Growth hormone deficiency (GHD), also known as dwarfism or pituitary dwarfism, is a condition caused by insufficient amounts of growth hormone in the body. Children with GHD have abnormally short stature with normal body proportions. GHD can be present at birth (congenital) or develop later (acquired).

2. Presented by: Noor ul ain
Roll no: 20M-UOC/ZOL-04
BS: Zoology
Semester: 7th(Morning)
Course Title: Endocrinology
Presented to: Dr.Syeda Nadia
GROWTH HORMONE ABNORMALITIES
University of Chakwal
Department of Zoology

3. Introduction
- Growth hormone (GH), also called somatotropin or human growth
hormone
- It stimulates the growth of essentially all tissues of the body, including
bone
- GH is synthesized and secreted by anterior pituitary cells called
somatotrophs,
- GH is vital for normal physical growth in children;(Wu, W., & Chen, R.
2023)

4. Figure 1.1: GH Axis
https://images.app.goo.gl/sP1XCvzqX2kZzhnE8

5. Function
In biochemical terms, GH stimulates
protein synthesis and increases fat
breakdown to provide the energy
necessary for tissue growth.
It also antagonizes (opposes) the action
of insulin. ( Yuen K. C et al., 2019) Figure 1.2: Growth hormone
(https://images.app.goo.gl/391ZqpL17j7
Ynt8F8)

6. Growth hormone Abnormalities
- Excess of Growth hormone
- Growth hormone deficiency
- Pituitary Tumors
- Idiopathic short stature
- Turner Syndrome

7. 1.Excess of Growth hormone
- (Excess of GH) in the body, a
condition known as acromegaly
- when it occurs in adults or gigantism
when it affects children and
adolescents (Cristin L et al., 2023)
Figure 1.3:Excess of Growth
hormone
(https://images.app.goo.gl/TeYCn7
WBijZK3x1RA)

8. Key aspects of Growth hormone Excess
- 1. Skeletal Changes:
- 2. Soft Tissue Growth
- 3. Joint and Muscle Problem
- 4. Metabolic Effects:
- 5. Cardiovascular Issues
- 6. Respiratory and Sleep Problems:
- 7. Vision Impairment:
- 8. Increased Cancer Risk:
- 9. Psychological and Emotional Impact

9. 2.Growth hormone deficiency
- Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is a medical condition where
the body doesn’t produce enough growth hormone (GH).
- This condition can affect both children and adults and has various
effects on the body. (Boluses et al., 2023)

10. - In children
• StuntedGrowth
• Delayed Development
• Impaired muscle development
• Metaboliceffects
• Psychological and emotional impacts
Figure 1.4:Growth hormone deficiency in children (https://images.app.goo.gl/EeWXCQh4AB58XLwh6)

11. - In Adults
- Decrease Bone Density
- Decreased muscle mass
- Change in body composition
- Cardiovascular Effects
Figure 1.5: Growth hormone deficiency in adults
https://images.app.goo.gl/o532Z5vSEoK2G21YA

12. 3.Pituitary Tumors
Benign or malignant tumors in
the pituitary gland can disrupt the
regulation of growth hormone,
causing both excess and
deficiency(Dhaneshwar et al.,
2019)
Figure1.6: Pituitary Tumors
https://images.app.goo.gl/5i42V5
NiqhxaUmzc7

13. 4.Idiopathic short stature
- Some individuals are shorter than average without a known cause,
- This might be due to subtle growth hormone abnormalities
5.Turner Syndrome
- In females with Turner syndrome, there may be a deficiency in
growth hormone, leading to short stature.
Figure 1.7: Idiopathic short
stature
https://images.app.goo.gl/2N
KE5qvZ87Kea9U

14. Diagnosis
Diagnosis of GH abnormalities typically involves blood tests to measure GH
levels, imaging studies (like MRI or CT scans) to identify tumors or structural
issues, and other diagnostic procedures to determine the underlying cause. (Montini
et al., 2019)
Treatment
In Growth hormone Excess
• Management typicallyinvolves surgery to remove the tumor causing excess GH production(if present)
and may also includemedications to lower GH levels.
In Growth hormone deficiency
• The primary treatment for growth hormonedeficiency is GH replacement therapy, which involves
administering synthetic GH to supplement the body’s deficient levels.( B. M., Radovick et al., 2021)

15. Figure 1.8: GH Replacement
therapy
https://images.app.goo.gl/FNQYZN
u5TAZkcgeT8

16. Research and future directions
- Genetic Insights
- Early diagnosis and screening
- Long term outcomes
- Cancer risk assessment
- Biomarkers and Monitoring
- Neuroendocrinology

17. -References:
- Wu, W., & Chen, R. (2023). The effect of growth hormone treatment in children with novel BPTF gene variants:
A report of two cases and literature review. Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine, 11(1), e2066.
- Yuen, K. C., Biller, B. M., Radovick, S., Carmichael, J. D., Jasim, S., Pantalone, K. M., & Hoffman, A. R. (2019).
American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology guidelines for
management of growth hormone deficiency in adults and patients transitioning from pediatric to adult care.
Endocrine Practice, 25(11), 1191-1232.
- Cristin, L., Montini, A., Martinino, A., Scarano Pereira, J. P., Giovinazzo, F., & Agnes, S. (2023). The Role of
Growth Hormone and Insulin Growth Factor 1 in the Developmentof Non-Alcoholic Steato-Hepatitis: A
- Boluses, C. L., da Silva Boguszewski, M. C., & de Herder,W. W. (2023). The science behind the relations
among cancer, height, growth patterns, and growth hormone axis. Endocrine-Related Cancer, 30(4).