BUILDING SERVICES - LIGHTING SERVICES

1. ILLUMINATION
"REAL ART IS ILLUMINATION, IT ADDS STATURE TO LIFE"

2. WHAT IS
ILLUMINATION?
The quantity of light or luminous
flux falling on a unit area of a
surface. Illumination is inversely
proportional to the square of the
distance of the surface from the
source of light

3. Q U A L I T Y O F L I G H T I N G

5. FACTORS OF GOOD QUALITY OF LIGHT
The illumination should not be harmful to the viewers.It
should be glare-free, shadow-less and contrast free. Direct
glare from the source of light is a most common
factor.Presence of polished and glassy surface will cause
indirect glare unless a diffused light is used. Hard and long
shadows can be avoided by using a large number of lamps
and adjusting the mounting height

6. LIGHTING SCHEMES
Lighting schemes are classified
according to the location,
requirement, and purpose etc.
are as under:
1. Direct lighting
2. Indirect lighting
3. Semidirectlighting
4. Semi-indirect lighting
5. General lighting

7. DIRECT LIGHTING
In this system, almost 90 to
95% light falls directly on the
object or the surface. The light
is made to fall upon the
surface with the help of deep
reflectors. Such type of
lighting scheme is most used
in industries and commercial
lighting. Although this scheme
is most efficient it is liable to
cause glare and shadows.

8. INDIRECT LIGHTING
In this system,the light does not
fall directly on the surface but
more than 90 % of light is
directed upwards by using
diffusing reflectors.
Here the ceiling acts as a source of light and this light is uniformly distributed
over the surface and glare is reduced to a minimum. It provides shadowless
illumination which is useful for drawing offices and composing rooms.

9. SEMI-DIRECT LIGHTING
This is also an efficient system
of lighting and chances of glare
are also reduced. Here
transparent type shades are used
through which about 60% light
is directed downward and 40 %
is directed upward. This also
provides a uniform distribution
of light and is best suited for a
room with high ceilings.

10. In this system, about 60 to 90 % of total light is thrown upward to
the ceiling for diffused reflection and the rest reaches the working
plane directly.Averysmallamountoflightis absorbed by the bowl. It is
mainly used for interior decoration.
Semi-indirect Lighting

11. GENERAL LIGHTING
This system employs such type
of luminaries, shades, and
reflectors which give equal
illumination in all the
directions.

12. One meter candle or lux is defined as the illumination
produced by a uniform source of one CP on the inner
surface of a sphere of radius one meter.
WHAT IS LUX?

13. The outdoor light level is approximately 10,000 lux on a clear day.
In the building, in the area closest to windows, the light level may
be reduced to approximately 1,000 lux. In the middle area, it may
be as low as 25 - 50 lux. Additional lighting equipment is often
necessary to compensate the low levels.
Earlier it was common with light levels in the range 100 - 300 lux
for normal activities. Today the light level is more common in the
range 500 - 1000 lux - depending on activity. For precision and
detailed works, the light level may even approach 1500 - 2000 lux.
Common and Recommended Light Levels
Indoors

14. RECOMMENDED LUX LEVELS

15. RECOMMENDED LUX LEVELS

16. Lighting is the deliberate use of
light to achieve a practical or
aesthetic effect.
INCANDESCENT
DISCHARGE LAMPS
FLUORESCENT
CFL
LED
OLED
TYPES OF LAMPS

17. T Y P E S O F L A M P S
FILAMENT OR INCANDESCENT LAMP
When an electric current is passed
through a fine metallic wire, it raises the
temperature of the wire. At low
temperature, only heat is produced but
at higher temperature light radiations
goes on increasing. As filament lamp
consists of a fine wire of high resistive
material placed in an evacuated glass
bulb. This type of lamps is operated at
the temperature of 2500 C.

18. T Y P E S O F L A M P S
DISCHARGE LAMPS
This lamp consists of discharge tube made from special
heat resistance glass, containing a small amount of
metallic sodium, neon gas, and two electrodes. Neon gas
is added to start the discharge and to develop enough
heat to vaporized sodium. A long tube is required to get
more light. To reduce overall dimensions of the lamp,
the tube is generally bent into U-shape.

19. T Y P E S O F L A M P S
FLUORESCENT
It is a low-pressure mercury vapor lamp. It consists of a glass tube
25 mm in diameter and 0.6 m, 1.2 m and 1.5 m in length. The tube
contains argon gas at a low pressure about 2.5 mm of mercury. At
the two ends, two electrodes coated with some electron-emissive
material are placed

20. T Y P E S O F L A M P S
FLUORESCENT
The colors produce by this tubes are as:
Material
Zinc silicate
Calciumtungsten
Cadmiumborate
CalciumHolophosphate
Magnesiumtungsten
Color
Green
Pink
Blue
White or daylight
Bluish white

21. T Y P E S O F L A M P S
COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMP( CFL)
A low-pressure mercury vapor
lamp having two electrodes
coated with electron emissive
material placed in a glass
tube.The tube is coated
internally with some
fluorescent material in the
form of powder. In the tube,
one drop of mercury and argon
gas is filled at low-pressure.

22. T Y P E S O F L A M P S
LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE (LED)
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead
semiconductor light source. It is a p–n junction
diode that emits light when activated. When a
suitable voltage is applied to the leads,
electrons are able to recombine with electron
holes within the device, releasing energy in the
form of photons. This effect is called
electroluminescence, and the color of the light
(corresponding to the energy of the photon)
is determined by the energy band gap of the
semiconductor.

23. T Y P E S O F L A M P S
AN ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE (OLED)
An organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is a
light-emitting diode (LED) in which the
emissive electroluminescent layer is a film of
organic compound that emits light in
response to an electric current. This layer of
organic semiconductor is situated between
two electrodes; typically, at least one of
these electrodes is transparent.

24. Energy savings has become one of the
most important issues these days. About
20% of total energy consumption in the
world accounts for lighting system
alone. Most of the office space electric
lights are turned on during the day,
even in cases where enough sunlight is
available. In such cases daylight
integration with electric light offers
greater opportunity to reduce lighting
consumption.
Daylight Integration with Lighting system

25. Lighting strategy that integrates with daylight
Make daylight integration part of
lighting design from the beginning.
Use direct/indirect lighting to avoid glare and match daylight
distribution
Balance the light in a deep room

26. LIGHTING CONTROL
LIGHT CONTROL IS THE ABILITY TO
REGULATE THE LEVEL AND QUALITY
OF LIGHT IN A GIVEN SPACE FOR SPECIFIC
TASK OR SITUATIONS. CONTROLLING LIGHT
PROPERLY NOT ONLY ENHANCES THE
EXPERIENCE, IT HELPS TO SAVE ENERGY BY
USING LIGHT WHEN AND WHERE IT IS
NEEDE MOST

27. LIGHT CONTROL INTEGRATION LEVEL
Three levels of integration can be distinguished for the indoor lighting control .
These are listed below:
The third level takes into account
artificial lighting dealing with artificial
lighting plus external interaction with
external elements like HVAC systems and
blinds.
The first level takes into account the artificial lighting alone.
The second level takes into account artificial lighting and its control by
external information like daylighting, occupancy,...

28. Lighting service (deals with the overall lighting management system, it could
also be called helighting backbone.)
Lighting plant(as an analogy to HVAC central plant deals with the control of
central technical areas. It often appears at each building floor. )
Lighting zone (deals with the different interactions in a zone (zone = a room
or a set of rooms)
Lighting device (is the terminal device, which controls the visual comfort of a
specific area. )
The lighting control architecture supports
the implementation of the defined strategies.
It can be organized in four levels:
LIGHTING CONTROL ARCHITECTURE

29. LAWS OF ILLUMINATION
1. The Inverse Square Law of Illuminance
2. The Cosine Law of Illuminance
This law states that the Illuminance (E)
at any point on a plane perpendicular
to the line joining the point and source
is inversely proportional to the square
of the distance between the source and
plane.
The law states that Illuminance at a point
on a plane is proportional to the cosine
of the angle of light incident (the angle
between the direction of the incident
light and the normal to the plane).

30. THANK YOU