IJPBA_9(2)_18_Combined_20180714.pdf

ISSN: 2581-4303
B.R. NAHATA SMRITI SANSTHAN
International Journal of
Pharmaceutical & Biological Archive
Volume 9/ Issue 1/Jan-Mar-2018
International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Archive
Nahata Chouraha, Station Road, Mandsaur-458001, Madhya Pradesh, India. Phone: +91-9406674035,
E-mail: editor@brnsspublicationhub.org, Website: www.ijpba.info
Published by Mr. Rahul Nahata, Nahata Chouraha, Station Road, Mandsaur-458001, Madhya Pradesh, India
Printed at Fun and Art, 29, Nagar Palika Complex, Gandhi Chouraha, Mandsaur-458001[M.P.]
Editor: Dr. M A Naidu, Professor, B.R.Nahata College of Pharmacy, B.R. Nahata Marg,
Mhow-Neemuch Road, Mandsaur-458001, Madhya Pradesh, Phone: +91-9406674035
Owner: B.R.Nahata Smriti Sansthan, Nahata Chouraha, Station Road, Mandsaur-458001,
Madhya Pradesh, India
Contents
REVIEW ARTICLES
Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Seizures - A Review
Mohammad Hasan Mohammadi, Mehran Hesaraki��58
Zinc as an Essential Nutritional Component of Human Body: A Systemic Review
Mehrangiz Ghaffari, Mostafa Arabyaghoubi��62
Intestinal Flagellated Giardia Lamblia: A Systematic Review
RESEARCH ARTICLES
Anti-Helminthic Activity of Leucas zeylanica Linn Leaves
B. Radhika, C. H. Swetha Bindu��70
Evaluation of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl Scavenging Activity and Phytochemical Analysis
of Mukia Maderaspatana (L.) M. Roem.
S. Kiruthika, A. Arunprasath��74
Phytochemical Evaluation and Antioxidant Activity of Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G.Don
K. Kalimuthu, A. Arunprasath��78
Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity in leaves of Dodonaea viscosa L.
C. Priyankadevi, A Arunprasath��85
Development, Characterization, and Isolation of Alkaloidal Fraction from Tephrosia purpurea
and Evaluate its Wound Healing Activity
Gaurav Dubey, Anand Chaurasiya, Ravindra Pal Singh��91
Wound Healing activity of Leaves roots of Pavetta Indica Linn of by using different extracts
Satkar Prasad, Anand Chaurasiya, Ravindra Pal Singh��101
Analysis of Metric Sexing Determination of Dry Hip Bones in Eastern Nepalese People
Raju K. Chaudhary, Santosh Kumar Deo, Sanjib K. Sah, Anita Thakur, Rajneesh Jha, C.P. Gaire, Ram Lala Mallick��106
Development and Validation of Reversed-phase High-performance Liquid Chromatography Method for the
Simultaneous Estimation of Benzoyl Peroxide and Resveratrol
Manju Kamra, Anupama Diwan, Satish Sardana�� 113

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Biological Archive • Apr-Jun 2018 • 9 (2) | ii
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Biological Archive
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International Journal of Pharmaceutical Biological Archive • Apr-Jun 2018 • 9 (2) | iii
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Biological Archive
Contents
REVIEW ARTICLES
Mohammad Hasan Mohammadi, Mehran Hesaraki��58
RESEARCH ARTICLES
B. Radhika, C. H. Swetha Bindu��70
Evaluation of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl Scavenging Activity and Phytochemical Analysis
of Mukia Maderaspatana (L.) M. Roem.
S. Kiruthika, A. Arunprasath��74
Phytochemical Evaluation and Antioxidant Activity of Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G.Don
K. Kalimuthu, A. Arunprasath��78
Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity in leaves of Dodonaea viscosa L.
C. Priyankadevi, A Arunprasath��85
Development, Characterization, and Isolation of Alkaloidal Fraction from Tephrosia purpurea
and Evaluate its Wound Healing Activity
Gaurav Dubey, Anand Chaurasiya, Ravindra Pal Singh��91
Wound Healing activity of Leaves roots of Pavetta Indica Linn of by using different extracts
Satkar Prasad, Anand Chaurasiya, Ravindra Pal Singh��101
Analysis of Metric Sexing Determination of Dry Hip Bones in Eastern Nepalese People
Raju K. Chaudhary, Santosh Kumar Deo, Sanjib K. Sah, Anita Thakur, Rajneesh Jha, C.P. Gaire, Ram Lala Mallick��106
Development and Validation of Reversed-phase High-performance Liquid Chromatography Method for the
Simultaneous Estimation of Benzoyl Peroxide and Resveratrol
Manju Kamra, Anupama Diwan, Satish Sardana�� 113

© 2018, IJPBA. All Rights Reserved 58
Available Online at www.ijpba.info
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Biological Archives 2018; 9(2):58-61
ISSN 2581 – 4303
REVIEW ARTICLE
Mohammad Hasan Mohammadi, Mehran Hesaraki*
Department of Pediatrics, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
Received: 06 May 2018; Revised: 10 June 2018; Accepted: 18 June 2018
ABSTRACT
Over the past few decades, the prognosis of neonatal seizures has experienced considerable enhancement
due to the improvement in neonatal and infant care. The mortality rate of neonatal seizures has fallen from
40% to 20%, and the relationship between electro encephalogram (EEG) and prognosis has become quite
clear. The underlying cause of seizures is a major determinant of the outcome of the disease. For example,
patients with secondary seizures and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy have only 50% chance of normal
development and total recovery, while newborns with secondary seizures and subarachnoid hemorrhage
or better hypocalcemia have higher chances of recovery. Searches were conducted by two independent
researchers in international (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar) and national (SID and
Magiran) databases for related studies from the inception of the databases to September 2017 (without time
limitation) in English and Persian languages. It is possible to achieve accurate diagnosis through checking
the history before birth and performing a thorough physical examination in some rare cases. Depending on
the case, tests or additional actions can be done. EEG is the primary means for diagnosis and may exhibit
paroxysmal activity in the difference between seizures or may produce electrographic seizures in cases
where seizure is hidden or latent. One of the most important points in the treatment of neonatal seizures
is the diagnosis of underlying cause (such as hypoglycemia, meningitis, drug deprivation, and trauma)
because such diagnosis facilitates different approaches to control neonatal seizures. Most experts agree to
control all clinical and electrographic seizures. Some others focus merely on clinical seizures. Most centers
prefer the first approach.An important point before starting an anticonvulsant drug is to decide if the patient
needs intravenous and luteinizing treatment with an initial bolus dose, or it can be easy to start treatment
with a prescription for a long-acting medication based on the severity of seizure, duration, and frequency.
Keywords: Diagnosis, Neonatal seizures, Seizures, Treatment.
INTRODUCTION
Over the past few decades, the prognosis of
neonatal seizures has experienced a considerable
enhancement due to the improvement in neonatal
and infant care. The mortality rate of neonatal
seizures has fallen from 40% to 20%, and the
relationship between electroencephalogram (EEG)
and prognosis has become quite clear.[1]
Although
it is very difficult to interpret neonate EEG, EEG
has been found to be associated with diseases and
preterm and term infants develop later in their lives.
The abnormal EEG is a strong predictor of the
adverse outcome of a certain disease. In addition,
long electrocardiographic seizures (more than
*Corresponding Author:
Mehran Hesaraki,
Email: tahghighatt1@gmail.com
10
min/h), periodic electrographic discharge of
multifocal,andthereleaseofelectrographicseizures
into the opposite hemisphere are accompanied by a
weaker event.[2]
The underlying cause of seizures is
a major determinant of the outcome of the disease.
For example, patients with secondary seizures and
hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy have only 50%
chance of normal development and total recovery,
while newborns with secondary seizures and
subarachnoid hemorrhage or better hypocalcemia
have higher chances of recovery.[3]
METHODS
Search strategy
Searches were conducted by two independent
researchers in international (PubMed, Web of
Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar) and national

Mohammadi and Hesaraki: Neonatal seizure
IJPBA/Apr-Jun-2018/Vol 9/Issue 2 59
(SID and Magiran) databases for related studies
from the inception of the databases to September
2017 (without time limitation) in English and
Persian languages. To ensure literature saturation,
the reference lists of included studies or relevant
reviewsidentifiedthroughthesearchwerescanned.
The specific search strategies were created by
a Health Sciences Librarian with expertise in
systematic review search using the MESH terms
and free terms according to the PRESS standard.
After the MEDLINE strategy was finalized, it was
adapted to search in other databases. Accordingly,
PROSPERO was searched for ongoing or recently
related completed systematic reviews. The key
words used in the search strategy were “Diagnosis,
treatment, neonatal seizures, and seizures” and
Iran which were combined with Boolean operators
including AND, OR, and NOT.
Study selection
Results of the literature review were exported to
Endnote. Before the formal screening process, a
calibration exercise was undertaken to pilot and
refine the screening. Formal screening process
of titles and abstracts was conducted by two
researchers according to the eligibility criteria,
and consensus method was used for solving
controversies among the two researchers. The
full text was obtained for all titles that met the
inclusion criteria. Additional information was
retrieved from the study authors to resolve queries
regarding the eligibility criteria. The reasons for
the exclusion criteria were recorded. Neither of
the review authors was blinded to the journal
titles, the study authors, or institutions.
DISCUSSION
Diagnosis
It is possible to achieve accurate diagnosis through
checking the history before birth and performing a
thorough physical examination in some rare cases.
Depending on the case, tests or additional actions
canbedone.EEGistheprimarymeansfordiagnosis
and may exhibit paroxysmal activity (e.g.,
Sharp
waves) in the difference between seizures or may
produce electrographic seizures in cases where
seizure is hidden or latent.[4]
However, there may
be some neonatal seizures not with EEG disorders
mentionedabove,becauseofeitherthephenomenon
ofreleaseordeepseizuresandreleasesnotmeasured
by the scalp EEG. Similarly, electrophoretic
seizures can occur without visible clinical signs.
It is believed that partial development of cortical
communication, which in many patients results in
a lack of motility or mildness, is the main cause of
such phenomenon.[5]
In many neonatal intensive
care units (NICUs), continuous monitoring of
blinded EEGs for infants who are at risk of seizure
and brain damage is a routine procedure and this, in
turn, makes accurate measurements of the electrical
activity of the brain and identifies seizure activity.
Some centers use EEG monitoring for infants at
risk even before seizures, but some other centers
monitor patients who have or are at risk of seizures.
In addition, attempts are made to develop methods
for continuous monitoring of brain activity by self-
assessment and neonatal seizure analysis, which
is similar to continuous monitoring of ECG in
specialized care centers.[6]
In infants who receive
treatment with hypothermic protocols following
hypoxic-ischemic lesions, it is recommended
to conduct continuous EEG monitoring during
cooling and warm-up periods to detect subclinical
seizures. The American Clinical Neurophysiology
Association recommends conducting a neonate
EEG monitoring in the NICU to allow for an EEG
monitoring to provide prognosis and guidance
for titration of anticonvulsant drug in infants with
seizure. In infants at risk of helminthic ischemic
encephalopathy, stroke, meningitis, intravesical
hemorrhage, metabolic disease, and congenital
anomalies of the brain and those who are
paralyzed, continuous conduction of EEG provides
the possibility of detecting suspected seizure
clinical events and cerebral ischemia or imminent
bleeding.[7]
Exact neurological examination of
the infant may indicate the cause of seizure. The
presence of chorioretinitis suggests a congenital
torch infection in the retina. Blood samples should
be taken to determine blood glucose, calcium,
magnesium, electrolytes, and blood urea nitrogen.
If hypoglycemia is suspected, serum glucose should
be measured so that treatment can be initiated
immediately. Hypoglycemia can be detected alone
or with hypomagnesemia. Low serum levels of
calcium often accompany birth trauma or CNS
damage during perinatal period. Other causes of
hypoglycemia include diabetes mellitus, preterm
birth, diarrhea syndrome, and high phosphate

nutrition.[8]
Lumbar puncture (LP) is necessary in all
newborns with seizure unless the cause of seizure is
clearly associated with a metabolic disorder such
as hypoglycemia or hypocalcemia. T he second
group of infants are natural, and alert in the
interval between seizures usually respond quickly
to appropriate treatment. Cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF) findings may indicate bacterial meningitis
or aseptic encephalitis. Rapid diagnosis and
appropriate treatment improve the outcome. Blood
CSF indicates LP traumatism or a subarachnoid
or intravenous hemorrhage. An immediate sample
centrifuge can help distinguish between these two
conditions.[9]
Many congenital metabolic disorders
cause generalized seizures during infancy. If the
blood gas indicates anion and metabolic acidosis
with hyperammonemia, organic uric acid should
be checked immediately for the probable presence
of methylmalonic acid or propionic acid.[10]
When
metabolic acidosis is accompanied by generalized
clonic seizures, phlebotomy, fundamental, and
muscle rigidity during the 1st

week of life, the
possibility of Maple Syrup Urine Disease must
be considered. In this disease, the result of a rapid
screening test using 2-4 dinitrophenylhydrazine
that checks the ketone derivatives in the urine turns
out to be positive.[11]
Accidental injection of local
anesthetic agents into the embryo can cause severe
clonic seizures. Often, these babies are mistakenly
thought to have had a traumatic birth because
they are loose, abnormal brain reflexes, and signs
of respiratory depression at the time of birth that
occasionally require ventilation.
Benign familial neonatal seizures, as predominant
autosomal disorders, begin on days 2–3 and
frequency of seizures is 10–20 times a day. Patients
are normal between seizures. Seizures stop at
1–6 months.[12]
Seizures emerging on the 5th
day
of life (days 4–6) occur in naturally born infants;
such seizures are multifocal and often last for 24
h. Diagnosis involves the exclusion of other causes
of seizure and sequencing of the above genes. Such
seizures have a good prognosis. Dependence on
pyridoxineisararedisorderthatshouldbeconsidered
in a patient that has undergone generalized clonic
seizures at a short distance after birth.These seizures
are, especially, resistant to common anticonvulsants
such as phenobarbital or phenytoin.[13]
Seizures caused by drug deprivation may be
inadequate, but due to the delayed release of the
drug, the baby’s body can recover a few weeks
later. Drug medications include barbiturates,
benzodiazepines, heroin, and methadone. The
infant may be nervous, irritable, and sleepy and
have experience or clear clonic seizures. Mother
may deny taking medication. Urinalysis and serum
analyzes can identify the responsible substance.[14]
Treatment
One of the most important points in the treatment
of neonatal seizures is the diagnosis of underlying
cause (such as hypoglycemia, meningitis, drug
deprivation, and trauma) because such diagnosis
facilitates different approaches to control neonatal
seizures. Most experts agree to control all clinical
and electrographic seizures. Some others focus
merely on clinical seizures. Most centers prefer
the first approach. An important point before
starting an anticonvulsant drug is to decide if
the patient needs intravenous and luteinizing
treatment with an initial bolus dose, or it can be
easy to start treatment with a prescription for a
long-acting medication based on the severity of
seizure, duration, and frequency. Most patients
need ventilation after receiving intravenous or
oral administration of anticoagulants; hence,
immediate intervention should be followed and
necessary precaution must be taken into action.[15]
Lorazepam
Lorazepamistheprimarymedicationusedtocontrol
acute seizures. Lorazepam is rapidly released into
the brain and acts on its anticonvulsant effect in
5 min. It is not a lipophilic medication, and the
speed of cleansing it from the brain is not very
high. The effect can last for 6–24 h. It usually does
not cause hypotension or respiratory depression.[16]
Diazepam
Diazepam can be used as an alternative drug.
Diazepam is extremely fond of fat; therefore, it
is rapidly released into the brain, with a slight
possibility of recurrence of seizures. Like other
intravenous benzodiazepines, there is a risk of
apnea and hypotension, especially if the patient
is receiving barbiturate. However, due to the
limitations of blood pressure and respiration and
since the venous compound contains benzoic acid,
it is currently not recommended as a first-line
choice.[17]

Midazolam
Midazolam can be used as an initial drug in the
form of bolus or as a second- or third-line drug in
the form of continuous infusion for those who do
not respond to phenobarbital and/or phenytoin.
Phenobarbital
Many people consider phenobarbital as the first
long-acting choice in nasal calcination. Depending
on clinical conditions, benzodiazepines may
be used as the first-line therapy. In infants with
acidosis or a severe condition that may affect
serum chronitos levels, the free levels of the
medication should be controlled carefully.[18]
Phenytoin and phenytoin
Ifthetotalloadingdosewas40mg/kgand,ofcourse,
not phenobarbital, then a loading dose of 15–20 mg
per kilogram of intravenous phenytoin could be
given. To prevent heart problems, the infusion rate
should not be 0.5–1 mg/kg/min and it should be
avoided in patients with severe heart disease.[19]
Period of treatment
The duration of treatment in infants with neonatal
seizures depends on the risk of developing
epilepsy in the future. The risk varies from 10%
to 30%, depending on the patient’s neurological
examination, seizure etiology, and EEG profile at
the time of hospital discharge. In general, if the
EEG is free of paroxysmal waves at the time of
discharge, the dose of the medication will decrease
thereafter. If the EEG remains paroxysmal, the
decision to discontinue treatment is delayed
several months after discharge.[20]
CONCLUSION
Neonatal seizures may take many forms, with
tonic-clonic movement being the least common
type. Treatable causes of seizures should be
evaluated before standard anticonvulsants are
used. Though the mortality rate is high, survivors
have a significant chance of being normal.
REFERENCES
1. McInerny TK, Schubert WK. Prognosis of neonatal
seizures. Am J Dis Child 1969;117:261-4.
2. Ficicioglu C, Bearden D. Isolated neonatal seizures:
when to suspect inborn errors of metabolism. Pediatr
Neurol 2011;45:283-91.
3. Hahn JS, Olson DM. Etiology of neonatal seizures.
NeoRev 2004;5:e327-e35.
4. Deng W, Wang H, Rosenberg PA, Volpe JJ, Jensen FE.
Role of metabotropic glutamate receptors in
oligodendrocyte excitotoxicity and oxidative stress.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004;101:7751-6.
5. Lavrijsen SW, Uiterwaal CS, Stigter RH, de Vries LS,
Visser GH, Groenendaal F. Severe umbilical cord
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term neonates. Neonatology 2005;88:27-34.
6. Goldaber K,G gilstrap LC 3rd
, Leveno KJ, Dax JS,
Mcintire DD. Pathologic fetal acidemia. Obstetr
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7. Perlman JM, Risser R. Severe fetal acidemia: neonatal
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8. VictoryR,PenavaD,daSilvaO,NataleR,Richardson B.
Umbilical cord pH and base excess values in relation to
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Am J Obstetr Gynecol 2004;191:2021-8.
9. Loh SF, Woodworth A, Yeo GS. Umbilical cord blood
gasanalysisatdelivery.SingaporeMedJ1998;39:151‑5.
10. Blickstein I,Green T. Umbilical cord blood gases. Clin
Perinatol 2007;34:451-9.
11. Thorp JA, Boylan PC, Parisi VM, Heslin EP. Effects
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blood gas values in primigravida women. Am J Obstet
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12. Thorp JA, Dildy GA, Yeomans ER, Meyer BA,
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VM. Umbilical cord blood gas analysis at
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13. Su CF, Tsai HJ, Huang CC, Luo KH, Lin LY. Fetal
acidosis from obstetric interventions during the
first vaginal delivery. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol
2008;47:397‑401.
14. Reynolds F. The effects of maternal labor analgesia
on the fetus. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol
2010;24:289-302.
15. Sosa CG, Buekens P, Hughes JM, Balaguer E, Sotero G,
Panizza R, et al. Effect of pethidine administered during
the first stage of labor on the acid-base status at birth.
Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2006;129:135‑9.
16. Stafstrom CE, Carmant L. Seizures and epilepsy:
An overview for neuroscientists. Cold Spring Harb
Perspect Med 2015;5:a022426.
17. Jaganathan S, Muthulingam S. Clinical profile of
neonatal seizures in a tertiary care centre NICU. J Evid
Based Med Healthc 2017;4:2867-70.
18. Hu S, Hung K, Chen H. Neonatal seizures: Incidence,
etiologies, clinical features and eeg findings in the
neonatalintensivecareunit.EpilepsyJ2017;3:2472‑895.
19. Pisani F, Facini C, Pavlidis E, Spagnoli C, Boylan G.
Epilepsy after neonatal seizures: Literature review. Eur
J Paediatr Neurol 2015;19:6-14.
20. Bradley JS, Nelson JD, Barnett ED, Cantey JB. Nelson’s
Pediatric Antimicrobial Therapy. Elk Grove Village, IL:
American Academy of Pediatrics; 2017.

ISSN 2581 – 4303
REVIEW ARTICLE
Mehrangiz Ghaffari1
, Mostafa Arabyaghoubi2
*
1
Department of Pathology, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran, 2
Department of Anesthesiology,
Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
Received: 15 April 2018; Revised: 28 May 2018; Accepted: 20 June 2018
ABSTRACT
Second to iron, zinc, which is widely distributed in the human body, is the most abundant element in human
body. The human body has about 2–3 g of zinc, with the highest concentrations in the liver, pancreas,
kidneys, bones, and muscles. Other tissues with a higher concentration of zinc include parts of the eye,
prostategland,spermatozoa,skin,hair,fingernail,andtoenails.Searcheswereconductedbytwoindependent
researchers in international (PubMed, Web of science, Scopus, and Google scholar) and national (SID and
Magiran) databases for related studies from the inception of the databases to September 2017 (without time
limitation) in English and Persian languages. To ensure literature saturation, the reference lists of included
studies or relevant reviews identified through the search were scanned. Absorption and excretion of zinc are
carried out through hemostatic mechanisms that are not quite well known yet. The absorption mechanism
consists of two paths. Albumin is the most important zinc plasma carrier. The amount transported in blood,
in addition to zinc, depends on the availability of albumin. Zinc is a single intracellular ion with structural,
catalytic, and regulatory roles. Zinc plays important structural roles as part of a multiprotein structure.
Keywords: Component, Essential nutritional, Human body, Zinc
INTRODUCTION
Second to iron, zinc, which is widely distributed in
the human body, is the most abundant element in
human body. The human body has about 2–3 g of
zinc, with the highest concentrations in the liver,
pancreas, kidneys, bones, and muscles. Other
tissues with a higher concentration of zinc include
parts of the eye, prostate gland, spermatozoa, skin,
hair, fingernail, and toenails.[1]
Zinc is a mainly
intracellular ion associated with more than 300
different enzymes (in different enzyme groups and
categories). Although zinc is abundant in cytosol, it
is almost attached to proteins; however, the attached
portion is in balance with a small ionic component.[2]
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Search strategy
Mostafa Arabyaghoubi
science, Scopus, and Google scholar) and national
(SID and Magiran) databases for related studies
from the inception of the databases to September
2017 (without time limitation) in English and
Persian languages. To ensure literature saturation,
the reference lists of included studies or relevant
words used in the search strategy were “zinc,
essential nutritional, component, and human body”
which were combined with Boolean operators
including AND, OR, and NOT.
Study selection
endnote. Before the formal screening process, a

Ghaffari and Arabyaghoubi: Zinc in Human Body
Absorption, transfer, storage, disposal
Absorption and excretion of zinc are carried
out through hemostatic mechanisms that are not
quite well known yet. The absorption mechanism
consists of two paths. The saturated carrier
mechanism operates in low-level receptacles
(low luminosity concentration), and the inactive
mechanism also operates at high loading times
and high lumens concentration. The solubility of
zinc in the digestive lumen is vital.[3]
Zinc ions are
mainly attached to small amino acids or peptides
in the lumen of the intestine and are released on
the tight junctions and are absorbed by the carrier
mechanism (hZIPI family). The entry into the tight
junction’s stem cells is associated with the binding
of zinc ions to metallothionein and other cytosolic
proteins of absorption cells.[4]
Metallothionein
transfers zinc to the lateral part of the body, and
zinc is removed from the cell and transported to
the bloodstream. Since the concentration of zinc
in the blood is much higher than cytosol of the
absorption cells, the removal stage is carried out
throughtheactivetransfermechanism[Figure 1].[5]
The absorption of zinc is affected by the amount of
foodandthepresenceofotherinterventionalagents
(especially phytates) in the diet. After consuming
food, the concentration is increased then decreases
through a dose-response pattern process. High-
protein foods result in increased zinc absorption
through the formation of Zn-amino acids (which
make zinc more absorbable).[6]
The absorption
of zinc increases slightly during pregnancy and
lactation. Zinc is absorbed first through the portal
vein to the liver; then, it is distributed among
different tissues. Absorption disorders are closely
associated with several intestinal disorders such as
Crohn’s disease or inappropriate pancreatitis.[7]
Transmission in the blood
Albumin is the most important zinc plasma carrier.
Theamounttransportedinblood,inadditiontozinc,
depends on the availability of albumin. A small
portion of zinc is also transported by transferrin
and alpha-2 macrogolbolines.[8]
The major part
of the zinc is in the blood, inside the erythrocytes
and leukocytes. Plasma is metabolically active
and its levels change in response to dietary
intake and physiological factors such as injury and
inflammation. Zinc levels decrease down to 50%
in response to the acute phase of the injury, which
is a possible cause of retention in the liver.[9]
Intestinal excretion
Zincisexertedthroughfecesinhealthyindividuals.
When zinc is received intravenously, about 10%
of the dose is received in the liver after 30 min.
However, in cases of hunger, nephrosis, diabetes,
alcoholism, liver cirrhosis, and porphyry, the
excretion of zinc increases through urine. Plasma
andurinaryconcentrationsofhistidineandcysteine
zinc and other metabolites may be associated with
increased zinc loss in these patients.[10]
Function
Zinc is a single intracellular ion with structural,
catalytic,andregulatoryroles.Zincplaysimportant
structural roles as part of a multiprotein structure.
It is also associated with 300 different enzymes
and is involved in the synthesis or decomposition
of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Figure 1: Zinc absorption and transfer

It also functions as an intracellular signal in the
brain cells and is stored in synaptic vesicles; it is
essential for the normal functioning of the central
nervous system. In addition, zinc stabilizes the
structure of proteins and nucleic acids, as well as
the integrity of subcellular organelles and transport
processes.[11]
Metallothionein
Metallothionein is the most abundant non-
enzymatic protein containing zinc. This low
molecular weight parietal is rich in cysteine and
contains exceptionally large amounts of metal that
has zinc; it, also, carries less amounts of copper,
iron, cadmium, and mercury. The biological role
of metallothionein is not clearly known, but it
plays a functional role in the absorption of zinc.
Metallothionein, as an intracellular reservoir, may
act as a protease inhibitor or a controlling agent
and it may decrease the oxidative stress (especially
in high-stressed cells).[12]
Hence, metallothionein
may play a role in detoxifying metals as well as
absorbing them.
High dosage of zinc in the nucleus leads to the
stabilization of the DNA and RNA structure and
is essential for the activity of RNA polymerase
in cell division. Zinc is present in the chromatin
proteins involved in transcription and replication
and is protective against degenerative-macular
degenerative disease. Although zinc and nasal
spray gluconate tablets are widely used to treat
or prevent common colds, they do not seem to be
quite effective.[13]
Using diet reference
The intake of zinc dietary reference intake (DRI) is
11 mg/day in male and female adolescents. Due to
the lower weight of adolescent and adult women,
their DRI is 8–9 mg/day. The essential rate is 8 mg
per before adolescence. Infants’ DRI is 2 mg/day
for the first 6 months of life and 3 mg/day for the
second 6 months.[14]
Nutrition resources and intake
In most Americans, the vast majority of zinc
recipes come from consuming meat, fish, poultry,
ready-to-eat zinc-enriched breakfast cereals, milk,
and its products. The shellfish contain a high
amount of zinc; other Mollusca, grains, dry beans,
and nuts are good sources of zinc. In general, zinc
intake is associated with protein intake.
The content on the normal diet of adults in our
western countries varies from 10 to 15 g/day.
Women need to receive less energy due to lower
energy consumption. The density of zinc within
the dies of an adult American is about 5.6 g per
1000 kilocalories.[15]
Zinc deficiency
Theclinicalsignsofzincdeficiencyincludeshortness
of height, hypogonadism, mild anemia, and low
plasma zinc levels. Zinc deficiency leads to multiple
immunological disorders. Severe zinc deficiency
leads to thrombosis, lymphopenia, proliferative
response of lymphocytes to mitochondria, selective
reduction of T-helper cells, decreased activity of
NK cells, insomnia, and decreased thymus hormone
activity; however, mild zinc deficiency can lead to
reduced immune functions, such as interleukin-2
production impairment.[16]
Zinc supplements may
improve immune function, but more evidence is
required to do further studies. Mild zinc deficiency
has been reported to be associated with boredom,
fatigue, and decreased activity of NK cells; however,
this form of deficiency is not related to thromboses
and lymphopenia atrophy. The similarities between
patients with sickle cell anemia and zinc deficiency
indicatethepossibilityofasecondaryzincdeficiency
in anemia patients.[17]
Poisoning
Poisoning due to oral intake of zinc (100–300
mg/day) is rare; however, in case of necessity,
the maximum amount is 40 mg/day for adults.
Excessive supplementation of zinc interferes
with the absorption of copper. The major problem
of zinc poisoning occurs in patients with renal
failure who are undergoing dialysis due to the
contamination of dialysis fluids or sticky plastics
used in spiral dialysis or in galvanized tubes.
The syndrome of poisoning in these patients is
characterized by anemia, fever, and dysfunction
of the central nervous system. Taking more than
2 g or more zinc sulfate per day may cause gastric
disorders and vomiting. Inhalation of zinc vapors
during welding is toxic, but it can be prevented by
taking precautionary measures.[18]

REFERENCES
1. Pereira PM, Vicente AF. Meat nutritional composition
and nutritive role in the human diet. Meat Sci
2013;93:586-92.
2. Mann J, Truswell S, editors. Essentials of Human
Nutrition. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2017.
3. Frossard E, Bucher M, Mächler F, MozafarA, Hurrell R.
Potential for increasing the content and bio availability
of Fe, Zn and Ca in plants for human nutrition. J Sci
Food Agric 2000;80:861-79.
4. Bhowmik D, Chiranjib KP, Kumar S. A
potential
medicinal importance of zinc in human health and
chronic. Int J Pharm 2010;1:5-11.
5. Plum LM, Rink L, Haase H. The essential toxin: Impact
of zinc on human health. Int J Environ Res Public
Health 2010;7:1342-65.
6. Indrayan AK, Sharma S, Durgapal D, Kumar N,
Kumar M. Determination of nutritive value and analysis
of mineral elements for some medicinally valued plants
from Uttaranchal. Curr Sci 2005;10:1252-5.
7. DemirezenD,AksoyA.Heavymetallevelsinvegetables
in Turkey are within safe limits for Cu, Zn, Ni and
exceeded for Cd and Pb. J Food Qual 2006;29:252-65.
8. Lopez HW, Leenhardt F, Coudray C, Remesy C.
Minerals and phytic acid interactions: Is it a real
problem for human nutrition? Int J Food Sci Technol
2002;37:727-39.
9. King JC. Zinc: An essential but elusive nutrient. Am J
Clin Nutr 2011;94:679S-84.
10. Mohamed AE, Rashed MN, Mofty A. Assessment of
essential and toxic elements in some kinds of vegetables.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2003;55:251-60.
11.
Amiard JC, Amiard-Triquet C, Charbonnier L,
Mesnil
A, Rainbow PS, Wang WX. Bioaccessibility
of essential and non-essential metals in commercial
shellfish from Western Europe and Asia. Food Chem
Toxicol 2008;46:2010-22.
12. Hood MI, Skaar EP. Nutritional immunity: Transition
metals at the pathogen-host interface. Nat Rev Microbiol
2012;10:525.
13. Frassinetti S, Bronzetti GL, Caltavuturo L, Cini M,
Della Croce C. The role of zinc in life: A
review.
J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 2006;25:597-610.
14. Vega-Gálvez A, Miranda M, Vergara J, Uribe E,
Puente L, Martínez EA. Nutrition facts and functional
potential of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd.),
an ancient Andean grain: A review. J Sci Food Agric
2010;90:2541-7.
15. Aberoumand A. Studies on nutritional values of
some wild edible plants of Iran and India. Pak J Nutr
2009;8: 26-31.
16. Maret W, Sandstead HH. Zinc requirements and the
risks and benefits of zinc supplementation. J Trace
Elem Med Biol 2006;20:3-18.
17.
Oves M, Khan MS, Zaidi A, Ahmad E. Soil
Contamination, Nutritive Value, and Human Health
Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals: An Overview.
In: Toxicity of Heavy Metals to Legumes and
Bioremediation. Vienna: Springer; 2012. p. 1-27.
18. Lowe NM, Fraser WD, Jackson MJ. Is there a potential
therapeutic value of copper and zinc for osteoporosis?
Proc Nutr Soc 2002;61:181-5.

ISSN 2581 – 4303
REVIEW ARTICLE
Mehrangiz Ghaffari1
, Mostafa Arabyaghoubi2
*
1
Department of Pathology, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran, 2
Department of Anesthesiology,
Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
Received: 25 April 2018; Revised: 30 May 2018; Accepted: 22 June 2018
ABSTRACT
There are four main common types of flagellated phlebotomy parasites: Giardia lamblia, Chilomastix
Mesnili, Trichomonas hominis, and De Anenoba fragilis. In addition, there are also two other little
tickles called Entropia hominis and retortamonas intestinalis. Except for Giardia and DeAneoba, there is
no evidence of pathogenicity of other intestinal flagellated parasites. A pathogenic trichomoniasis called
Trichomonas vaginalis is located in the genitourinary tract and another flagellated, called Trichomonas
tenax, is found in the mouth. Searches were conducted by two independent researchers in international
(PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar) and national (SID and Magiran) databases
for related studies from the inception of the databases to September 2017 (without time limitation) in
English and Persian languages. To ensure literature saturation, the reference lists of included studies or
relevant reviews identified through the search were scanned. The detection of the parasite is done to find
the trophozoites in the fluids in the duodenum by intubating or inserting the yarn into the duodenum
(enterostate) or duodenal biopsy. In addition, giardiasis can be used to determine the presence of parasites
in fecal samples by ELISA or immunofluorescence, or by searching for antigens of Giardia in the stool
by counterimmunoelectrophoresis, ELISA, and enzyme immunoassay.
Keywords: Flagellated giardia lamblia, Giardia lamblia, Giardiasis, Intestinal
INTRODUCTION
There are four main common types of flagellated
phlebotomyparasites:Giardialamblia,Chilomastix
Mesnili [Figure 1], Trichomonas hominis, and De
Anenoba fragilis. In addition, there are also two
other little tickles called Entropunashominis and
Retratoamonasinstinatalis. Except for Giardia and
DeAntenauba,thereisnoevidenceofpathogenicity
of other intestinal flagellated parasites.
A pathogenic trichomoniasis called Trichomonas
vaginalis is located in the genitourinary tract and
another flagellated, called Trichomonas tenax,
is found in the mouth.[1]
With the exception of
De Anenaba, the rest of the flagstones are easily
recognizablewiththeirparticularquickmovement,
and three larger ones can be easily identified in
clean, unpainted samples prepared in saline. The
tri-chromium method is superior to hematoxylin
for colorizing the flagellates. Cytoplasmic
Mostafa Arabyaghoubi
filamentous structures in these creatures, which
usually have a diagnostic value, are better seen by
staining with trichromium.[2]
Search strategy
Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar) and national
(SID, Magiran) databases for related studies from
the inception of the databases to September 2017
(without time limitation) in English and Persian
languages. To ensure literature saturation, the
reference lists of included studies or relevant

Ghaffari and Arabyaghoubi: Giardia Lamblia
IJPBA/Jan-Feb-2018/Vol 9/Issue 1 67
words used in the search strategy were “giardiasis,
giardia lamblia, flagellated giardia lamblia,
intestinal” which were combined with Boolean
operators including AND, OR, and NOT.
Study selection
endnote. Before the formal screening process, a
DISCUSSION
Giardia lamblia
Giardia trophozoites live in the upper intestine,
where they are in close contact with the mucosa.
They may penetrate down the inside of the mucous
membrane and there might sometimes be found
in the gallbladder and biliary secretions.[3]
The
upper portion of the abdominal surface has been
altered to create a suction plate. This page causes
the parasite to attach to the intestinal wall and,
depending on the binding rate, can stimulate the
intestinal tissue mechanically. Photomicrography
with electron scanning electron microscopy
from the intestinal mucosa of giardia shows a
convincing evidence of such damage [Figure 2].[4]
Giardia’s attachment to the duodenal mucosa
[Figure 3] may be facilitated by a kind of lectin
produced by the parasite activated by a duodenal
discharge.[5]
Giardia is easier to detect than any other intestinal
protozoa. Its trophozoite has a double-sided
symmetry, and its interior structures are paired
together.[6]
Like de enanthoba, trophozoites have two nuclei.
The length of the parasite is 9–21 and the width
is 5–15 µm. It moves slowly, rotating, and with
a twist around a longitudinal axis. This type of
movement is similar to moving a falling leaf.
When the parasite is seen, it looks pear-shaped.
The anterior part is narrow and the posterior
section, too, is narrow. Giardia trophozoites have
four flagella paws: Two in the anterior, two in the
side, two in the abdomen, and two in the back.
Both nuclei are located in the sucker area and in
the anterior part of the body. Two curved bars are
also seen at the bottom of the suction plate.[7]
These
rods are called midts, which are the characteristics
of this protozoan. The curved sections in the
cytoplasm of the anterior flagella are called exon.
Tail exons are not curved; they are straight, in
close proximity, and parallel to each other; they
divide the parasite from the longitudinal direction
into two halves. The nuclei are round or oval,
each with a large central karyosome. There is no
peripheral chromatin.[8]
In unstained trophozoites,
Figure 2: Scanning electron micrograph of Giardia
showing sucking disk and flagella; imprints of sucking
disks are seen on the surface of intestinal mucosa (courtesy
of Dr. Robert L. Owen, San Francisco, CA.) Figure 3: Lifecycle of Giardia lamblia

the shape of the body, its specific movement, and
sometimes some flagellates are seen. In samples,
stained with stable colors, the shape of the body of
the parasites, nuclei, axoneme, and middle bodies
are observed.[9]
The cysts are oval and their size is
8–14at10–7µm.Althoughintermediatenucleiand
objects can be seen in live parasites, the addition
of iodine di Anthony makes these structures more
visible. Sustained staining of cysts, four distinct
nuclei, middle cortex, other dual structures and
cytoplasmic segments, and unconscious flagellates
are observed within the cyst. The wall of the cyst
is smooth and stainless and is usually far from the
cytoplasm due to the cytoplasmic collapse during
staining for coloring. Giardia cysts are colored
green to red if they are stained with trichrome. Its
internal structures may appear in reddish browns
in a green background.[10]
Giardia does not appear
permanentlyinthestoolsofinfectedpatients.Three
types of parasite are described; first, severe, where
the parasite exists in almost all stool specimens;
second, mild, where the parasite is found in only
40% of samples; and third, mixed type, in which
case the patient experiences intense excretion of
the parasite in three subsequent weeks followed
by disposal of small amounts of parasite.[11]
Thus,
it is necessary to collect specimens of the feces that
are negative for parasitism at intervals of several
days. Furthermore, the detection of the parasite is
done to find the trophozoites in the fluids in the
duodenum by intubating or inserting the yarn into
the duodenum (enterostate) or duodenal biopsy. In
addition, giardiasis can be used to determine the
presence of parasites in fecal samples by ELISAor
immunofluorescence, or by searching for antigens
of Giardia in the stool by Kattraymvnvalktrvfvrz
(CIE), ELISA, and enzyme immunoassay.[12]
Followings are the main characteristics of Giardia
lambila.
REFERENCES
1. Morrison HG, McArthur AG, Gillin FD, Aley SB,
Adam RD, Olsen GJ, et al. Genomic minimalism in
the early diverging intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia.
Science 2007;317:1921-6.
2. Hill DR, Nash TE, Lamblia G. Principles and
practice of infectious diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev
2007;2:2888-92.
3. Wolfe MS. Giardiasis. In: Netter’s Infectious Diseases.
Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders; 2012. p. 458-62.
4. Halliez MC, Buret AG. Extra-intestinal and long term
consequences of Giardia duodenalis infections. World
J Gastroenterol 2013;19:8974.
5. Roxström-Lindquist K, Palm D, Reiner D, Ringqvist
E, Svärd SG. Giardia immunity–an update. Trends
Parasitol 2006;22:26-31.
6. Nkrumah B, Nguah SB. Giardia lamblia: A major
parasitic cause of childhood diarrhoea in patients
attending a district hospital in Ghana. Parasites Vectors
2011;4:163.
7. Cacciò SM, Ryan U. Molecular epidemiology of
giardiasis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2008;160:75-80.
8. Leber AL, Novak-Weekley S. Intestinal and Urogenital
Amebae, Flagellates, and Ciliates. In: Manual of
Clinical Microbiology. 10th
ed. Washington, DC:
American Society of Microbiology; 2011. p. 2149-71.
9. Poxleitner MK, Carpenter ML, Mancuso JJ, Wang CJ,
Dawson SC, Cande WZ. Evidence for karyogamy and
exchange of genetic material in the binucleate intestinal
parasite Giardia intestinalis. Science 2008;319:1530-3.
10. Eissa MM, Amer EI. Giardia lamblia: A new target for
Figure 1: 1, Giardia lamblia trophozoite; 2, 3, G. lamblia
cysts; 4, 5, 6, 7, Chilomastix mesnili trophozoites showing
variation in structural detail, which may be seen in
permanent; 8, 9, 10, 11, C. mesnili cysts (3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10,
and 11 show diagnostic features only)

miltefosine. Int J Parasitol 2012;42:443-52.
11. Weiland ME, McArthur AG, Morrison HG, Sogin
ML, Svärd SG. Annexin-like alpha giardins: A
new
cytoskeletal gene family in Giardia lamblia. Int J
Parasitol 2005;35:617-26.
12. Pathuri P, Nguyen ET, Ozorowski G, Svärd SG,
Luecke H. Apo and calcium-bound crystal structures of
cytoskeletal protein alpha-14 giardin (annexin E1) from
the intestinal protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia. J Mol
Biol 2009;385:1098-112.

ISSN 2581 – 4303
RESEARCH ARTICLE
B. Radhika*, C. H. Swetha Bindu
Department of Pharmacognosy, Vaageswari College of Pharmacy, Timmapuram, Telangana, India
Received: 01 Jan 2018; Revised: 22 Jan 2018; Accepted: 01 Apr 2018
ABSTRACT
The present study was examining the anti-helminthic activity of Leucas zeylanica leaves. For the present
investigation, L. zeylanica leaves were collected in the month of January 2017 from Sai Nagar colony of
the Karimnagar district. The leaves were dried and made into fine powder and subjected to acetone and
ethanolic extraction by soxhlation, the phytochemical screening was done for extracts and the results
showed that ethanolic and acetone extracts of the powdered leaves of L. zeylanica showed the presence of
carbohydrates, alkaloids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, and glycosides. Proteins and amino acids
are absent. The extracts were studied for anti-helminthic activity against Indian earthworms Pheretima
posthuma, acetone and ethanolic extracts showed the dose-dependent activity by paralysis followed by
the death of earthworms. The observation of result shows that the anti-helmintic activity of ethanol extract
is more potent compare to the acetone extract. The earthworms were more sensitive to the extracts of
ethanol at 20 mg/ml concentrations as compared to the reference drug albendazole (10 mg/ml).
Keywords: Anti-helminthic, Leucas zeylanica, Pheretima posthuma, soxhlation.
INTRODUCTION
The term helminth has been derived from a
Greek word meaning worm. It was originally
meant to refer to only intestinal worms, but now
includes tissue parasites as well as many free-
living species. These are metazoa, an infection
by a helminth is known as helminthiasis, soil-
transmitted helminthiasis, helminth infection, or
intestinal worm infection.
All helminths are multicellular eukaryotic
invertebrates with tube-like or flattened bodies
exhibiting bilateral symmetry. They are
triploblastic (with endo-, memo-, and ecto-dermal
tissues) but the flatworms are acoelomate (do not
have body cavities) while the roundworms are
pseudocoelomate (with body cavities not enclosed
by mesoderm). In contrast, segmented annelids
(such as earthworms) are coelomate (with body
cavities enclosed by mesoderm).[1]
The number of different helminth species is vast: It
is estimated to be around one million species. The
nematodes are the most diverse of all the helminths
with the highest number of species there may be
B. Radhika,
Email: radhiyre@gmail.com
as many as 300,000 species of parasites affecting
vertebrates, and as many as 300 affecting humans
alone.
The lifetime of adult worms varies tremendously
from one species to another but is generally in
the range of 1–8 years [Table 1]. This lifetime of
severalyearsisaresultoftheirabilitytomanipulate
the immune response of their hosts by secreting
immunomodulatory products. Helminths can be
either hermaphrodites (i.e., can have both sexes),
such as tapeworms and the flukes (except the
blood fluke which is not a hermaphrodite), or have
their sexes differentiated, like the roundworms.[2]
The most common helminthiases are those
caused by infection with intestinal helminths,
ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm, followed
by schistosomiasis and lymphatic filariasis (LF).[3]
Adding to the global morbidity that results from
human helminth infections are the observations
that they have both direct and indirect effects on
malaria and HIV/AIDS in developing countries. In
Sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere, helminthiases
are frequently coendemic with malaria and
HIV/AIDS. Indeed, it is not uncommon for an
individual to be coinfected with the malaria-
causing parasite and one or more parasitic worm
or HIV and one or more parasitic worm. Such
coinfections have additive effects, such as severe

Radhika and Bindu
anemia and synergistic effects, such as increased
transmission of the malaria-causing parasite, HIV,
and/or increased susceptibility to infection with
these pathogens as well as cause an exacerbated
progression of these two killer diseases.[4]
For reasons not well understood, compared
with any other age group, school-aged children
(including adolescents) and preschool children
tend to harbor the greatest numbers of intestinal
worms and schistosomes and as a result experience
growth stunting and diminished physical fitness as
well as impaired memory and cognition.[5]
Hookworm and schistosomiasis are also
important diseases during pregnancy, causing
neonatal prematurity, reduced neonatal birth
weight, and increased maternal morbidity and
mortality. Among some adult populations living
in impoverished areas of developing countries,
onchocerciasis is a leading cause of blindness and
skin disease, while LF is a major cause of limb
and genital deformities.
On-going scientific efforts to study hookworm
are vital since it remains one of the most common
chronic infections of humans, with an estimated
740 million cases in areas of rural poverty in the
tropics and subtropics.[6]
Leucas zeylanica, belong to the family Lamiaceae
commonly called as Ceylon slitwort,[7]
synonyms
include Latin bancana Miq, Phlomis zeylanica
Linn, and Spermacoce denticulate Walp.[8,9]
It is
a small, earthy, nonwoody, annual erect plant or
sometimestufted,hispidandaromaticplantgrowing
to a height of up to 120 cm, stipules absent. Stem is
green in color. Leaves are oval in shape and green
in color, which occur on opposite sides of stems
and large in number. These are subsellile leaves
which are liner lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate
which is 2.5–7.5 cm long. Roots are mainly taproot
and fibrous. This is white or brown in color. Whorls
of many flowers are bisexual, sessile, subsessile,
usually in terminal curls is 1 to 2 cm in diameter,
grouped together in an axillary, coralla is white
in color and 2
cm long. Calyx is 5–7
mm long
obliquely Turbient, with minute teeth, apex, acute,
base acute, pinnately veined, and erect or spreading
horizontally, It is reproduced by seed or pollinated
by bees, moths, and flies.[10,11]
Plants exist in various habitats, a weed of sunny,
dry localities, often on sandy soils, paddy dams,
waste places, roadsides from the low land up to
1700 m altitude. Widely occurs throughout South
East Asia.[12]
Procurement of plant material
For the present investigation, L. zeylanica leaves
were collected in the month of January 2017 from
Sai Nagar colony of the Karimnagar district. The
plant was identified and authenticated by BSI/
DRC/16-17/Tech.05. The leaves were dried in
the shade; it was powdered, passed through sieve
No. 40 and stored in airtight bottles.
Selection of worms
An Indian adult earthworm was chosen for
anti-helminthic activity as it has anatomical
and physiological similarity with the intestinal
roundworm parasites of human beings.
Administration of albendazole
Albendazole (10
mg/ml) was prepared using
1%
v/v of Tween 80 as a suspending agent as
administered as per the method of extract.
Preparation of 1% v/v of Tween 80
1% Tween 80 was prepared by taking 1
ml of
Tween 80 in 100 ml of water or NaCl solution.
Table 1: Paralysis and death time for standard and test doses
Group Treatment Concentration (w/v) mg/ml P. posthuma
Paralysis time (min) Death time (min)
1 1% Tween 80 (control) (ml) 20 150±10 -
2 Albendazole 10 30 60
3 ESLE 10 120± 5 160±5
20 70±10 120±10
4 ASLE 10 110±5 190±5
20 95±10 150±10

Radhika and Bindu
Preparation of extracts
Acetone and ethanolic extracts of L. zeylanica
leaves were prepared by soxhlation methods at a
suitable temperature. 50 g of the powder of leaves
is prepared as a thimble and extracted with 300 ml
of the solvent using soxhlation process was carried
out for about 6 h for each solvent, and the extracts
obtained were evaporated and dried in a desiccator.
Administration of extract
The suspension of acetone and ethanolic extract
of L. zeylanica leaves of different concentrations
(10, 20 mg/ml) were prepared using 1% v/v ofTween
80 as a suspending agent. A total of 20 ml for each
concentration was prepared (200
mg in 20
ml for
10 mg concentration and 400 mg in 20 ml for 20 mg
concentration). Albendazole was used as a standard.
Groupsofapproximatelyequalsizewormsconsisting
of two earthworms individually in each group were
releases into each 20 ml of the desired concentration
of the drug and extract in the Petri dish.
Anti-helminthic evaluation
Experimental worms
Indian adult earthworms (Pheretima posthuma)
were used to study anti-helminthic activity.
The earthworms were collected from moist soil
and washed with distilled water to remove all
fecal matter. Earthworms 3–5 cm in length and
0.1–0.2 cm in width were used for the experiment.
Experimental design
The anti-helminthic activity was performed on
adult Indian earthworm P. posthuma as it has
anatomical and physiological resemblance with
the intestinal roundworm parasites of human
beings. P. posthuma was placed in Petri dish
containing two different concentrations (10 and
20
mg/ml) of ethanolic and acetone extract of
leaves of L. zeylanica. Each Petri dish was placed
with 2 worms and observed for paralysis or death.
Time for paralysis was noted when no movement
of any sort could be observed, except when the
worm was shaken vigorously; the time of the death
of worm (min) was recorded after ascertaining
that worms neither moved when shaken nor
when given external stimuli. The test results were
Figure 2: Comparative data of paralysis time at different
concentrations against pheretima posthuma
Figure 3: Comparative data of death time at different
concentrations against pheratima posthuma
Figure 1: (a) STD: Albendazole, (b) control: 1% Tween 80,
(c) 10 mg acetone, (d) 20 mg acetone, (e) 10 mg ethanol,
(f) 20 mg ethanol
a b
c d
e f

Radhika and Bindu
compared with reference compound Albendazole
(10 mg/ml) treated samples.[13]
RESULTS
From the results, it is observed that L. zeylanica
shown potent anthelmintic activity while the
P. posthuma has taken a long time for death
(190
min–110
min) of worms. The earthworm
selected for the anthelmintic activity was most
sensitive to the different solvent extracts, namely
ethanol and acetone.
Leaves extract of as L. zeylanicacan be seen in
Table 1. The anthelmintic activity result revealed
dose-dependent paralysis is ranging from loss of
motility to loss of response to external stimuli,
which eventually progressed to death at 10
and 20
mg/ml concentrations, paralysis, was
observed, respectively, at 120
min and 70
min
and death at 160 and 120 min in ethanol extracts.
The acetone extracts of L. zeylanica also exhibited
dose-dependent anthelmintic activities that caused
paralysis at 110 and 95 min (at 10 and 20 mg/ml)
and death at 190 and 150 min (at 10 and 20 mg/
ml). The standard drug (albendazole) shows
paralysis within 30 min and time of death 60 min
in the two solvents extracts. The observation of
result shows that the anti-helminthic activity
of ethanol extract is more potent compared to
the acetone extract. The earthworms were more
sensitive to the extracts of ethanol at 20 mg/ml
concentrations as compared to the reference drug
albendazole (10 mg/ml). The results are furnished
in Table 1, and graphs punished [Figures 1-3].
CONCLUSION
From the obtained results, it was concluded
that acetone and ethanol soxhlation extracts of
L. zeyleanica leave exhibited the dose-dependent
anti-helminthic activity. Among them, ethanol
(20
mg/ml extract causes paralysis in 70
min
death in 120
min) extracts were more effective
in causing the death of the worms as well as
promoting paralysis compared to standard.
REFERENCES
1. Bogitsh BJ, Cheng TC. Human Parasitology.
Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1990.
2. Jirillo E, Magrone T, Miragliotta G. Immunomodulation
by parasitic helminths and its therapeutic exploitation.
In: Pineda MA, Harnett W, editors. Immune Response
to Parasitic Infections. Vol. 2. Bentham eBooks; 2014.
p. 175-212.
3. Hotez PJ, Molyneux DH, Fenwick A, Kumaresan J,
Sachs SE, Sachs JD, et al. Control of neglected tropical
diseases. N Engl J Med 2007;357:1018-27.
4. Hotez PJ, Molyneux DH, Fenwick A, Ottesen E,
Sachs SE, Sachs JD. Incorporating a rapid-impact
package for neglected tropical diseases with programs
for HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. PLoS Med
2006;3:e102.
5. Hotez PJ. Forgotten People and Forgotten Diseases,
the Neglected Tropical Diseases and Their Impact on
Global Health and Development. Washington, D.C.:
ASM Press; 2008.
6. Gallagher M, Malhotra I, Mungai PL, Wamachi AN,
Kioko JM, Ouma JH, et al. The effects of maternal
helminth and malaria infections on mother-to-child
HIV transmission. AIDS 2005;19:1849-55.
7. Leucas zeylanica.Available from : http://www. Virboga.de.
8. Leucas zeylanica list. Available from: http://www.
Tropicos.org.
9. The International Plant Name Index-Leucas zeylanica
list. Available from: http://www.Ipni.org.
10. Leucas zeylanica (L) R.Br.-Lamiaceae-Dicotyledon.
Available from: http://www.Oswaldasia.org.
11. Leucas zeylanica Flora of China. Available from: http://
www.Efloras.org.
12. Germplasm Resources Information Network-Leucas
zeylanica. Available from: http://www.ars-grin.gov.
13. Ashok, Chittaragi, Kodiyalmath J. A comparative study
on anthelmintic activity of various solvent extracts
of Clavaria rosea. Journal of Pharmacognosy and
Phytochemistry 2014;3(3):29-32.

ISSN 2581 – 4303
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Evaluation of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl Scavenging Activity and
Phytochemical Analysis of Mukia Maderaspatana (L.) M. Roem.
S. Kiruthika, A. Arunprasath*
Department of Botany, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
Received: 23 Feb 2018; Revised: 05 April 2018; Accepted: 11 May 2018
ABSTRACT
Mukia maderaspatana belongs to the family Cucurbitaceae is an important plant described in Ayurveda.
This plant is used for the treatment of a number of ailments such as urinary disorder and cardiac
problems. The leaf of M. maderaspatana was extracted with different organic solvents in increasing
order of polarity. The results of the preliminary investigation revealed the presence of alkaloids,
steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, glycosides, and saponins. Antioxidant activity was assessed
using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The results of antioxidant activity indicate that the
methanolic and petroleum ether extracts of the leaf of M. maderaspatana possess significant scavenging
activity against DPPH (ethanolic solvent and methanolic solvent of 300 µg/ml each). This study revealed
that the methanolic extracts of M. maderaspatana have demonstrated significant antioxidant activity.
Keywords: Cucurbitaceae, leaf extract, Mukia maderaspatana, nuclear magnetic resonance,
phytochemistry.
INTRODUCTION
Plant is man’s friend in survival, giving him food
and medicine from the days beyond drawn of
civilization.[3]
Plant continues to be a major source
of medicine, as they have throughout human
history.[16]
For a long period of time, plants have
been a valuable source of natural products for
maintaining human health, especially in the last
decade, with more intensive studies for natural
therapies. Nowadays, the use of phytochemicals
for pharmaceutical purpose has gradually
increased many countries.According to the World
Health Organization, medicinal plants would be
the best source to obtain a variety of drugs. About
80% of individuals from develop countries use
traditional medicine, which has compounds
derived from medicinal plants. Medicinal plants
besides therapeutic agents are also a big source
of information for a wide variety of chemical
constituents which could be developed as drugs
with precise selectivity. These are the reservoirs
of potentially useful chemical compounds which
could serve as newer leads and clues for modern
A. Arunprasath,
Email: arunprasath@psgcas.ac.in
drug design.[20]
The most important of these
bioactive constituents of plants are alkaloids,
tannins, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds.[7]
Correlation between the phytoconstituents and
the bioactivity of plant is desirable to know for the
synthesis of compounds with specific activities to
treat various health ailments and chronic diseases
as well.[17]
Mukia maderaspatana Linn. belongs
to the family name is Cucurbitaceae. It is a
prostate herb or tendril climber found throughout
India. M. maderaspatana is a medicinal plant.
It occurs in wild areas as well as cultivated in
Kitchen gardens. It is traditionally used as a leafy
vegetable and to cure several ailments in South
India. It is used in vertigo and biliousness. The
present work was aimed to assess the preliminary
phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity
of M. maderaspatana.
Collection of plant sample
The fresh leaves of M. maderaspatana will be
collected from Madukkarai, Coimbatore District,
Tamil Nadu. The plants will be identify and
authenticate at the herbarium of Botanical Survey
of India, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. The fresh

Kiruthika and Arunprasath: Evaluation of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl Scavenging Activity and Phytochemical Analysis
of Mukia Maderaspatana (L.) M. Roem
leaves are washed with tap water and allow to
shade dry at room temperature. The dried leaves
are powdered by electrical blender.
Preparation of plant extracts
About 30 g of powdered M. maderaspatana
leaf was successively extracted using 300 ml of
methanol and petroleum ether using the Soxhlet
extractor for 8–10 h.[8]
The extract was filtered
through Whatman No.1 filter paper to remove all
undissolved matter including cellular materials
and other constitutions that are insoluble in the
extraction solvent.
Preliminary phytochemical studies
The methanol and petroleum ether extracts were
subjected to preliminary phytochemical tests to
determine the group of secondary metabolites
present in the powdered M. maderaspatana was
followed by Harborne.[9]
ANTIOXIDANT ANALYSIS OF MUKIA
MADERASPATANA
DPPH radical scavenging activity
The antioxidant activity of the methanolic and
ethanolic extraction of M. maderaspatana was
measured the method described by Brand-
Williams et al.[4]
RESULTS
Preliminary phytochemical studies on
M. maderaspatana were carried out to find out
the presence of phytochemical constituents.
M. wmaderaspatana is a prostrate or climbing
scabrid herb. Tendrils are simple, which are
distributed in throughout India. The plants were
also screened for antioxidant responses. In this
phytochemical evaluation, initially, physical
constants were evaluated for its presence as
well as for its quantity. The petroleum ether
and methanolic extracts were found to contain
flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, steroids, and
phenolic compounds.
The plant material was subjected to phytochemical
analysis separately for observing the presence
of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic
compounds, glycosides, saponins, steroids, and
tannin [Table 1]. All results observed were in
leaves of M. maderaspatana. Flavonoids are
found in optimum concentration in the present
study. Flavonoids are pharmacologically active
substances. Saponins are steroid glycosides. It
may be steroid glycosides or may be terpene
glycosides. The combination of hydrophilic
triterpene with a hydrophilic sugar gives
saponins. In general, saponins are toxic, but
many experiments showed that consumption
of saponins in lower concentration by human
beings may be beneficial in reducing heart
diseases. In the present investigation, because
of the presence of saponins, the leaves of M.
maderaspatana in methanolic solvent may have
some medicinal property. Glycosides were also
present in M. maderaspatana. The present study
reveal can optimum precipitation of glycosides.
Hence, the plant may be tested for antistress,
antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory properties as
is evident from the works of above-mentioned
authors. Phenolic compounds were also detected
in both solvents. They show a high degree of
precipitation of phenolic compounds. Due to
these phenolic compounds, the susceptibility of
the plant may greater even in high temperatures.
The phytochemical and antioxidant activity of
both extracts of M. maderaspatana that using
the diagnostic feature one can identify these two
solvents for further investigation.
DPPH scavenging activity of
M. maderaspatana
The antioxidant activities in leaf of
M. maderaspatana methanol and ethanolic
extracts were assessed by DPPH activity. The
DPPH activity of different concentrations of
Table 1: Preliminary phytochemical analysis of Mukia
maderaspatana
Name of secondary
metabolite
Petroleum ether
solvent
Methanolic
solvent
Alkaloids _ _
Flavonoids ++ ++
Saponins _ ++
Glycosides ++ +
Steroids ++ +
Phenols ++ +
Tannins _ _
++: More present, +: Present, _: Absent

methanol and ethanolic extracts (100–300 µg/ml)
along with standard ascorbic acid was presented
in Table 2. With the increasing concentrations,
positive scavenging activity was noted. The
percentage of scavenging activity is increasing
with the increasing concentration in both
extracts. Among the five different concentrations
(100–300
µg/ml) of both extracts tested, the
higher percentage of inhibition (61.2 ± 0.26) was
observed in 300 µg/ml of ethanol extract followed
by (75 ± 0.67) 300
µg/ml of methanol extract
against the standard ascorbic acid (79 ± 0.28)
followed by percentage of inhibition (56.7 ± 0.27)
250 µg/ml of ethanol extract and (70 ± 0.65) of
methanol extract observed in 250 µg/ml against
the standard ascorbic acid (74 ± 0.44) 250 µg/ml.
From the result, when compare the scavenging
activity percentage of ethanol and methanol,
the methanol extract shows higher activity than
ethanol extract.
DPPH free radicals have the ability to take electron
from the antioxidants that is why it is used for the
antioxidants scavenging assays of the medicinal
plants for its estimation. Table 2 summarizes the
percentage scavenging activity in ethanol and
methanol leaf extracts of M. maderaspatana.
DISCUSSION
M. maderaspatana traditionally used as a leafy
vegetable and to cure several ailments in South
India. It is used to treat cough, cold, constipation,
vertigo, burning sensation, dyspepsia, flatulence,
and dental pain.[17]
Extensive literature survey has
shown that there are no scientific reports available
on nutrient composition of M. maderaspatana L.
Furthermore,earlierworkfocusedonantimicrobial
activity of aerial parts in chloroform, hexane, ethyl
acetate, and methanol. Hence, the present study is
carried out with the aim to explore phytochemical
constitution in water, ethanol, ethyl acetate,
acetone, and hexane extract of leaf parts, nutrient
potential in relation to its ethnomedicinal uses,
and potential antibacterial activity against few
bacterial strains. The results of phytochemical
screening test performed on crude leaf extracts
of M. maderaspatana plant are summarized in
Table
1. Phytochemical analysis of petroleum
ether and methanol extracts of M. maderaspatana
leaf extract revealed the presence of flavonoids,
glycosides, steroids, phenolic compounds, and
saponins. The presence of these substances in the
investigated plant accounts for its usefulness as
medicinal plant. This information obtained is used
to facilitate quantitative estimation and qualitative
separation of constituents from the leaves. In
addition to the phytochemical screening of the
plant extract, we have checked the anthelmintic
activities, and the extract showed the prominent
activity toward aquatic leech; Lymnatis nilotica.[6]
Arunprasath and Gomathinayagam[1]
reported that
maximum amount of all the compounds such as
alkaloids, flavonoid, glycosides, steroids, phenols,
tannins, saponins, and resins in leaves was present
in methanol extract than the petroleum ether
extract.
The measurement of the scavenging of DPPH
radical allows one to determine exclusively the
intrinsic ability of substance to donate hydrogen
atom or electrons to this reactive species in a
homogeneous system. The method is based on the
reduction of methanolic DPPH solution because
the presence of antioxidant substances having
hydrogen-donating groups such as phenols and
flavonoid compounds due to the formation of
non-radical DPPH-H form.[13]
The SC50 values
for DPPH assay of the samples have been given
in Table 3. The ethanol and methanol extracts
of M. maderaspatana have proved to be active
antioxidants. The mechanism of the reaction
between antioxidant compounds and DPPH
depends on the structural conformation of these
compounds. It has been reported that the free
radical scavenging activity of flavonoids is
Table 2: Antioxidant‑DPPH activity of Mukia maderaspatana leaf extract in different concentrations
Sample % of inhibition Comparison of activity
100 µg/ml 150 µg/ml 200 µg/ml 250 µg/ml 300 µg/ml Ethanol methanol
Ethanolic extract 47.6 ± 0.44 49.6 ± 0.63 52.3 ± 0.37 56.7 ± 0.27 61.2 ± 0.26
Methanolic extract 58.4 ± 0.49 65 ± 0.46 67 ± 0.33 70 ± 0.65 75 ± 0.67
Ascorbic acid 58.9 ± 0.55 69.6 ± 0.42 70 ± 0.43 74 ± 0.44 79 ± 0.28
DPPH: 2,2‑diphenyl‑1‑picrylhydrazyl

dependent on the presence of free OH groups,
especially 3-OH.[15,8,16]
In the present study, the
antioxidant activity of the methanol, chloroform,
and ethyl acetate extracts may be attributed to
the collective antioxidant effects of the phenolic
compounds, and these results are in full agreement
with previous studies on many plant species.[12,1,6]
The bioactive compounds obtained from
medicinal plants have been used to treat various
ailments caused by microorganisms. The most
important of their bioactive principles are
alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and
tannins that may be evolved in plants as self-
defense against pest and pathogens.[19]
DPPH is
one of the free radicals widely used for testing
preliminary radical scavenging activity of the
plant extract.[2]
Scavenging of DPPH radical is
related to the inhibition of lipid peroxidation.[18]
DPPH is usually used as a substance to evaluate
the antioxidant activity.[5]
Antioxidants either
transfer an electron or a hydrogen atom to DPPH,
thus neutralizing its free radical character.[14]
DPPH test, which is based on the ability of DPPH,
a stable free radical, to decolorize in the presence
of antioxidants, is a direct and reliable method
for determining radical scavenging action.[10]
The
DPPH assay has been largely used as a quick,
reliable, and reproducible parameter to search
the in vitro general antioxidant activity of pure
compounds as well as plant extracts.[11]
The
reducing capacity of compounds could serve as
indicator of potential antioxidant property.[12]
REFERENCES
1. Arunprasath A, Gomathinayagam M. Qualitative
study of Costus speciosus (Koen ex. Retz.) Sm. and its
potentiality against human pathogenic microbes. Int J
Pharm Biol Arch 2014;5:93-8.
2. Bhuiyan MA, Hoque MZ, Hossain SJ. Free radical
scavenging activities of Ziziphus mauritiana. World J
Agric Sci 2009;5:318-22.
3. Bose TK, Chowdhury B. Tropical Garden Plants in
Color. Calcutta, India: Horticulture Allied Publishers;
1991.
4. Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset CL. Use of
a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity.
LWT-Food Sci Technol 1995;28:25-30.
5. Chand T, Bhandari A, Kumawat BK, Basniwal PK,
Sharma S, Verma R. In vitro antioxidant activity of
alcoholic extract of seed of Cucumis callosus (Rottl.)
cogn. Am J Pharmtech Res 2012;2:2249-3387.
6. Dagnaw W, Mekonnen A. Cytotoxic, antibacterial and
analgesic activities of Rhaphidophora glauca (Wall.)
Schott leaves. J Coastal Life Med 2016;4:50-2.
7. Doss A, Mubarack HM, Dhanabalan R. Antibacterial
activity of tannins from the leaves of Solanum
trilobatum Linn. Indian J Sci Technol 2009;2:41-3.
8. Gafner S, Wolfender JL, Nianga M, Hostettmann K.
A naphthoquinone from Newbouldia laevis roots.
Phytochemistry 1998;48:215-6.
9. Harborne JB. Phytochemical Methods of Analysis.
Vol. 64. London: Jackmann and Hall; 1973. p. 190.
10.
Hasan SR, Hossain MM, Akter R, Jamila M,
Mazumder
ME, Rahman S. DPPH free radical
scavenging activity of some Bangladeshi medicinal
plants. J Med Plants Res 2009;3:875-9.
11. Koleva II, Van Beek TA, Linssen JP, Groot AD,
Evstatieva LN. Screening of plant extracts for
antioxidant activity: A
comparative study on three
testing methods. Phytochem Anal 2002;13:8-17.
12.
Mazandarani M, Moghaddam Z, Zolfaghari MR,
Ghaemi EA, Bayat H, Meir S, et al. Determination
and involvement of aqueous reducing compounds in
oxidative defense systems of various senescing leaves.
J Agric Food Chem 1995;43:1813-9.
13. Mensor LL, Menezes FS, Leitão GG, Reis AS,
Santos
TC, Coube CS, et al. Screening of Brazilian
plant extracts for antioxidant activity by the use of
DPPH free radical method. Phytother Res 2001;15:127-
30.
14. Pan Y, Wang K, Huang S, Wang H, Mu X, He C, et al.
Antioxidant activity of microwave-assisted extract of
longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) peel. Food Chem
2008;106:1264-70.
15. Pandey DP, Rather MA, Nautiyal DP, Bachheti RK.
Phytochemical analysis of Abutilon indicum. Int J
Chem Tech Res 2011;3:642-5.
16. Prince L, Prabakaran P. Pelagia research library. Asian J
Plant Sci Res 2011;1:84-7.
17. Raja B, Pugalendi KV. Evaluation of antioxidant
activity of Melothria maderaspatana in vitro. Central
Eur J Biol 2010;5:224-30.
18. Rekka E, Kourounakis PN. Effect of hydroxyethyl
rutosides and related compounds on lipid peroxidation
and free radical scavenging activity. Some structural
aspects. J Pharm Pharmacol 1991;43:486-91.
19. Sukumaran S, Kiruba S, Mahesh M, Nisha SR,
Miller PZ, Ben CP, et al. Phytochemical constituents
and antibacterial efficacy of the flowers of Peltophorum
pterocarpum (DC.) Baker ex Heyne. Asian Pac J Trop
Med 2011;4:735-8.
20. Vijyalakshmi R, Ravindran R. Preliminary comparative
phytochemical screening of root extracts of Diospyrus
ferrea (Wild.) Bakh and Arva lanata (L.) Juss. Ex
schultes. Asian J Plant Sci 2012;2:581-7.

ISSN 2581 – 4303
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Phytochemical Evaluation and Antioxidant Activity of Holarrhena pubescens
Wall. ex G.Don
K. Kalimuthu, A. Arunprasath*
Department of Botany, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
Received: 03 Apr 2018; Revised: 15 Apr 2018; Accepted: 22 May 2018
ABSTRACT
The selected medicinal plant Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G.Don belongs to the family Apocynaceae,
and it was collected in hillock of Muthu Malai hill in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. In the present study,
preliminary phytochemical screening of H. pubescens a medicinal plant was carried out. Qualitative
phytochemical analysis of these plants confirms the presence of various secondary metabolites such as
steroids, tannins, alkaloids, and phenols. The results suggest that the phytochemical properties for curing
various ailments possess potential anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant and leads to the
isolation of new and novel compounds. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed the
existence of various compounds with different chemical structures. The presence of various bioactive
compounds confirms the application of H. pubescens for various ailments by traditional practitioners.
However, isolation of individual phytochemical constituents may proceed to find a novel drug. Extracts
from H. pubescens showed varying antioxidant (free radical scavenging) activities when compared to
Vitamin C, and the results suggest that the antioxidant activity of H. pubecens may contribute to their
claimed medicinal property.
Keywords: Holarrhena pubescens, Indian medicinal plants, Phytochemical screening
INTRODUCTION
Medicinal plants are of great importance to the
health of individuals and communities.[1]
Many
of these indigenous medicinal plants are used
as spices and food plants. They are sometimes
added to foods meant for pregnant and nursing
mothers for medicinal purposes.[2]
Medicinal
plants are generally used in traditional medicine
for the treatment of many ailments Ogukwe
et al., 2004).[3]
Antioxidants or inhibitors of
oxidation are compounds which retard or prevent
the oxidation and in general prolong the life of
the oxidizable matter. Majority of the diseases/
disorders are mainly linked to oxidative stress due
to free radicals. The free radicals (oxidants) are
species with very short half-life, high reactivity,
and damaging activity toward macromolecules
such as proteins, DNA, and lipids. In general, the
reactive oxygen species circulating in the body
tend to react with the electron of other molecules
A. Arunprasath,
Email: arunprasath@psgcas.ac.in
in the body and these also affect various enzyme
systems and cause damage which may further
contribute to conditions such as cancer, ischemia,
aging, adult respiratory distress syndromes, and
rheumatoid arthritis.
A plant-based diet protects against chronic
oxidative stress-related diseases. Dietary plants
contain variable chemical families and amounts
of antioxidants. It has been hypothesized that
plant antioxidants may contribute to the beneficial
health effects of dietary plants. Holarrhena
pubescens belonging to family Apocynaceae
commonly known as kutaja or kurchi (Malyalam,
India) is distributed in Asia, tropical areas of
Africa, Madagascar, India, Philippines, and
Malayan Peninsula. H. pubescens growing up to
an altitude of 1300m in the Himalayas. It gows
often sociably in deciduous forests and open
waste.[4]
The plant has been employed for long time
in folklore therapy. “Kurchi” bark is an important
traditional drug used in various ailments. The drug
is astringent, anthelmintic, stomachic, antipyretic,
and tonic and is generally administered as an
extract or decoction in amoebic dysentery and
diarrhea. Bark is given either alone or with other

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