Medicinal and aromatical plants,cultivation of medicinal and aromatic crops , production technlogy of medicinal and aromatic planst ,

1. Medicinal and Aromatic plants
EDITED BY :- ARVIND YADAV
ID :- 721 BATCH:- 721
ARVINDY2510@BUAT721
BANDA UNIVERSITY OF
AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
BANDA

2. What is Medicinal plant ?
• Medicinal plants are plants that have a recognized
medical use.
• Medicinal plants are those plants rich in secondary
metabolites and are potential source of drugs.
These secondary metabolites include alkaloides,
gycosides, coumarins, flavonoides, steroides etc.

3. Aromatic plants are defined those plants which possess essential
oils in them. These essential oils are the odoriferous steam volatile
constituents of the aromatic plants.
These essential oils are used in making perfumes, in cooking,
in the food, pharmaceutical,cosmetics liquor industries. Many arom
atic plants are species of the Lauraceae, asteraceae
Myrtaceae, and Lamiaceae families.
Aromatic Plants

4. ALOE
(Gritkumari )
B.N Aloe vera or Aloe barbendensis
Other spp A. ferox, A.perryi, A.africana, A.spicata
Family Liliaceae
Origin Eastern and Southern Africa,Canary Island and Spain
Uses Laxative, purgative, alternative, aphrodisiac, antihelmintic,
emmenagogue, blood purifier, for skin disorder,
Rheumatism. Eye trouble, moisturizer, emollient, wound
healer, cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulation
Constituents Aloin and emodin act as analgesics, antibacterials and antivirals.

5. Agro-techniques
Climate & Soil Wide adaptability.
 Warm humid and dry climate with even 35-40 cm RF.
Soil pH upto 8.5.
Propagation Root suckers or Rhizome cuttings.
Cuttings with two nodes from mature stem
Planting and
spacing
15-18 cm long root suckers @ 60x45 cm spacing in Rainy season
Harvesting Plants are harvested 8 month after planting.
Leaves are cut open and mucilage is scraped out.
Mucilage is stirred vigorously in blender to make uniform solution.
Solution strained thru muslin cloth and centrifuged and gel is
precipitated from extract by acetone.
Yield Yield starts from 2nd
yr upto 5th
years then replanting needed.
Avg yield 10-15 t/ha

6. Opium Poppy
B.N Papaver somniferum
Family Papaveraceae
Origin Western Mediterranean Region
Uses Analgesic, Anti-tussive, Anti-spasmodic, Sedative,
Constituents Codeine, Narcotine, Papverine, Thebaine

7. Pyrethrum
B.N Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium
Chrysanthemum coccineum.
Family Asteraceae
Origin Western Mediterranean Region
Uses Safest Insecticide (Low mammalian toxicity)
Constituents Pyrethrum is also the name of the crude extract obtained from
flowers of this plant.
Major parts from flower with six chemicals
Pyrethrin I, Pyrethrin II, Cinerin I&II, Jasmoline I&II
Pyrethroids are synthetic insecticides based on natural pyrethrum (pyrethrins)

8. Agro-techniques
Climate & Soil Thrives in cool dry climate of south Indian hills 1800 amsl
and Kashmir valley
Propagation Seeds
Splits
Planting and
spacing
April-May
60x45 cm
Harvesting Harvesting at Perfect stage of flower is needed
When 3-4 rows of disc floret open
Yield Starts flowering in 6-9 months from planting
250 kg/ha

9. Bishop’s Weed
B.N Ammi majus
Ammi visnaga
Family Apiaceae
Origin Egypt
Uses Treating Vetiligo (loss of skin colour), Leaucoderma,
Psoriasis. Expectorant, diuretic and an anti-dote
Constituents Seeds contains Xanthotoxin

10. Agro-techniques
Climate & Soil Mild cool climate.
Temperate and sub-tropical area of H.P, U.P, TN and
Karnataka
Can be grown in variety of soils
Propagation By seeds
Variety Suttons and Monoica
Planting and
spacing
Spacing 30 cm in September-October (Seeding)
Spacing 45x30 cm in September-October (Transplanting)
Harvesting Immature green fruits are harvested in April followed by
threshing and winnowing
Yield Dry Seeds 900-1200 kg/ha

11. Ocimum
Distribution 160 species of Ocimum, distributed in warmer parts of the
Hemisphere upto 1800 m amsl.
Max. number of spp in tropical rain forest of Africa & centre of
diversity is in Africa, South America and Asia
Genus & Family Ocimum / Lamiaceae (mint) family
USES Essential oils - Perfumery industry & Cosmetics
Antifungal, Bactericidal and Insecticidal properties
Used in indigenous system of medicine in India, Africa, Arab,
Australia, Malaya and Sri Lanka
Constituents Ocimum oils- Linalool, Geraniol,Citral,Camphor,Eugenol,
Methyle chavicol, Safrol, Thymol etc.

12. Ocimum - Two Group / Varities
Basilcum group Sanctum group
1 Ocimum basilcum var minima (RRL-07) Ocimum sanctum syn. O. tenuiflorum
2 Ocimum basilcum var crispa (RRL-08) Ocimum gratissimum (RRL-02) like
clove oil – named “Clocimum”
3 Ocimum basilcum var glabratum Ocimum viride (RRL-08)
4 Ocimum canum (RRL-01) Ocimum sauvae
5 Ocimum americanum (RRL-02) Ocimum carnosum
6 Ocimum kilimandscharicum Ocimum micranthum
RRL- Regional Research Laboratory, Jammu

13. Agro-techniques
Climate & Soil Tropical and subtropical plant.
High RF and RH
Long day and high temperature favours good growth
Propagation By seeds
Planting and
spacing
Direct seed sowing and Transplanting
200-250 g seeds/ha
50-60 cm apart
Harvesting Ist harvesting 90-100 days
Ist & IInd Year-Plants are cut 20-25 cm above ground level
IIIrd Year- 35-45 cm above ground level
Yield Herbage-25-30 tonnes/ha

14. French Basil/Sweet Basil
Ocimum basilicum
Contains d-linalool and methyle chavicol
Oil used in flavouring food, confectionary,
condiments and toiletry in USA & Europe
Herb is aromatic, diaphoretic, stimulant,
carminative & expectorant.
Varieties from CIMAP- RRL-011,
Vikarsudha,
Kusumohak

15.  It is eaten raw or cooked, added to salads, used as flavouring,
or made into tea.
 The seeds can also be made into beverages.
 Sacred basil is an important herb in Ayurveda medicine and
used particularly to treat fever, spasms, bacterial
infections, inflammation, high blood sugar levels, colds,
influenza, sinusitis, headaches, arthritis, rheumatism, etc.
 It also has antifungal and antibacterial properties.
Dried leaves and essential oil from the plant is used as insect repellent.
Ocimum Uses

16. Mint (Mentha spp
Distribution Origin in mediterranean region
Mentha consist of 25 spp, Perennial herbs distributed mostly in
temperate and subtropical part of world.
5 types 1. Japanese Mint (Mentha arvensis)
2. Pepper Mint (Mentha piperita)
3. Spear /Common mint (Mentha spicata)
4. Scotch spear mint (Mentha cardiaca)
5. Bergamot mint (Mentha citrata)
Genus &
Family
Mentha/ Lamiaceae
Constituents Menthol, Carvone, Linalool and Lanalyl acetate
USES Menthol has bitter cooling taste and harsh odour.
Cold remedies, cough drop, mouth washes, cosmetics, scenting
cigarettes, flavouring tobacco, chewing pan etc
Carminative, anti-septic, preservative and gastro stimulant property

19. Varieties- from CIMAP
1. MAS-1 (Himalaya)
2. Kalka
3. Shivalik
4. EC-41911

20. Varieties-
1.Kukrail from CIMAP

24. Agro-techniques
Climate &
Soil
Japanese mint, Pepper mint and Spear mint can be grown in all
tropical and subtropical areas under irrigation.
For vegetative growth - Temperature 20-25 C
For Oil yield -Temperature >30 C
Bergamot mint requires temperate & Sub-tropical conditions
Propagation Through Stolons, suckers, runners and transplanting of sprouted
plants
Planting
and spacing
400 kg stolons /ha
45-60 cm Row to Row
Harvesting Japanese mint = 100-120 days after planting(June)
Second harvesting 80 days after first harvesting (Sept-Oct)
Yield Fresh herb = 48 t/ha
Avg oil yield = 50-70 kg/ha

26. Glossary
Adaptogen: improve the ability of the body to adapt to stressors
(whatever form that stress takes). They promote well-being,
homeostasis, and health.
Alterative: once known as “blood cleansers”, alteratives gradually help
the body to restore normal function, vitality, and health
Analgesic: analgesics reduce pain
Anodyne: something that reduces pain. From the Greek an = without,
and odune = pain.
Anthelmintic: These help to destroy or get rid of worms from the digestive
system. Another term for this is Vermifuge.
Anti-biotic: aids the body in the destruction or inhibits the growth of
bacteria.
Anti-emetic: help reduce the feeling of nausea and may help prevent or
relieve vomiting.
Anti-
inflammatory:
help reduce inflammation

27. Anti-pyretic: aids the body to bring down fevers.
Anti-spasmodic: help prevent or reduce cramping or spasm.
Aromatherapy: The use of aromatic plant materials, usually but not always
essential oils, to improve health and wellbeing. Often used in
baths and massage.
Astringent: astringents constrict tissues. In the case of astringent plants, they
usually contain tannins, which bind proteins, leading to reduction
of secretions or discharge.
ANAESTHETIC Deadens sensation, often contains salicin. Examples: rosemary,
willow bark, poplar buds, kava-kava.
ANTISEPTIC Destroys or inhibits pathogenic or putrefactive bacteria. Examples
usnea, echinacea, sage, lemon, goldenseal.
ANTISPASMODIC Relieves or checks spasms or cramps. Examples: St. John’s wort
rosemary, chamomile, lavender
APPETIZER Excites the appetite. Examples: gentian, ginger, angelica,
cardamom, fennel, chamomile, Oregon grape root.

28. Decoction: a water extraction of plant material made through boiling or
simmering.
DEMULCENT Soothes/protects/heals irritated tissue. Examples: plantain,
chickweed, mullein, calendula.
DEPURATIVE Depuratives are herbs that are considered to have purifying and
detoxifying effects.
DIURETIC Increases the secretion and expulsion of urine. Examples:
dandelion, nettle, parsley, burdock, chickweed.
Diaphoretic: promotes perspiration. Useful for supporting the body to regulate
temperature (i.e. during fever) as well as eliminating toxins that
are excreted in sweat.
Emollient: protect, soften, and soothe the skin. This term is used when
referring to external use. See Demulcent above.
EMETIC Causes vomiting. Examples: lobelia, ipecac, goldenseal, salt
water.

29. EMOLLIENT Used externally to soften and soothe. Examples: malva,
calendula, borage, primrose and violet flowers.
EXPECTORANT Promotes discharge of mucus from respiratory passages.
Examples: ginger, cayenne, yerba santa.
FEBRIFUGE Reduces or eliminates fever. Examples: elderflower, yarrow,
rosemary, lemon water.
HAEMOSTATIC Stops bleeding. Examples: shepherd’s purse, beth root, nettle,
goldenseal, yarrow (external as well).
PURGATIVE Promotes vigorous emptying of the bowels. Examples: senna,
coffee berry, cascara sagrada
SEDATIVE Soothing agent, reducing nervousness. Examples: wild lettuce,
passiflora, valerian, chamomile, hops.
STIMULANT Excites or quickens activity or physiological processes. Examples:
yerba mate, guarana, green tea, mint.

30. 4. Bhringaraj
• the main herb for the hair
care and cirrhosis
• works to rejuvenate
kidneys and liver. As oil, it treats graying and
balding, makes the hair darker, and promotes
deep sleep. It also improves complexion.
• the root powder is used for treating hepatitis,
enlarged spleen and skin disorders
• anti-inflammatory properties, the herb is also
used for treating hyperacidity.

31. 5. TURMERIC
• stimulate digestion
• boost liver function
• Curcumin a means of reducing breast
cancer risk among women
• When paired with vitamin D, curcumin
may help protect against Alzheimer's
disease
• curcumin can protect against liver
damage.

32. 6. GINGER
• stomach-soothing effects
• easing post-surgery nausea and vomiting
• Sipping ginger tea can help calm an upset
stomach, as well as ease congestion when
you've got a cold.
• ginger extract may slow the growth of colorectal
and ovarian cancer cells,
• useful in treating chronic inflammation because
it partially inhibits two important enzymes that
play a role in inflammation gone away --
cyclooxygenase (COX) and 5-lipoxygenase
(LOX).

33. 7. AMLA
• To stimulate appetite (Use pickles
and preserves made from the green fruits)
• For hemorrhage, diarrhea and dysentery
• Seed fried in ghee and ground in conjee is applied
as Lep to the forehead to stop bleeding from the
nose.
• For hiccup and for painful respiration
Use juice or extract of the fruit combined with
honey and pipli
• Due to vitamin C and polyphenols, is a antioxidant.
• Benefits heart, eyes, and brain

34. 8.LAVENDER
• using unsweetened tea as a hair rinse to help reduce
hair loss and dandruff
• using the dried flowers in sleep and dream pillows, in
potpourris, sachets and tucked in drawers to freshen
clothing and repel moths
• putting a few drops of oil into warm bath water for a
refreshing and relaxing treat
• the stems with the leaves stripped can be burned like an
incense stick and can also be used in crafts such as
basket weaving and making lavender wands
• A rub down of lavender oil before retiring to bed has
been used to relieve night-time leg muscles spasms. A
few drops of oil rubbed into the skin has been used
traditionally to ease neuralgic pain.
• The straw – stems of dried lavender – have been burned
in bundles as a deodorant and disinfectant in sick rooms.

35. 9.BRAHMI
• Anxiety (studies suggest as
effective as benzodiazepine drugs), neuroses,
irritability and insomnia associated with stress
• Study, poor memory and concentration, work-
related mental fatigue
• Poor brain function after head trauma
• Asthma and bronchial spasm and/or
inflammation
• posses anticancer activity

36. 10.BEAL
• Gastroprotection properties
• Control of diabetes
• Cholesterol control
• Antimicrobial properties
• Anti-inflammatory properties:
• Constipation
• Dysentery and diarrhoea

37. 11.Pippermint
• peppermint leaf tea is used for
relief of an upset stomach.
• mint oils can actually dissolve gallstones
• It is imperative to maintain a low-fat diet,
lose weight, and exercise regularly to
help the peppermint oil work best.
• used as an appetite stimulant
• For a refreshing and cleansing facial
wash

38. 12. Henna/Mehdi
• Henna is effectively used in the treatment of rheumatic and arthritic
pains.
• The bark of the plant is quite effective in the treatment of dysentery.
• The bark is used in treating several liver disorders and jaundice.
• Paste of flower mixed with vinegar is quite reliving in case of
headache.
• Henna leaf is very useful in promoting hair growth. A henna leaf
boiled with mustard oil is applied in the hairs to stimulate the growth.
• Henna leaves are quite useful in the treatment of various skin
disorders like skin burns, boils, eczema, scabies, fungal infections
and vitiligo.
• Henna is also used for the treatment of inflammation, bruises and
leprosy.
• The oil of the fruits is used traditionally to treat the disorders of liver
and diaphragm.
• The leaves are known for the treatment of typhoid and
hemorrhages.
• It is also useful in sore throat.

39. Benefits
• They cost less – the rising cost of prescription drugs have led the
people to look for alternatives. While medicinal herbs may not be as
strong or as fast acting as conventional medicine, there is a growing
body of scientific evidence that shows their efficacy and in what
doses.
• They may have fewer side effects: while the side effects of any
herbal medication depend on the drug in question, many have fewer
side effects than conventional medicine. For example, St. John’s Wort,
which is used for mild to moderate depression, has fewer side effects
than most other prescriptive antidepressants.
• There is a choice on how to use them – medicinal herbs can be
used in a variety of ways, depending on the kind of herb that is to be
used. Some herbs can be mixed with food. Some can be made into
tea, and there are some that are available in capsule or tablet form.
• They are good for more than one condition – most prescriptive
drugs are designed for one specific health problem. By contrast, many
herbal medicine act on several parts of the body at once. For example
Ginko (Ginko biloba) is good for circulatory disorders, but it also helps