED use can increase these symptoms.
For example, phenobarbital and benzodiazepines
have a negative effect on cognitive changes and
behavioral functions.[33]
CONCLUSION
Although there are many relevant studies
specificallyaimingtodefinebehavioraldisturbances
in epilepsy syndromes, behavioral disturbance is
very frequent in people with epilepsy than in the
general population. The most possible causes of
this apparent association are many; most of them
are reversible and are linked to epilepsy itself or to

state-dependent cognitive dysfunction. On the other
hand, when brain lesions and/or brain dysfunctions
are present, behavioral disturbances are secondary
to the same underlying cause as epilepsy and may
be permanent disease conditions. There are some
clinical situations in which behavioral disturbances
are closely linked to epilepsy at the onset of (or
before) seizures and this suggests that epilepsy
could be interpreted as a condition of complex
neuropsychiatric disorder. In children, there is no
specific epileptic behavior, but there are many
causes of different behavioral changes. A good and
early therapeutic approach may be associated with a
better prognosis. However, new studies are needed
to evaluate the role of epileptic activity, underlying
brain dysfunction, genetic factors, and social/
environmental factors in the pathophysiology of
psychiatric disturbance in epilepsy.
REFERENCES
1. Epilepsy: WHO Media Centre, Fact Sheet; 2015.
2. Anthony K, Ngugi CB, Kleinschmidt I, Josemir WS,
Charles RN. Estimation of the burden of active and
life-time epilepsy: A meta-analytic approach. Epilepsia
2010;5:883-90.
3. Bromfield EB, Cavazos JE, Sirven JI. An introduction
to epilepsy. In: Clinical Epilepsy. West Hartford, CT:
American Epilepsy Society; 2006.
4. Datta SS, Premkumar TS, Chandy S, Kumar S,
KirubakaranC,GnanamuthuC,etal.Behaviourproblems
in children and adolescents with seizure disorder:
Associations and risk factors. Seizure 2005;14:190-7.
5. Caplan R, Siddarth P, Gurbani S, Ott D, Sankar R,
Shields WD. Psychopathology and pediatric complex
partial seizures: Seizure-related, cognitive, and linguistic
variables. Epilepsia 2004;45:1273-81.
6. Hirsch E, Schmitz B, Carreno M. Epilepsy, antiepileptic
drugs (AEDs) and cognition. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl
2003;180:23-32.
7. Sillanpaa M. Epilepsy in children: Prevalence, disability,
and handicap. Epilepsia 1992;33:444-9.
8. Elger CE, Helmstaedter C, Kurthen M. Chronic epilepsy
and cognition. Lancet Neurol 2004;3:663-72.
9. Stafstrom CE, Chronopoulos A, Thurber S, Thompson JL,
Holmes GL. Age-dependent cognitive and behavioral
deficits after kainic acid seizures. Epilepsia 1993;34:420-32.
10. Olney JW, Fuller T, de Gubareff T. Acute dendrotoxic
changes in the hippocampus of kainate treated rats.
Brain Res 1979;176:91-100.
11. Besag F. Epilepsy, learning, and behavior in childhood.
Epilepsia 1995;36:S58-63.
12. Cornaggia CM, Gobbi G. Learning disability in epilepsy:
Definitions and classification. Epilepsia 2001;42 Suppl
1:2-5; discussion 19-20.
13. Williams J. Learning and behavior in children with
epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2003;4:107-11.
14. Massa R, de Saint-Martin A, Carcangiu R, Rudolf G,
Seegmuller C, Kleitz C, et al. EEG criteria predictive
of complicated evolution in idiopathic rolandic epilepsy.
Neurology 2001;57:1071-9.
15. Pellock J. Understanding co-morbidities affecting
children with epilepsy. Neurology 2004;62 Suppl
5:S17-23.
16. Austin JK, Harezlak J, Dunn DW, Huster GA, Rose DF,
Ambrosius WT. Behavior problems in children before
first recognized seizures. Pediatrics 2001;107:115-22.
17. Cornaggia CM, Mascarini A, Gobbi G. Severe
psychiatric disorder in an 8-year-old boy with myoclonic
astatic seizures. In: Schmidt D, Schachter C, editors. 110
Puzzling Cases of Epilepsy. London: Martin Dunitz Ltd.;
2002. p. 210-4.
18. Austin JK. The 2007 Judith Hoyer lecture. Epilepsy
comorbidities: Lennox and lessons learned. Epilepsy
Behav 2009;14:3-7.
19. HermannB,SeidenbergM,JonesJ.Theneurobehavioural
comorbidities of epilepsy: Can a natural history be
developed? Lancet Neurol 2008;7:151-60.
20. Berg AT. Epilepsy, cognition, and behavior: The clinical
picture. Epilepsia 2011;52 Suppl 1:7-12.
21. CendesF.Progressivehippocampalandextrahippocampal
atrophy in drug resistant epilepsy. Curr Opin Neurol
2005;18:173-7.
22. BernasconiA. Quantitative MR imaging of the neocortex.
Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2004;14:425-36, 8.
23. Koepp MJ, Duncan JS. Epilepsy. Curr Opin Neurol
2004;17:467-74.
24. Kuzniecky RI, Knowlton RC. Neuroimaging of epilepsy.
Semin Neurol 2002;22:279-88.
25. PitkanenA, Sutula TP. Is epilepsy a progressive disorder?
Prospects for new therapeutic approaches in temporal-
lobe epilepsy. Lancet Neurol 2002;1:173-81.
26. Hermann BP, Seidenberg M, Bell B. The
neurodevelopmental impact of childhood onset temporal
lobe epilepsy on brain structure and function and the
risk of progressive cognitive effects. Prog Brain Res
2002;135:429-38.
27. Helmstaedter C, Kurthen M, Lux S, Reuber M, Elger CE.
Chronic epilepsy and cognition: A longitudinal study in
temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neurol 2003;54:425-32.
28. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th
ed. Arlington,
VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
29. Engel J, Wilson C, Lopez-Rodriguez F. Limbic
connectivity: Anatomical substrates of behavioural
disturbances in epilepsy. In: Trimble M, Schmitz B,
editors. The Neuropsychiatry of Epilepsy. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press; 2002. p. 18-37.
30. RabinowiczAL, Correale J, Boutros RB, Couldwell WT,

Henderson CW, DeGiorgio CM. Neuron-specific enolase
is increased after single seizures during inpatient video/
EEG monitoring. Epilepsia 1996;37:122-5.
31. During MJ, Spencer DD. Extracellular hippocampal
glutamate and spontaneous seizure in the conscious
human brain. Lancet 1993;341:1607-10.
32. Lambert MV. Seizures, hormones and sexuality. Seizure
2001;10:319-40.
33. Pellock JM. Understanding co-morbidities affecting
children with epilepsy. Neurology 2004;62:S17-23.

ISSN 2582 – 6050
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Insecticidal Potential of Two Monoterpenes against Tribolium Castaneum (Herbst.)
and Sitophilus Oryzae (L.) Major Stored Product Insect Pests
Jyotika Brari*, Varun Kumar
Department of Zoology, Abhilashi University Chail Chowk, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
Received: 10 August 2020; Revised: 15 September 2020; Accepted: 20 November 2020
ABSTRACT
In the present study, two pure monoterpenes: Citronellol and geraniol were tested for their fumigant
toxicity, repellent activity, and antifeedant activity against two stored product insect pests, Sitophilus
oryzae (L.), and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.) Monoterpenes tested showed varying degrees of toxicity
against different species of stored product pests but were highly dependent on dosage and exposure
duration. Geraniol was found to be highly effective against both S. oryzae and T. castaneum than citronellol.
0.02 µl/ml geraniol produced a mortality of 26.30 ± 0.11 after a short duration of 6 h that reached 52.76
± 0.28% after an increased exposure of 72 h against S. oryzae while citronellol showed least activity
producing a mortality of 52.76 ± 0.28 at 0.02 after 72 h of exposure. Similarly for T. castaneum geraniol
produced 68.75 ± 0.55% mortality at 0.2 µl/ml after 72 h and citronellol even at a highest dose of 0.2 µl/ml
caused 30.77 ± 0.49% mortality after 12 h. Geraniol produced 42.56 ± 1.9% repellent activity at 1 µl/cm2
after 1 h whereas repellency of 48.60 ± 1.4%was obtained by citronellol against T. castaneum after same
concentration and time period citronellol and geraniol at a highest concentration of 1 µl/cm2
gave 56.61 ±
3.4 and 50.56 ± 1.1% repellency, respectively, after 5 h against S. oryzae. Feeding deterrence index (FDI)
of 78.95 ± 0.09 and 67.59 ± 0.17% was obtained for citronellol and geraniol at a high concentration of
30 µl/g against T. castaneum. Citronellol showed 52.80 ± 0.32% FDI, followed by geraniol with 49.28 ±
0.17 FDI % against S. oryzae.
Keywords: Antifeedant, fumigant, insect pests, monoterpenes, repellent activity
INTRODUCTION
Insect pests attacking stored grain products often
lead to losses such as weight loss, volume reduction,
germination impairment, feces contamination, and
overall loss of quality. These pests are numerous
and a large number of them belong to the order
Coleoptera, the largest in the animal kingdom.
Among these Sitophilus and Tribolium species
are major stored products pests in the tropical
countries.[1]
During the last many decades different
synthetic chemicals were tried and used for the
protection of stored grain products from pests.
Jyotika Brari,
E-mail: jyotika58brari@gmail.com
Even today, they are the major contributors in the
control process. As a result, the application of these
chemicals is rather substantiated by their efficacy.
Theresults,however,havecomealongwithanumber
of undesirable consequences such as toxicity to
parasites among others. A decline in the population
of the natural enemies of the pests is an uncalled
for cue pointing at the severity and non-targeted
action of the synthetic pesticides.[2]
Other problems
such as pesticide resistance[3,4]
susceptibility of crop
plant to insect pests[5]
and increased environmental
and social cost[6]
are other indirect consequences.
The above factors imply the need to develop and
use alternate pesticides. Research done recently
shows the efficacy of natural products against insect
invasion on stored grains and therefore indicates
their possible use by farmers.[7]
Essential oils are

Brari and Kumar: Insecticidal potential of two monoterpenes against Tribolium Castaneum
complex natural mixtures containing about 20–60
different components at different concentrations.
Two or three major components characterize them
which are found at fairly high concentrations
(20–70%) as compared to others components found
in trace amounts. Essential oils are known to play
an important role in the protection of the plants
by acting as antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal,
insecticides, and against herbivores by reducing
their appetite. Monoterpenes are major constituents
isolated from essential oils found in plants and are
known to be biologically active compounds.[8,9]
These compounds are considered a potential pest
control agent because they are highly toxic to insects
and possess repellent and antifeedant activity.[10]
The present study was undertaken to investigate
the effect of two monoterpenoids on the red flour
beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and rice
weevil,Sitophilusoryzae(L.)seriouspestsofstored
products worldwide. Citronellol and geraniol were
tested for their fumigant toxicity, repellent activity,
and antifeedant activity against these insect pests.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The following monoterpenes were tested:
Citronellol and geraniol were provided by Sigma-
Aldrich, India. Most of them were identified as
major components of essential oils which showed
a strong insecticidal effect.[11]
Test insects
Laboratory cultures of S. oryzae and T. castaneum
(5–10 days each) were maintained at 30 ± 20C and
68 ± 2% relative humidity. Test insects of S. oryzae
were reared on rice kernels, and wholemeal wheat
flour plus brewer’s yeast (19:1) was used to rear
T. castaneum.
Fumigant toxicity of monoterpenes
Vapor toxicity of monoterpenes against the adult
insects was determined through impregnated
paper assay following the method of Park et al.[12]
with some modifications. Plastic jars of 250 ml
capacity with screw lids were used as exposure
chambers. Different doses of 5, 10, 30, and 50 µl
of monoterpenes were diluted with 1 ml methanol
and aliquots of 1 ml of each solution were applied
to a circular filter paper (Whatman No. 1, 3 cm
diameter). The treated filter paper discs were then
introduced into the plastic jars (250 ml capacity)
to achieve final concentrations of 0.02, 0.04, 0.12,
and 0.2 µl/ml for monoterpenes with respect to
volume of the jars. After allowing the solvent to
evaporate for 10–15 min, the filter paper was
attached to the inner surface of the screw lid of the
jar using adhesive tape. At the bottom of each jar,
ten individuals of each insect (5–10 day old) along
with their food source were placed and exposed
to the various concentrations. The insects had no
contact with the diffuser and stayed at the bottom
of the chamber throughout the experiment. Insect
mortalities were determined and calculated after
different exposure periods to the day of complete
mortality of all insects according to the formula
of Abbott.[13]
Three replicates were set up for each
dose and control.
Repellent activity of monoterpenes
Repellency tests were carried out according to the
experimental method described.[14]
Test solutions
were prepared by dissolving 10, 30, and 50 µl
of monoterpenes in 1 ml methanol. Whatman
filter papers (diameter 8 cm) were cut into two
equal halves one half of each dish was treated
with monoterpenes as uniform as possible using
micropipette. The other half of the filter paper was
treated with methanol alone as a control.The treated
and control half discs were dried to evaporate the
solvent completely. Treated and untreated halves
were attached to their opposite ends using adhesive
tape and placed in Petri dishes. Twenty adult beetles
of each insect species (5–10 day old) were released
at the center of each filter paper. The Petri dishes
were then covered and sealed with parafilm. Three
replications were used for each concentration.
Observations on the number of insects present on
both the treated and untreated halves were recorded
after 1, 3, 5, and 24 h. Percentage repellency (PR)
was calculated as follows.[15]

PR
Nc Nt
Nc Nt
1

00 (1)
Nc was the number of insects on the untreated area
after the exposure interval and Nt was the number
of insects on the treated area after the exposure
interval.
Antifeedant activity of monoterpenes
To determine antifeedant activity of monoterpenes
a no-choice test was carried out as described[16,17]
with some modifications. 1 ml of prepared
concentrations of 10 and 30 μl of monoterpenes
dissolved in methanol and 1 ml solvent alone
as control were applied on to a 5 g grinded
mixture of pulses and rice kernels. The treated
mixture of food media was placed in Petri dishes
after evaporating the solvent. Ten adults of
T. castaneum and S. oryzae were transferred to
each pre-weighed food media in Petri dishes.After
feeding for 72 h, under laboratory conditions food
media were re-weighed and mortality of insects
was recorded. Three replicates of each treatment
were prepared, including the control. Nutritional
indices and weight loss were calculated as
previously described.[17,18]
Weight loss (%WL) =
(IW–FW) × 100/IW, where the IW is the initial
weight and FW is the final weight. The grain
protection due to application of compounds was
observed by calculating the feeding deterrence
index (FDI).[19,20]
Using the formula, FDI (%) =
(C – T) / (C + T) × 100, where C is weight loss of
control rice kernels and T is weight loss of treated
rice kernels.
Statistical analysis
Dataobtainedfromeachdose-responsebioassayfor
toxicity of monoterpenes were subjected to probit
analysis in which probit-transformed mortality
was regressed against log10-transformed dose and
LC50
values were generated. Tests for fumigant
toxicity, repellency, and antifeedant activity were
performed in triplicate and data presented are mean
± SE. The mean values were compared by one-way
ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparison tests
using software SPSS, version 11.5.
RESULTS
Fumigant toxicity of monoterpenes against
S. oryzae and T. castaneum
Monoterpene geraniol was found to be highly
effective against both S. oryzae and T. castaneum
than citronellol. At a lowest concentration of 0.02
µl/ml geraniol produced a mortality of 26.30 ± 0.11
after a short duration of 6 h that reached 52.76 ±
0.28% after an increased exposure of 72 h against
S. oryzae, whereas 0.2 µl/ml geraniol resulted in a
highest mortality of 40.44 ± 0.49,48.22 ± 0.39,and
64.72 ± 0.39% at 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively.
Citronellol showed least activity producing a
mortality of 52.76 ± 0.28 and 64.72 ± 0.39% at
0.02 and 0.2 µl/ml after 72 h of exposure against
S. oryzae [Table 1]. Similarly for T. castaneum
geraniol produced 68.75 ± 0.55% mortality at
0.2 µl/ml after 72 h, followed by 65.89 ± 0.21(0.12
µl/ml), 62.76 ± 0.39 (0.04 µl/ml), and 57.53 ± 0.51
(0.02 µl/ml). Citronellol even at a highest dose of
0.2 µl/ml caused 30.77 ± 0.49 and 38.44 ± 0.44%
mortality after 12 and 24 h, respectively, followed
by 48.66 ± 0.29 and 58.76 ± 0.37% mortality after
an increased exposure of 48 and 72 h while at a
lowest concentration of 0.02 µl/ml caused 32.09
± 0.08, 38.65 ± 0.34, and52.76 ± 0.28% mortality
after an interval of 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively,
against T. castaneum [Table 2].
Citronellol and eugenol showed fumigant toxicity
having LC50
value of 5.2 µl/ml and 3.0 µl/ml air
after 6 h treatment whereas similar compounds
exhibit LC50
values of 1.53 µl/ml and 0.24 µl/ml
air after 24 h of treatment, respectively, against
T. castaneum. Similarly, LC50
of 4.5 and 3.0 was
obtained at 6 h, followed by LC50
values of 1.14
and 0.14 after an increased exposure of 24 h for
S. oryzae [Table 3].
Repellent activity of monoterpenes against
S. oryzae and T. castaneum
Geraniol produced 42.56 ± 1.9% repellent activity
at 1 µl/cm2
after 1 h, followed by 40.18 ± 1.8
(0.6 µl/cm2
) and 35.38 ± 1.8 (0.2 µl/cm2
) whereas
% repellency of 48.60 ± 1.4 (1 µl/cm2
), 45.44 ±
3.1 (0.6 µl/cm2
), and 38.28 ± 2.8 (0.2 µl/cm2
) was

obtained by citronellol against T. castaneum after
same time period. At 1 µl/cm2
59.42 ± 4.2 and
63.54 ± 1.2% repellency was produced by geraniol
after 3 and 5 h while 62.28 ± 2.2 and 68.41 ± 3.3%
repellent activity was obtained by citronellol at
same concentration and time intervals toward
T. castaneum [Table 4]. Moreover, the repellent
activity decreased after 24 h of exposure for all the
treatments at respective concentrations. Citronellol
and geraniol at a highest concentration of 1 µl/cm2
gave 56.61 ± 3.4 and 50.56 ± 1.1% repellency,
respectively, after 5 h that further decreased to
43.16 ± 4.6 and 39.10 ± 3.2% after an increased
exposure of 24 h against S. oryzae [Table 5].
Antifeedant activity of monoterpenes against
T. castaneum and S. oryzae
8.32 ± 0.16 and 9.42 ± 0.08% grain damage was
observed for citronellol and geraniol at a high
concentration of 30 µl/g as compared to 70.32 ±
0.28% damage under control and FDI was 78.95
± 0.09 and 67.59 ± 0.17% for T. castaneum. While
10.15 ± 0.27 and 11.23 ± 0.11% grain damage and
73.17 ± 0.15 and 72.41 ± 0.32% FDI were obtained
at a lower concentration of 10 µl/g for similar
treatments and insect pest [Table 6]. Citronellol
showed 52.80 ± 0.32% FDI with 25.21 ± 0.18%
grain damage, followed by geraniol with 49.28
± 0.17% FDI and 26.05 ± 0.09% grain damage
Table 1: Fumigant toxicity of two monoterpenes against Sitophilus oryzae
Monoterpenes Doses µl/ml % Mortality±SE
6 h 12 h 24 h 48 h 72 h
0.02 26.30±0.11a
30.56±0.33b
32.09±0.08a
38.65±0.34b
52.76±0.28a
Citronellol 0.04 28.53±0.14a
30.55±0.33b
33.54±0.20a
40.77±0.45b
55.77±0.33a
0.12 28.63±0.24a
31.45±0.45b
36.35±0.41b
44.54±0.51b
58.87±0.21a
0.2 30.57±0.23b
31.56±0.50b
40.44±0.49b
48.22±0.39a
64.72±0.39b
0.02 30.44±0.12b
33.45±0.45b
39.32±0.28b
47.52±0.53a
61.75±0.38a
Geraniol 0.04 32.54±0.08b
34.76±0.54b
45.65±0.39b
55.76±0.26a
64.88±0.49b
0.12 32.38±0.32b
38.55±0.33a
48.76±0.40c
58.89±0.44c
66.70±0.61b
0.2 34.67±0.29b
40.87±0.56a
52.50±0.44c
63.33±0.50c
70.66±0.67c
Control 0.00±0.00ab
0.00±0.00ab
0.00±0.00ab
0.00±0.00ab
0.00±0.00ab
% values are mean (n=3)±SE. The means within a column followed by same letter are not significantly different from each other according to ANOVA and Tukey’s comparison tests
Table 2: Fumigant toxicity of two monoterpenes against Tribolium castaneum
Monoterpenes Doses µl/ml % Mortality±SE
6 h 12 h 24 h 48 h 72 h
0.02 25.45±0.09a
28.54±0.36b
30.66±0.12a
36.57±0.31a
50.49±0.27b
Citronellol 0.04 25.65±0.32a
28.60±0.36b
32.56±0.08a
38.77±0.49a
52.54±0.39b
0.12 28.87±0.18a
30.65±0.39b
35.46±0.19a
44.55±0.57b
54.17±0.42b
0.2 28.66±0.34a
30.77±0.49b
38.44±0.44b
48.66±0.29b
58.76±0.37a
0.02 28.58±0.09a
30.56±0.33b
38.77±0.27b
49.43±0.65b
57.53±0.51a
Geraniol 0.04 30.45±0.21b
32.43±0.42b
43.66±0.39b
53.78±0.39b
62.76±0.39a
0.12 30.67±0.07b
35.87±0.21b
45.32±0.53b
54.65±0.19b
65.89±0.21c
0.2 30.77±0.19b
38.23±0.56a
50.55±0.45c
60.66±0.45c
68.75±0.55c
0.00±0.00ab
0.00±0.00ab
0.00±0.00ab
0.00±0.00ab
% Values are mean (n=3)±SE. The means within a column followed by same letter are not significantly different from each other according to ANOVA and Tukey’s comparison
tests
Table 3: LC50
values of two monoterpenes against insect
pests on different exposure intervals
LC50
µl/ml air 6 h 12 h 24 h
Citronellol
S. oryzae 4.5 2.3 1.14
T. castaneum 5.2 2.8 1.53
Geraniol
S. oryzae 3.0 1.48 0.14
T. castaneum 3.0 1.87 0.24
S. oryzae: Sitophilus oryzae, T. castaneum: Tribolium castaneum

at 10 µl/g against S. oryzae, whereas 21.45 ±
0.32 and 23.32 ± 0.25% grain damage and 63.82
± 0.09 and 58.97 ± 0.09% FDI were calculated
at concentration of 30 µl/g for same pest and
monoterpenes, respectively [Table 7].
DISCUSSION
The present study demonstrated that the
monoterpenes have varying degrees of fumigant
toxicity, repellent activity, and antifeedant activity
against two species of stored product pests but
dependent on the dosage and duration of treatment.
Monoterpene geraniol was found to be more
effective than citronellol against both S. oryzae
and T. castaneum. At a lowest concentration of
0.02 µl/ml geraniol produced a mortality of 26.30
± 0.11 after a short duration of 6 h against S. oryzae
whereas citronellol showed least activity producing
a mortality of 52.76 ± 0.28 and 64.72 ± 0.39% at
0.02 and 0.2 µl/ml after 72 h of exposure against
S. oryzae. Similarly for T. castaneum geraniol
produced 68.75 ± 0.55% mortality at 0.2 µl/ml
after 72 h, whereas citronellol even at a highest
dose of 0.2 µl/ml caused 30.77 ± 0.49 and 38.44
± 0.44% mortality after 12 and 24 h, respectively,
followed by 48.66 ± 0.29 and 58.76 ± 0.37%
mortality after an increased exposure of 48 and 72
h. S. oryzae was found to be more susceptible for
all the treatments than T. castaneum. The previous
studies also evaluated the insecticidal activities
of variable magnitude in monoterpenes against
various insect species. Some monoterpenes, namely,
limonene, terpinen-4-ol, 1,8-cineole, menthol,
carvacrol, myrcene, and α-pinene were shown to
be more toxic than others.[21-23]
Due to their high
volatility many plant derived materials including
monoterpenoids have fumigant action against a
variety of insect pests.[24]
The present work supports
the results discussed previously. In the repellency
tests geraniol produced 42.56 ± 1.9% repellent
activity at 1 µl/cm2
after 1 h whereas repellency
Table 4: Percentage repellency of two monoterpenes
against Tribolium castaneum at different time intervals
(values are mean±SE)
Monoterpenes Time
(h)
Doses µl/cm2
0.2 µl/cm2
0.6 µl/cm2
1 µl/cm2
Citronellol 1 38.28±2.8cd
45.44±3.1a
48.60±1.4ab
3 42.34±1.9cd
40.32±2.5a
62.28±2.2bc
5 53.12±3.6a
58.32±1.5d
68.41±3.3b
24 18.46±2.1bc
18.56±1.2ab
45.29±1.1ab
Geraniol 1 35.38±1.8cd
40.18±1.8a
42.56±1.9ab
3 40.48±2.2cd
36.26±3.5bc
59.42±4.2c
5 50.28±1.6a
52.32±1.5a
63.54±1.2bc
24 15.25±3.1bc
15.56±4.2ab
40.52±3.5ab
% Values are mean (n=3)±SE. The means within a column followed by same letter
are not significantly different from each other according to ANOVA and Tukey’s
comparison tests
Table 5: Percentage repellency of two monoterpenes
against Sitophilus oryzae at different time intervals (values
are mean±SE)
Monoterpenes Time
(h)
Doses µl/cm2
0.2 µl/cm2
0.6 µl/cm2
1 µl/cm2
Citronellol 1 28.13±2.4c
36.65±2.8bc
40.54±1.4ab
3 35.45±1.9c
41.63±1.6d
46.45±2.5d
5 40.51±2.4c
49.36±2.2d
56.61±3.4c
24 15.24±1.4ab
18.52±4.1ab
43.16±4.6d
Geraniol 1 25.63±1.4c
32.45±1.8bc
36.24±3.2bc
3 30.25±2.9c
35.43±2.8bc
42.25±1.5ab
5 36.33±2.1bc
45.56±1.2d
50.56±1.1d
24 15.24±1.4ab
18.5±4.1ab
39.10±3.2ab
comparison tests
Table 6: Antifeedant activity of two monoterpenes against
Tribolium castaneum (values are mean±SE)
Monoterpenes Doses
µl/g
Grain
damage (%)
Weight
loss (%)
FDI (%)
Citronellol 10 10.15±0.27c
7.01±0.28c
73.17±0.15b
30 8.32±0.16c
5.32±0.32d
78.95±0.09b
Geraniol 10 11.23±0.11d
7.24±0.23c
72.41±0.32b
30 9.42±0.08c
5.48±0.19d
67.59±0.17d
45.25±0.32ab
-
comparison tests
Table 7: Antifeedant activity of two monoterpenes against
Sitophilus oryzae (values are mean± SE)
Monoterpenes Doses
µl/g
Grain
damage (%)
Weight
loss (%)
FDI (%)
Citronellol 10 25.21±0.18d
18.32±0.34d
52.80±0.32bc
30 21.45±0.32c
13.10±0.21a
63.82±0.09a
Geraniol 10 26.05±0.09d
20.15±0.18d
49.28±0.17cd
30 23.32±0.25a 15.31±0.09c
58.97±0.09d
59.32±0.26ab
-
comparison tests

of 48.60 ± 1.4% was obtained by citronellol
against T. castaneum after same concentration and
time period. Citronellol and geraniol at a highest
concentration of 1 µl/cm2
gave 56.61 ± 3.4 and
50.56 ± 1.1% repellency, respectively, after 5 h
against S. oryzae. Moreover, the repellent activity
decreasedafter24hofexposureforallthetreatments
at respective concentrations. The previous studies
showed that essential oil extracted from Piper
nigrum (L.) caused repulsion in the adults of
T. castaneum at low concentration.[25]
Insecticidal
activity against T. castaneum was also reported in
essential oils isolated from Trachyspermum ammi,
Anethum graveolens, and Nigella sativa[26]
and
different insecticidal activity against Sitophilus
zeamais and T. castaneum by leaf essential oil of
Melaleuca cajuputi in case of T. castaneum 100%
repellency was reported.[27]
FDI showed that the
tested monoterpenes had antifeedant action against
the two insect pests at different concentrations. 8.32
± 0.16and 9.42 ± 0.08% grain damage was observed
for citronellol and geraniol at a high concentration of
30 µl/g as compared to 70.32 ± 0.28% damage under
control and FDI was 78.95 ± 0.09and 67.59 ± 0.17%
for T. castaneum. Citronellol showed 52.80±0.32%
FDI with 25.21 ± 0.18% grain damage followed
by geraniol with 49.28 ± 0.17% FDI and 26.05 ±
0.09% grain damage at 10 µl/g against S. oryzae. In
a related study, the adults of S. zeamais and larvae of
T. castaneum showed antifeedant activity in media
treated with cinnamaldehyde, a benzene derivative
from the essential oil of cinnamon.[28]
A feeding
deterrent index of 91.51, 97.26, 98.02, and 6.18%
of essential oil of Aegle marmelos for C. chinensis,
Rhyzopertha dominica, S. oryzae, and T. castaneum
with 100% grain damage in T. castaneum was
recorded while in C. chinensis, R. dominica, and
S. oryzae infested grains 7.0, 3.67, and 1.67% grain
damage were found, respectively.[29]
Oils containing
mainly oxygenated monoterpene compounds were
reported to lose their activity slower than those
with high content of hydrocarbon monoterpenes
compounds.[28]
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27. Ko K, Juntarajumnong W, Chandrapatya A. Repellency,
fumigant and contact toxicities of Litsea cubeba (Lour.)
Persoon against Sitophilous zeamais Motschulsky
and Tribolium castaneum Herbst. Kasetsart J (Natural
Science) 2009;43:56-63.
28. Huang Y, Ho SH. Toxicity and antifeedant activities
of cinnamaldehyde against the grain storage insects,
Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Sitophilus zeamais
Motsch. J Stored Prod Res 1998;34:11-7.
29. Kumar R, Srivastava M, Dubey NK. Evaluation of
Cymbopogon martini oil extract for control of postharvest
insect deterioration in cereals and legumes. J Food Prot
2008;70:172-8.

ISSN 2582 – 6050
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Dissolution Method Validation with Reverse Phase Chromatographic Method for
Determination of Eltrombopag Drug Release in Dissolution Samples of Tablets
Keyur Ahir, Sumer Singh, Dharti Patel*, Miral Patel
Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Received: 10 October 2020; Revised: 15 November 2020; Accepted: 20 December 2020
ABSTRACT
The present analytical work is a unique method development and validation for the determination of
dissolution of Eltrombopag using reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with
isocratic elution technique. HPLC method for quantification of drug in dissolution samples of Eltrombopag
tablet is developed and validated. About 0.5% polysorbate 80 in phosphate buffer of pH −6.8 is used as
dissolution medium and paddle (USP-II) as apparatus at 50 rpm. The sample was withdrawn after 45
min. The developed HPLC method was used for quantitative estimation of drug release in dissolution
samples of Eltrombopag tablet. Here, the stationary phase used was Xbridge C18 (50 mm × 4.6 mm ×
5 μm), mobile phase was 25% ammonium formate and 75% acetonitrile. pH of the buffer solution
was maintained at 3.0, flow rate 1.0 ml/min. Eluted material underwent for monitoring at the detector
wavelength of 230 nm. Retention time for Eltrombopag was found to be 2.16 min; and linearity range was
3.516 µg/mL–131.862 µg/mL. The new method was evaluated according to the ICH guideline and as far as
validation results are concern correlation coefficient value that was 1.0000 for the compound, percentage
recovery 99.4%, and repeatability results relative standard deviation 0.6 for Eltrombopag. The developed
HPLC method was found to be a simple and rapid one for regular analysis in professional laboratory.
Keywords: Eltrombopag, high-performance liquid chromatography, method development, validation
DRUG PROFILE
Eltrombopag olamine
Description: Eltrombopag used in Severe Aplastic
Anemia and hemostasis
Structure
Description: Orange to red Crystalline Solid.
IUPAC name: 3-(3-{2-[(4Z)-1-(3,4-
dimethylphenyl)-3-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-
1H-pyrazol-4-ylidene]hydrazin-1-yl}-2-
hydroxyphenyl)benzoic acid.
Molecular Weight: 564.643 g/mol.
Dharti Patel,
E-mail: dharti.patel788@gmail.com
Molecular Formula: C25
H22
N4
O4
.
Wave length: 230 nm.
Melting Point: 242-244°C.
Solubility: Sparingly Soluble in Water and Freely
Soluble in dimethylformamide.
pKa: 3.99.
log P: 6.3.
Mode of action
Eltrombopag is an orally bioavailable, small-
molecule thrombopoietin (TPO)-receptor agonist
that interacts with the transmembrane domain of the
human TPO-receptor. Eltrombopag is a stimulator
of STAT and JAK phosphorylation. Unlike
recombinant TPO or romiplostim, Eltrombopag
does not activate the AKT pathway in any way. It
should be noted that when given to patients with
aplastic anemia, other lineages besides platelet

Patel, et al.: Development and validation of eltrombopag dissolution method by RP-HPLC
count were increased, suggesting that either
Eltrombopag enhanced the effect of TPO in vivo;
or there is a yet uncovered mechanism of action at
work.
Absorption
Peak absorption of Eltrombopag occurs around
2–6 h following oral administration, and the total
oral absorption of drug-related material following
a 75 mg dose was estimated to be at least 52%.
Eltrombopag tablets 25 mg, 50 mg, and 75 mg are
approved drug product by USFDA.
OBJECTIVE AND PLAN OF STUDY
As per literature survey, it is learned that there are
very few methods available for the determination of
Eltrombopag. Dharti and Miral developed precipice
and accurate Spectroscopic high-performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for
determination of dissolution of Eltrombopag in
bulk and pharmaceutical formulation.
• To develop HPLC method for dissolution
of simultaneous estimation of Eltrombopag
Tablet and validated method according to the
ICH guidelines.
• To apply validated method for the estimation of
Eltrombopag in pharmaceutical formulation in
QC laboratory and RD lab Scale.[1-5]
Materials
Eltrombopag tablets supplied by Medindia
Pharma network., DI Water, HPLC Grade water,
acetonitrile, methanol, potassium dihydrogen
phosphate, ammonium formate, glacial acetic
acid, sodium hydroxide, dimethyl formamide, and
polysorbate 80 [Figure 1-3].
Instruments
HPLC instruments used a Shimadzu’s HPLC (LC-
1020C HT) with PDA detector and autosampler
(Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan) with
Empower-3 Software.
SHIMADZU 1800 double-beam Ultraviolet (UV)
‐ Visible spectrophotometer with software LC
Solution (Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan),
Dissolution Apparatus of Electro lab.
Methods
Dissolution medium preparation
Weight about 68 g of potassium dihydrogen
phosphate and transfer into a 8000 ml of water.
Sonicate to dissolve it and mixed well. Adjust pH
6.80 ± 0.05 using NaoH solution and mixed well
Dilute to volume up to 10,000 ml with water and
mixed well degas it. Weigh and transfer 50.0 g of
polysorbate 80 into same beaker and dissolve.[6-10]
Dissolution parameters
Apparatus: USP Type-II Paddle.
Medium Volume: 900 mL.
Speed: 50 RPM.
Temperature: 37 ± 0.5°C.
Diluent
Based on solubility data of drug, dissolution
medium was selected. It was observed 0.5%
polysorbate 80 in phosphate buffer pH 6.8.
Preparation of buffer solution
Weight and transfer about 0.63 g of ammonium
formate and transfer into suitable container
containing 1000 ml of water. Sonicate to dissolve
it and mixed well. Adjust the pH 3.00 ± 0.05 using
glacial acetic acid solution and mixed well.
Mobile phase preparation
Prepare a mixture of buffer solution and acetonitrile
in ratio of 25:75 %v/v, respectively. Mixed well
and degas it by sonication.
Chromatographic parameters
HPLC column: Xbridge C18 (50 mm × 4.6 mm ×
5 μm).
Pump Flow: 1.0 ml/min.
Injection volume: 10 μL.

Wavelength: UV detector at 230 nm.
Column oven temperature: 25°.
Sample oven temperature: 25°.
Run time: 5 min.
Preparation standard stock solution of
eltrombopag
Weigh accurately 112.0 mg of Eltrombopag
reference standard and transfer into a 50 ml
volumetric flask. Add about 20 mL of dimethyl
formamide and sonicate to dissolve. Make up the
volume up to the mark with methanol and mix well.
Preparation standard solutions of
eltrombopag
Pippete 8.0 mL of standard stock solution and
transfer in a 250 mL volumetric flask and
Diluted up to mark with Diluent and mix well.
Preparation sample solutions of eltrombopag
Placed one tablet in each individual jar (six tablets
in six individual jars) which was contained 900 ml
of dissolution medium maintained at 37.0. The
paddle was rotated at speed of 75 rpm. Aliquot
was withdrawn after 45 min. Filtered through 0.45
μm PVDF filter and injected in chromatographic
system.
Validation parameter
Method was evaluated as per ICH. The evaluation
parameter took into Consideration was system
suitability, precision, accuracy, intermediate
precision, linearity, robustness study, etc.[11-13]
Specificity
The specificity was determine by the comparison
of diluent, standard solution, and sample solution.
There no interference is observed at the peak of
Main Peak (Eltromopag) in Blank, hence, this
method considered as specific.
System suitability parameter
This parameter is determine by preparing standard
solution of Eltrombopag and solution was injected
5 times and parameters such as tailing, plate count,
and retention time were determined.
Accuracy
The accuracy for the present HPLC methods was
determined by calculating the extant of recoveries of
Eltrombopag by the method called standard addition.
Correctamountofsolutions(standard)ofEltrombopag
(each 25%, 100%, and 200%) was added and injected
to pre-quantified solution of sample. The quantity of
each substances recovered was determined.
Precision
Precision is usually measured as the coefficient
of variation or relative standard deviation (RSD)
Figure 1: Structure of Eltrombopag olamine
Figure 2: Standard solution chromatogram of Eltrombopag olamine

of analytical results acquired from independently
preparedsamples(sixtabletsincaseofdissolution).
Method precision was evaluated by performing the
dissolution using proposed method (dissolution
parameters and chromatographic method) on six
tablets of Eltrombopag tablets and calculated
% release of Eltrombopag in each sample. The
%RSD for set of six tablets was calculated. The
intermediate precision of the method was also
evaluated using different day and a different
instrument in the same laboratory by carrying out
dissolution on six more tablets using proposed
method and calculated % release of Eltrombopag
in each sample.
Linearity
The linearity of an analytical procedure is its
ability to obtain test results which are directly
proportional to the concentration of analyte in
sample. The linearity of Eltrombopag olamine
is established by analyzing linearity solutions
of different concentrations from 4% to 150% of
working concentration of method for dissolution.
The linearity curve is plotted for peak area versus
concentration.
Robustness
Robustness study is performed by analyzing the
standard and sample at different conditions.
The results obtained with altered conditions are
compared against results obtained under normal
chromatographic conditions. The parameter
included changed flow rate, temperature, pH of
buffer, mobile phase ratio, dissolution medium,
and RPM.
Table 1: Contains all the results of accuracy studies
% of Eltrombopag
standard added
(µg/ml)
Amount of
standard
eltrombopag
added (µg/ml)
Amount of
eltrombopag
standard added
(µg/ml)
Amount of
eltrombopag
standard recovered
(Μg/ml)
Amount of
eltrombopag
standard recovered
%
Average %
recovery
% RSD
25% 11 11.564 11.703 98.8 99.3 1.1
11.550 11.490 100.4
11.523 11.705 98.4
100% 43 43.044 43.417 99.1 99.3 0.4
43.041 43.447 99.1
43.036 43.121 99.8
150% 65 65.013 65.205 99.7 99.5 0.3
64.987 65.143 99.8
65.006 65.626 99.1
Overall % recovery 99.4
Overall % RSD 0.6
Table 2: Explains about results of linearity analysis
Linearity level Concentration
(µg/mL)
Peak area
4% 3.516 123,521
50% 43.954 1,564,481
80% 70.326 2,524,287
90% 79.117 2,833,655
100% 87.908 3,143,224
110% 96.699 3,478,806
120% 105.489 3,799,830
150% 131.862 4,740,748
Correlation coefficient: 1.0000 Y-intercept: −10965.7971
Slope: 36027.3439 Y-intercept bias at 100% level: −0.3%
Figure 3: Linearity plot of Eltrombopag olamine/calibration
curved of Eltrombopag
y = 36027.3439x-10965.7971
R² = 1.0000
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
5000000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
P
e
a
k
A
r
e
a
Concentration (µg/mL)

Table 3: Robustness results comparison with precision result – variation in flow rate (Sample Solution) (±0.2 mL/min)
Injection # % drug release
Flow rate:
0.8 mL/min
Actual flow rate:
1.0 mL/min
Flow rate:
1.2 mL/min
Actual flow rate:
1.0 mL/min
1 94 97 94 97
2 99 97 99 97
3 101 96 101 96
4 99 97 99 97
5 102 96 102 96
6 102 98 102 98
Mean 100 97 100 97
% RSD 3.0 0.8 3.0 0.8
Absolute difference 3 3
Table 4: Robustness results comparison with precision result – Variation in column oven Temperature (Sample solution) (±5°C)
Column oven
temperature: 20°C
Actual column oven
temperature: 25°C
Column oven
temperature: 30°C
Actual column oven
temperature: 25°C
1 94 97 94 97
2 99 97 99 97
3 101 96 102 96
4 99 97 99 97
5 102 96 102 96
6 102 98 102 98
Mean 100 97 100 97
% RSD 3.0 0.8 3.1 0.8
Table 5: Robustness results comparison with precision result – variation of pH in Buffer solution (sample solution) (±0.20 pH)
pH of buffer
solution: 2.80 pH
Actual pH of buffer
solution: 3.00 pH
pH of buffer solution:
3.20 pH
Actual pH of buffer
solution: 3.00 pH
1 94 97 94 97
2 99 97 99 97
3 102 96 102 96
4 99 97 100 97
5 102 96 103 96
6 103 98 103 98
Mean 100 97 100 97
% RSD 3.3 0.8 3.4 0.8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
System suitability parameter [Tables 1-8]
Theoptimizedchromatographicmethodasdeveloped
resulted in the elution of Eltrombopag at 2.16 min.
Figure 2 is the representative chromatogram of
standard Eltrombopag. System suitability results
were evaluated taking six replicates of standard at 50
mg for the compound Eltrombopag. Table 9 narrates
about the results of system suitability parameters.

Accuracy
% Recovery of Eltrombopag 25%, 100%, and
150% was 99.4 as mean.
PRECISION RESULTS
Result of precision as mean area of peak and %RSD
for Eltrombopag standard injections was 1,683,698
Table 6: Robustness results comparison with Precision result – variation of organic solvent (acetonitrile) in mobile phase
composition
Injection# % drug release
−5% Variation of Acetonitrile
in Mobile Phase composition:
(Buffer solution: Acetonitrile
[288:712])
Actual composition of
Mobile Phase composition
: (Buffer solution:
Acetonitrile [250:750])
+5% Variation of
Acetonitrile in Mobile
Phase composition:
(Buffer solution:
Acetonitrile [212:788])
Actual composition
of Mobile Phase
composition: (Buffer
solution: Acetonitrile
[250:750])
1 100 97 100 97
2 102 97 102 97
3 99 96 100 96
4 103 97 103 97
5 97 96 97 96
6 101 98 101 98
Mean 100 97 101 97
% RSD 2.2 0.8 2.1 0.8
Table 7: Results of robustness-variation in media volume for sample (±5%)
Media volume:
855 mL
Actual media
volume: 900 mL
Media volume:
945 mL
Actual media
volume: 900 mL
1 101 97 100 97
2 98 97 101 97
3 98 96 100 96
4 99 97 100 97
5 93 96 100 96
6 101 98 100 98
Mean 98 97 100 97
% RSD 3.0 0.8 0.4 0.8
Table 8: Results of robustness-variation in RPM for sample (±2 RPM)
RPM: 48 Actual RPM: 50 RPM: 52 Actual RPM: 50
1 95 97 99 97
2 91 97 95 97
3 98 96 99 96
4 102 97 100 97
5 97 96 96 96
6 99 98 100 98
Mean 97 97 98 97
% RSD 3.9 0.8 2.2 0.8

and 0.3%. For Eltrombopag sample injection results
were 1,674,925 and 0.7%. Results of intermediate
precision study in terms of average area of peak
and %RSD for Eltrombopag standard injections
were 1,668,277 and 0.6%. For Eltrombopag sample
injection results were 1674,058 and 0.7%
Tables 10 and 11 narrate precision and intermediate
results in details.
Linearity
Results of linearity test revealed that mean Y
interceptvalue,slopevalue,andvalueofcorrelation
coefficient for Eltrombopag were −9493.3632,
33463.9802x, 1.0000 at the concentration range of
3.516 µg/mL–131.862 µg/mL
ROBUSTNESS RESULTS
Robustness study is performed by analyzing
the standard and sample at different conditions.
The results obtained with altered conditions are
chromatographic conditions. Altered condition
includes flow rate variation in column temperature,
organic ratio, and change in buffer Ph.
CONCLUSION
Newly, developed method is cost effective, precise,
accurate, linear, robust, selective, and specific.
Therefore, above newly developed analytical
method is suitable for the evaluation of bulk and
tablet formulation of Eltrombopag in laboratory
analysis.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We are very much thankful to Dr Sumer singh,
Professor of Singhania University, Rajasthan and
Dr Keyur Ahir for his guidance, kind help, and
constant encouragement at every step during the
progress of this research work; at the same time,
we also express our gratitude to Global analytical
laboratory for providing a healthy working
environment which is an essence in research field.
REFERENCES
1. Available from: https://www.drugbank.ca/salts/DBSAL
T000063. [Last accessed on 2019 Jan 20].
2. Available from: https://www.pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.
gov/compound/Eltrombopag. [Last accessed on 2020
Aug 18].
3. Available from: http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-
Structure.28475107(StructureIDofEltrombopagOlami
ne).html. [Last accessed on 2020 Aug 18].
4. Available from: https://www.drugs.com/monograph/
eltrombopag.html. [Last accessed on 2019 Jan 16].
5. Brunton LL, Lgzo JS, Parker KL. Goodman and Gilman’s
the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 11th
ed. New
York: McGraw-Hill; 2006. p. 1441.
6. Chatwal GR, Sham AK. Instrumental Method of
Chemical Analysis. 5th
ed. New Delhi: Himalaya
Publishing House; 2002. p. 631.
7. Robinson JW, Skelly Frame EM, Frame GM.
Undergraduate Instrumental Analysis. 6th
ed. United
Table 9: System suitability
Compound RT (min) Area USP plate
count
Tailing
factor
Eltrombopag 2.18 2000644 3259 1.2
Table 10: Results of precision and intermediate precision
standard solution
Sr. no. Peak area of
Eltrombopag
standard (Precision)
Peak area of Eltrombopag
standard
(Intermediate precision)
1 2,000,644 2,064,525
2 2,002,355 2,061,243
3 2,003,582 2,067,171
4 2,001,160 2,068,153
5 2,001,551 2,065,803
Mean 2,001,858 2,065,379
%RSD 0.1 0.1
Table 11: Results of precision and intermediate precision
sample solution
Sr. no Peak area of
Eltrombopag sample
(Precision)
Peak area of Eltrombopag
sample
(Intermediate precision)
1 1,912,536 2,005,515
2 1,912,365 2,012,255
3 1,892,565 1,992,556
4 1,912,244 2,001,565
5 1,912,222 1,992,565
6 1,925,465 2,012,555
Mean 2,002,184 2,002,835
% RSD 1.07 0.4

States: Marcel Dekker; 2005. p. 806.
8. Snyder LR, Kirkland JL. Practical HPLC Method
Development. 1st
ed. United States: John Wiley and Sons
Publisher; 1997. p. 756-61.
9. Skoog DA, Holler FJ, Nieman TA. Principles of
Instrumental Analysis. 5th
ed. Singapore: Thomson
Learning; 2005. p. 785-6.
10. Ahuja S, Scypinski S. Handbook of Morden
Pharmaceutical Analysis. Vol. 3. Netherlands: Elsexier
Publication; 2009. p. 349.
11. Marakatham S, Vallikumari RV, Kumar MS.
Spectrophotometric method for determination of
eltrombopag in bulk and pharmaceutical formulation.
Int J Res Pharm Biosci 2017;4:13-6.
12. ICH Steering Committee. ICH Q2B, Validation of
Analytical Procedure. Text and Methodology, London
(CPMP/ICH/281/95): European Agency for the
Evaluation of Medicinal Products. Geneva, Switzerland:
International Conference on Harmonization, IFPMA;
1996.
13. ICH Topic. Q2 (R1) Validation of Analytical Procedures:
Text and Methodology. Geneva, Switzerland: ICH; 2019.

ISSN 2582 – 6050
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Development and Validation of Reversed Phase-High-Performance Liquid
Chromatography, Dissolution Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Aminocaproic
Acid in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
Keyur Ahir, Sumer Singh, Dharti Patel, Miral Patel*
Global Analytical laboratory, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
ABSTRACT
A simple, accurate, precise, and robust in vitro methods developed and validated for measurement of
drug release in Aminocaproic Acid tablets. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method
for quantification of drug in dissolution samples of Aminocaproic Acid tablet is developed and validated.
0.1 N Hydrochloric acid is used as dissolution medium and Basket (USP-I) as apparatus at 100 rpm. The
sample was withdrawn after 60 min. The developed HPLC method was used for quantitative estimation of
drug release in dissolution samples of Aminocaproic Acid tablet. Chromatogram was run through Inertsil
ODS 3V, (250 × 4.6 mm), 5 μm. Mobile phase containing buffer solution and methanol in the pumped
through column at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. Buffer used in this method was 13.3 g sodium dihydrogen
phosphate monohydrate, 500 mg of Heptane-1-sulfonic acid sodium salt, and 1.0 mL of Triethylamine
buffer with pH 2.20 adjusted by orthophosphoric acid. Optimized wavelength for Aminocaproic acid was
210 nm. Retention time of Aminocaproic acid was found about 4.0 min; linearity range was 132.605 μg/
ml–828.787 μg/ml. The new method was evaluated according to ICH guideline and as far as validation
results are concern correlation coefficient value was 0.9999 for the very compound, percentage recovery
100.0%, repeatability results relative standard deviation 0.9 for Aminocaproic acid. The developed HPLC
method was found to be a simple and rapid one for regular analysis in professional laboratory.
Keywords: Aminocaproic acid, method development, dissolution, validation, reversed phase high-
performance liquid chromatography
DURG PROFILE
Aminocaproic Acid
Description: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in
severe hemorrhage.
Structure: Figure 1
Appearance: Fine, White, Crystalline Powder.
Molecular weight: 131.175 g/mol.
Molecular formula: C6
H13
NO2.
IUPAC name: 6-aminohexanoic acid.
Miral Patel,
E-mail: Miral_8241@yahoo.co.in
Mechanism of action
Imipramine works by inhibiting the neuronal
reuptake of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and
serotonin. It binds the sodium-dependent serotonin
transporter and sodium-dependent norepinephrine
transporter preventing or reducing the reuptake
of norepinephrine and serotonin by nerve cells.
Depression has been linked to a lack of stimulation
of the post-synaptic neuron by norepinephrine
and serotonin. Slowing the reuptake of these
neurotransmitters increases their concentration in
the synaptic cleft, which is thought to contribute
to relieving symptoms of depression. In addition
to acutely inhibiting neurotransmitter re-uptake,
imipramine causes downregulation of cerebral

Ahir, et al.: Development and validation of aminocaproic acid dissolution method by RP-HPLC
cortical beta-adrenergic receptors and sensitization
of post-synaptic serotonergic receptors with chronic
use.Thisleadstoenhancedserotonergictransmission.
Pharmacodynamic
Aminocaproic acid works as an antifibrinolytic.
It is a derivative of the amino acid lysine. The
fibrinolysis-inhibitory effects of aminocaproic
acid appear to be exerted principally through
inhibition of plasminogen activators and to a lesser
degree through antiplasmin activity. Aminocaproic
acid may be a possible prophylactic for vascular
disease, as it may prevent formation of lipoprotein
(a), a risk factor for vascular disease.
Absorption
Rapidlyandwell-absorbedafteroraladministration.
Bioavailability is approximately 43%. Peak plasma
concentrations usually attained 1–2 h following
oral administration.[1-4]
Objective and plan of study
The objective of the study was to develop Reversed
Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
(RP-HPLC)methodfordissolutionofAminocaproic
acidTabletandvalidatedmethodasperInternational
Conference on Harmonization (ICH) Q2 (R1) and
to apply validated method for the estimation of
Aminocaproic acid in quality control or in research
laboratories of pharmaceutical companies.
Materials
AminocaproicacidtabletsweresuppliedbyMedindia
Pharma network. HPLC grade water, methanol,
triethylamine, orthophosphoric acid, sodium
dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate Heptane-1-
sulfonic acid sodium salt, Hydrochloric acid, etc.[5-7]
Instrument
HPLC instrument used A Shimadzu’s HPLC
(LC-1020C HT) with PDA detector and auto
sampler (Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan).
Software used is Empower-3. Ultraviolet (UV)
Spectrophtometer SHIMADZU 1800 double beam
UV‐Visible spectrophotometer with software LC
Solution (Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan),
dissolution apparatus of Electrolab.
Methods
Dissolution medium preparation
0.1 N hydrochloric acid: Transfer 85.0 mL
of hydrochloric acid into a suitable container
containing about 5000 mL of water. Dilute up to
10000 mL with water and mix well. Degas it.[8-10]
Dissolution parameters
Apparatus: USP apparatus I (Basket).
Medium: 0.1 N HCl.
Speed: 100 RPM.
Medium Volume: 500 mL.
Time: 60 min.
Diluent
Based on solubility data of drug, dissolution
medium selected as a diluent (0.1 N Hydrochloric
acid).
Preparation of buffer
Weigh accurately about 13.3 g of
Sotassiumdihydrogen phosphate monohydrate
and 500 mg of Heptane-l-sulfonic acid sodium
salt, transfer into a suitable container containing
1000 mL of water. Sonicate to dissolve it and mix
well. Add 1.0 mL of Triethylamine into it and mix
well. Adjust the pH to 2.20 ± 0.05 using diluted
orthophosphoric acid solution and mix well.
Mobile phase
Prepare a mixture of Buffer solution and methanol
in the ratio of 75:25 (% v/v), respectively. Mix well
and degas it by sonication.
Chromatographic parameters
HPLC column: Inertsil ODS 3V (250 × 4.6 mm),
5 μm.
Pump Flow: 1.0 ml/min.

Injection volume: 25.0 μL.
Wavelength: UV detector at 210 nm.
Column oven temperature: 50°C.
Sample cooler temperature: 25°C.
Run Time: 10 min.
Preparation of standard stock solutions
Accurately weighed 50.0 mg of Aminocaproic acid
standard and transferred to 50 ml volumetric flask.
Add 35 mL of diluent and sonication to dissolve it.
Dilute to volume with diluent and mix well.
Preparation of sample solutions (for 500 mg tablets)
Place 500 mL of dissolution medium into each of
six dissolution vessels, which are placed in water
bath, maintained at 37°C + 0.5°C. Individually,
weigh each of six tablets and record the weight.
Sequentially, place each tablet into a respective
basket.Attach the basket to the shaft and shaft lower
the basket shaft into vessel. Run the dissolution
unit as per the dissolution parameter. Aliquot was
withdrawn after 60 min. Filtered through 0.45 μm
filter and injected in chromatographic system.
Validation parameters
The method was evaluated as per protocol of ICH
guideline. The evaluation parameters took into
consideration were system suitability parameters,
precision, accuracy, intermediate precision,
linearity, robustness studies, etc.[11-14]
System suitability parameters
The system suitability parameters were determined
by preparing standard solutions of Aminocaproic
acid and the solutions were injected 5 times and the
parameters such as peak tailing, theoretical plate
count, and retention time were determined.
Specificity
Specificity was determine the comparison of
diluent, standard solution, and sample solution. We
should not find any aminocaproic peak in diluent
in this method so the method can be considered as
specific.
Accuracy
The accuracy was determined by calculating the
extant of recoveries of aminocaproic acid by the
method called standard addition. Correct amount
of solutions (standard) of aminocaproic acid (each
25%, 100%, and 150%) was added and injected to
pre-quantified solution of sample. The quantity of
each substance recovered was determined.
Precision
Method precision was evaluated by performing the
dissolution using proposed method (dissolution
parameters and chromatographic method) on six
tablets of aminocaproic acid tablets and calculated
% release of aminocaproic acid in each sample.
The relative standard deviation (%RSD) for set
of six tablets was calculated. The intermediate
precision of the method was also evaluated using
different day and a different instrument in the same
laboratory by carrying out dissolution on six more
tablets using proposed method and calculated %
release of aminocaproic acid in each sample.
Linearity
The linearity of aminocaproic acid is established
by analyzing linearity solutions of different
concentrations from 25% to 150% of working
concentration method for dissolution. The linearity
curve is plotted for peak area versus concentration.
Robustness
Robustness study is performed by analyzing at
different chromatographic conditions. These
Figure 1: Structure of aminocaproic acid
Table 1: System suitability
Compound Rt (min) Area USP plate
count
Tailing
factor
Aminocaproic acid 4.25 567599 6606 1.2

Figure 2: Standard solution chromatogram of aminocaproic acid
Table 2: Results of accuracy
% of
Aminocaproic
acid standard
added (µg/ml)
Amount of standard
Aminocaproic acid
added (µg/ml)
Amount of
Aminocaproic acid
standard added
(µg/ml)
Amount of
Aminocaproic acid
standard recovered
(µg/ml)
Amount of
Aminocaproic acid
standard recovered
%
Average %
recovery
%
RSD
25% 250 248.043 250.325 99.1 99.2 0.4
247.349 250.104 98.9
249.552 250.379 99.7
100% 1000 1010.635 1000.875 101.0 101.1 0.3
1008.825 1000.511 100.8
1014.687 1000.731 101.4
150% 1500 1505.432 1500.778 100.3 99.8 0.5
1496.527 1500.089 99.8
1489.087 1500.125 99.3
Overall % recovery 100.0
Overall % RSD 0.9
Table 3: Standard solution results of precision and
intermediate precision
Sr no. Peak area of
Aminocaproic acid
standard (Precision)
Peak area of aminocaproic
acid standard
(Intermediate Precision)
1 567,599 593,261
2 567,534 593,452
3 567,319 592,964
4 566,914 593,329
5 567,086 593,223
Mean 567,290 593,246
%RSD 0.1 0.0
parameters included change in flow rate, mobile
phase composition, temperature of column,
buffer pH, Medium Volume, and RPM. The
results obtained with altered conditions are
chromatographic condition.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
System Suitability Parameter
The optimized chromatographic developed
method resulted in the elution of Aminocaproic
acid at 4.25 min. Figure 2 is the representative
Table 4: Sample solution results of precision and
intermediate precision
Sr no. Peak area of
Aminocaproic acid
Sample (Precision)
Peak area of aminocaproic
acid Sample
(Intermediate Precision)
1 557,171 576,459
2 557,161 582,876
3 560,786 587,685
4 564,211 589,812
5 560,090 580,691
6 567,143 587,849
Mean 561,094 584,229
%RSD 0.7 0.9

chromatogram of standard aminocaproic acid.
System suitability results were evaluated taking
six replicates of standard at 1000 μg/ml for the
compound aminocaproic acid. Table 1 narrates
about the results of system suitability parameters.
Accuracy
Recovery of aminocaproic acid 25%, 100%, and
150% was 100.0. Table 2 contains all the results of
accuracy studies.
Precision
Result of precision as mean area of peak and
%RSD for aminocaproic acid standard injection
was 567,290 and 0.1. For aminocaproic acid
sample injection results were 593,246 and 0.0.
Result of intermediate precision as mean area of
peak and %RSD for aminocaproic acid standard
injection was 559,261 and 0.5. For aminocaproic
acid sample injection results were 584,229 and 0.9.
Table 7: Robustness results comparison with precision result – variation in column oven temperature (sample solution) (±5°C)
Injection # % Drug release
Column oven
temperature: 45°C
Actual column oven
temperature: 50°C
Column oven
temperature: 55°C
Actual column oven
temperature: 50°C
1 98 98 100 98
2 98 98 99 98
3 99 99 100 99
4 99 99 101 99
5 99 99 100 99
6 100 100 101 100
Mean 99 99 100 99
% RSD 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
Table 6: Robustness results comparison with Precision result – Variation in Flow Rate (Sample Solution) (± 0.2 mL/min)
Flow rate 0.8 mL/min Actual flow rate 1.0 mL/min Flow rate 1.2 mL/min Actual flow rate 1.0 mL/min
1 98 98 98 98
2 98 98 98 98
3 99 99 99 99
4 99 99 99 99
5 99 99 99 99
6 100 100 100 100
Mean 99 99 99 99
% RSD 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
Figure 3: Calibration curve of aminocaproic acid
y = 1091.0281x + 2887.9552
R² = 0.9999
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
800000
900000
1000000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
P
e
a
k
A
r
e
a
Concentration (µg/mL)
Table 5: Linearity data of aminocaproic acid
Linearity level (%) Concentration (µg/mL) Peak area
25 132.605 147,176
50 276.262 302,681
80 442.019 485,212
90 497.272 543,732
100 552.524 610,197
110 607.777 668,376
120 663.029 725,850
150 828.787 904,292
Correlation coefficient:
0.9999
Y-intercept : +2887.9552
Slope: 1091.0281 Y-intercept bias at 100% level: −0.5%

Table 8: Robustness results comparison with precision result – variation of organic solvent (methanol) in mobile phase
composition (sample solution)
−5% Variation of Methanol
in Mobile Phase composition
(Buffer solution: Methanol
[763:237])
Actual composition
of Mobile Phase
composition (Buffer
solution-B: Methanol
[750:250])
+5% Variation of
Methanol in Mobile
Phase composition
(Buffer solution:
Methanol [738:262])
Actual composition
of Mobile Phase
composition (Buffer
solution-B: Methanol
[750:250])
1 101 98 101 98
2 100 98 99 98
3 100 99 100 99
4 101 99 101 99
5 100 99 100 99
6 101 100 101 100
Mean 101 99 100 99
% RSD 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.8
Table 9: Robustness results comparison with precision result – Variation in pH of buffer solution-B For mobile phase
(sample solution)
Injection # % Drug Release
pH of Buffer
solution-B for
Mobile phase 2.00
Actual pH of Buffer
solution-B for Mobile
phase 2.20
pH of Buffer
solution-B for
Mobile phase 2.40
Actual pH of Buffer
solution-B for Mobile
phase 2.20
1 100 98 99 98
2 101 98 101 98
3 100 99 99 99
4 101 99 100 99
5 99 99 99 99
6 100 100 99 100
Mean 100 99 100 99
% RSD 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
Table 10: Robustness results comparison with precision result – variation in media volume (sample solution)
Media volume:
855 mL
Actual media
volume: 900 mL
Media volume
: 945 mL
Actual media volume
: 900 mL
1 99 98 99 98
2 99 98 99 98
3 99 99 99 99
4 99 99 98 99
5 100 99 98 99
6 99 100 100 100
Mean 99 99 99 99
% RSD 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.8

Table 11: Robustness results comparison with precision result – variation in RPM (± 2 RPM) (sample solution)
RPM: 98 Actual RPM: 100 RPM: 102 Actual RPM: 100
1 100 98 101 98
2 100 98 101 98
3 99 99 101 99
4 100 99 100 99
5 99 99 100 99
6 100 100 100 100
Mean 100 99 101 99
% RSD 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.8
Tables 3 and 4 narrate precision and intermediate
precision results.
Linearity [Table 5]
Results of linearity test resulted that meanYintercept
value,slopevalue,andvalueofcorrelationcoefficient
for aminocaproic acid were + 2887.95, 1091.0281,
and 0.9999 at the concentration range of 132.605 μg/
ml–828.787 μg/ml (25–150%) [Figure 3].
Robustness
This evaluation had been done by bringing
variation in certain chromatographic parameters
such as increasing and reducing flow rate, mobile
phase composition, temperature of column, buffer
pH, Medium Volume, and RPM. All the observed
values are given in Tables 6-11.
CONCLUSION
The newly developed analytical method is accurate
precise, simple, sensitive, selective, robust, rapid,
and cost-effective and can be applied successfully
for the estimation of pharmaceutical dosage form
without interference in laboratory.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We are very much thankful to Dr. Sumer Singh,
Professor of Singhania University, Rajasthanand
Dr. KeyurAhirfor his guidance, kind help, and
constant encouragement at every step during the
progress of this research work; at the same time,
we also express our gratitude to Global analytical
laboratory for providing a healthy working
environment which is an essence in research field.
REFERENCES
1. Crouch ER, Frenkel M. Aminocaproic acid in the
treatment of traumatic hyphema. Am J Ophthalmol
1976;81:355.
2. Joel GH, Lee EL. Goodman and Gilman’s the
Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10th
ed. New
York: McGraw Hill Publishers, Medical Publishing
Division; 2010. p. 859-60.
3. Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM. Pharmacology. 4th
ed.
New York: Churchill Livingston; 1999. p. 248.
4. ChemicalBookAminocaproicacid.Availablefrom:http://
www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_
EN_CB93051080.htm. [Last accessed on 2019 Jan 18].
5. Aminocaproic Acid. Available from: http://
www.pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6-
aminohexanoic_acid. [Last accessed on 2020 Aug 15].
6. Available from: https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/
DB00513. [Last accessed on 2019 Jan 20].
7. Available from: http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-
Structure.548.html?rid=f7fa628c-121a-4b25-ac0c-
7daf4943d8cf. [Last accessed on 2019 Jan 15].
8. Robinson JW, Skelly Frame EM, Frame GM.
Undergraduate Instrumental Analysis. 6th
ed. United
States: Marcel Dekker; 2005. p. 806.
9. Snyder LR, Kirkland JL. Practical HPLC Method
Development. 1st
ed. United States: John Wiley and Sons
Publisher; 1997. p. 756-61.
10. Skoog DA, Holler FJ, Nieman TA. Principles of
Instrumental Analysis. 5th
ed. Singapore: Thomson
Learning; 2005. p. 785-6.
11. George L. HPLC Methods for Pharmaceutical Analysis.
Vol. 3.United States: Willey Inter Science Publication;

2005. p. 357-1094.
12. Available from: http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/
analytical-chromatograohy/samplepreparation/sep/
phase-selection.html.
13. ICH Topic. Q2 (R1) Validation of Analytical Procedures:
Text and Methodology. Geneva, Switzerland: ICH; 2019.
14. The United States Pharmacopoeial Convention. The
United States Pharmacopoeia NF 35. United States: The
United States Pharmacopoeial Convention Inc.; 2017.
p. 2729.

ISSN 2582 – 6050
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Adverse Drug Reactions of Lithium Monotherapy in Bipolar Affective Disorder: An
Observational Study in Eastern Nepal
Deependra Prasad Sarraf1
*, Suraj Nepal2
, Nidesh Sapkota2
1
Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan,
Nepal, 2
Department of Psychiatry, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Lithium is the most effective long-term therapy for bipolar affective disorder (BPAD).
Its therapeutic benefits may be restricted by frequent adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and low
therapeutic index. We evaluated the pattern of ADR of lithium monotherapy in patients with BPAD.
Materials and Methods: An observational study was conducted in 213 patients presenting to psychiatric
outpatient department and diagnosed with BPAD and taking lithium monotherapy at least for 3 months.
Data collection was done from December 15, 2018, to December 14, 2019. Sociodemographic profile,
relevant laboratory investigations, and ADRs were recorded on a self-designed proforma. Descriptive
statistics were used to analyze the data. Chi-square test was used to correlate the association between
ADR and baseline variables using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (Version 22.0). P 0.05 was
considered statistically significant. Results: Out of 213 patients, 110 (51.6%) were male. Mean age was
32.06 ± 1.80 years. Sixty-nine (32.4%) patients were substance user. The prescribed dose of lithium ranged
from 300 to1200 mg/day. At least one ADR was observed in 139 (65.3%) patients. Tremor (45%) was the
most common ADR followed by nausea (9.5%) and sedation (7.8%). Discussion: Daily administration
of lithium 1000 mg or more was found to be a significant risk factor for occurrence of the ADRs. Weight
gain might result in lithium non-compliance and hence the patients must be counseled regarding this to
improve medication adherence. Conclusion: The prevalence of ADR was high in the patients taking
maintenance dose of lithium. The patients need regular follow-up to detect and manage ADR which help
to increase the medication adherence. There is an urgent need of active pharmacovigilance to detect the
ADR in the patients with BPAD.
Keywords: Adverse drug reactions, bipolar affective disorder, lithium, prevalence
INTRODUCTION
Bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) is characterized
by episodes of depression and elevated mood
with intervening periods of euthymic state.[1]
It
affects 1–4% of the population.[2]
It is one of the
leading causes of disability globally.[3]
Due to its
chronic and recurrent course, it poses an important
burden for the patient and society.[4]
The associated
Dr. Deependra Prasad Sarraf
E-mail: deependraprasadsarraf@gmail.com
anxiety symptoms and psychosis lead to high
risks of potentially severe functional impairment,
substance abuse, and high rates of suicide and
accidents.[5]
Pharmacological treatment is the first-
line therapy in BPAD. Atypical antipsychotics,
benzodiazepines, and mood stabilizers are the most
commonly used drugs in BPAD. Lithium remains
the most effective and best studied monotherapy
as mood stabilizer for the prevention of relapse in
BPAD.[6]
It appears to be a safer drug when used
judiciously with frequent clinical evaluation of
the patient with BPAD.[7]
However, clinical use of
lithium is frequently associated with many adverse

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