Oxytocin and vasopressin are two important neuropeptides synthesized in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary gland. They play crucial roles in a variety of physiological and behavioral processes, and their dysregulation can contribute to various neurophyhric conditions.
Today the storm of drugs is incresing day by day..
The youth are engaging themselves in drugs day by day.....
here a lease has been started to create awareness to avoid drugs
Today the storm of drugs is incresing day by day..
The youth are engaging themselves in drugs day by day.....
here a lease has been started to create awareness to avoid drugs
Antipsychotics, also known as neuroleptics,[1] are a class of psychotropic medication primarily used to manage psychosis (including delusions, hallucinations, paranoia or disordered thought), principally in schizophrenia but also in a range of other psychotic disorders.[2][3] They are also the mainstay together with mood stabilizers in the treatment of bipolar disorder.[4]
Antipsychotic
Drug class
Zyprexa.PNG
Olanzapine, an example of a second-generation (atypical) antipsychotic
Class identifiers
Synonyms
Neuroleptics, major tranquilizers[1]
Use
Principally: Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective disorder, Dementia, Tourette syndrome, Bipolar disorder, irritability in autism spectrum disorder
Clinical data
Drugs.com
Drug Classes
External links
MeSH
D014150
In Wikidata
Prior research has shown that use of any antipsychotic is associated with smaller brain tissue volumes,[5][6] including white matter reduction[7] and that this brain shrinkage is dose dependent and time dependent.[5][6] A more recent controlled trial suggests that second generation antipsychotics[8] combined with intensive psychosocial therapy[9] may potentially prevent pallidal brain volume loss in first episode psychosis.[10][7]
The use of antipsychotics may result in many unwanted side effects such as involuntary movement disorders, gynecomastia, impotence, weight gain and metabolic syndrome. Long-term use can produce adverse effects such as tardive dyskinesia, tardive dystonia, and tardive akathisia.
Prevention of these adverse effects is possible through concomitant medication strategies including use of beta-blockers. Currently, treatments for tardive diseases are not well established.
First-generation antipsychotics (e.g. chlorpromazine), known as typical antipsychotics, were first introduced in the 1950s, and others were developed until the early 1970s.[11] Second-generation antipsychotics, known as atypical antipsychotics, were introduced firstly with clozapine in the early 1970s followed by others (e.g. risperidone).[12] Both generations of medication block receptors in the brain for dopamine, but atypicals tend to act on serotonin receptors as well. Neuroleptic, originating from Greek: νεῦρον (neuron) and λαμβάνω (take hold of)—thus meaning "which takes the nerve"—refers to both common neurological effects and side
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Early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease gives you the best chance of a longer, healthier life. This presentation covers the information about biomarkers for Parkinson Diseases which include biological, physiological and imagine candidate / novel biomarkers.
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Similar to Role of oxytocin and vasopressin neuropsychiatric condition psy conditions
Antipsychotics, also known as neuroleptics,[1] are a class of psychotropic medication primarily used to manage psychosis (including delusions, hallucinations, paranoia or disordered thought), principally in schizophrenia but also in a range of other psychotic disorders.[2][3] They are also the mainstay together with mood stabilizers in the treatment of bipolar disorder.[4]
Antipsychotic
Drug class
Zyprexa.PNG
Olanzapine, an example of a second-generation (atypical) antipsychotic
Class identifiers
Synonyms
Neuroleptics, major tranquilizers[1]
Use
Principally: Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective disorder, Dementia, Tourette syndrome, Bipolar disorder, irritability in autism spectrum disorder
Clinical data
Drugs.com
Drug Classes
External links
MeSH
D014150
In Wikidata
Prior research has shown that use of any antipsychotic is associated with smaller brain tissue volumes,[5][6] including white matter reduction[7] and that this brain shrinkage is dose dependent and time dependent.[5][6] A more recent controlled trial suggests that second generation antipsychotics[8] combined with intensive psychosocial therapy[9] may potentially prevent pallidal brain volume loss in first episode psychosis.[10][7]
The use of antipsychotics may result in many unwanted side effects such as involuntary movement disorders, gynecomastia, impotence, weight gain and metabolic syndrome. Long-term use can produce adverse effects such as tardive dyskinesia, tardive dystonia, and tardive akathisia.
Prevention of these adverse effects is possible through concomitant medication strategies including use of beta-blockers. Currently, treatments for tardive diseases are not well established.
First-generation antipsychotics (e.g. chlorpromazine), known as typical antipsychotics, were first introduced in the 1950s, and others were developed until the early 1970s.[11] Second-generation antipsychotics, known as atypical antipsychotics, were introduced firstly with clozapine in the early 1970s followed by others (e.g. risperidone).[12] Both generations of medication block receptors in the brain for dopamine, but atypicals tend to act on serotonin receptors as well. Neuroleptic, originating from Greek: νεῦρον (neuron) and λαμβάνω (take hold of)—thus meaning "which takes the nerve"—refers to both common neurological effects and side
Metabolic depression in hibernation and major depression: an explanatory theo...Loki Stormbringer
Metabolic depression, an adaptive biological process for energy preservation, is responsible for torpor, hibernation and estivation. We propose that a form of metabolic depression, and not mitochondrial dysfunction, is the process underlying the observed hypometabolism, state-dependent neurobiological changes and vegetative symptoms of major depression in humans. The process of metabolic depression is reactivated via differential gene expression in response to perceived adverse stimuli in predisposed persons. Behavior inhibition by temperament, anxiety disorders, genetic vulnerabilities, and early traumatic experiences predispose persons to depression. The proposed theory is supported by similarities in the presentation and neurobiology of hibernation in bears and major depression and explains the yet unexplained neurobiological changes of depression. Although, gene expression is suppressed in other hibernators by deep hypothermia, bears were chosen because they hibernate with mild hypothermia. Pre-hibernation in bears and major depression with atypical features are both characterized by fat storage through overeating, oversleeping, and decreased mobility. Hibernation in bears and major depression with melancholic features are characterized by withdrawal from the environment, lack of energy, loss of weight from not eating and burning stored fat, changes in sleep pattern, and the following similar neurobiological findings: reversible subclinical hypothyroidism; increased concentration of serum cortisol; acute phase protein response; low respiratory quotient; oxidative stress response; decreased neurotransmitter levels; and changes in cyclic-adenosine monophosphate-binding activity. Signaling systems associated with protein phosphorylation, transcription factors, and gene expression are responsible for the metabolic depression process during pre-hibernation and hibernation. Antidepressants and mood stabilizers interfere with the hibernation process and produce their therapeutic effects by normalizing the fluctuation of activities in the different signaling systems, which are down-regulated during hibernation and depression and up-regulated during exodus from hibernation and the hypomanic or manic phase of mood disorders. The ways individuals cognitively perceive, understand, communicate, and react to the vegetative symptoms of depression, from downregulation in energy production, and in the absence of known medical causes, produce the other characteristics of depression including guilt, helplessness, hopelessness, suicidal phenomena, agitation, panic attacks, psychotic symptoms, and sudden switch to hypomanic or manic episodes. The presence of one or more of these characteristics depends on the person's neuropsychological function, its social status between the others, and the other's response to the person. Neurobiological changes associated with metabolic depression during entrance, maintenance, and exodus from hibernation in bears is suggested a
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For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. Name: Areeba Amman Noor
ROLL NO: 20M-UOC/ZOL-09
Session: 2020-2024
Department of zoology
“ENDOCRINOLOGY”
UNIVERSITY OF CHAKWAL
PRESENTED TO: DR.SYEDA NADIA
AHMED
3. TABLE OF CONTENTS
• Introduction to oxytocin and
vasopressin
• Receptors: Brain distribution,
Expression & Regulation
• Neuropsychiatric Conditions:
OT and AVP role
• Depression, Anxiety& Stress
Substance Abuse
• Social Behaviour
• Maternal Behaviour
• Pre-clinical & Clinical Studies
• Conclusion
• References
4. ❑ INTODUCTION
❖ Oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) are hypothalamic neuropeptides
having regulatory role in reproduction, water homeostasis, and social
behaviors.
⦿ These are therapeutic targets for neuropsychiatric conditions like
autism,addiction,depression and anxiety issues.
⦿ Both are non-peptides molecule which differ only in two amino acids and
these are synthesized in hypothlamus,paraventricular nuclei and supra-
optic nuclei.
⦿ The OT and AVP receptors are similar in structure and these receptors are
coupled with G-proteins( Gq ,Gi,Go).
⦿ Low level of arginine vassopresin in CSF may be biomarker of ASD.
⦿ In rats, social-recognition impairment which is due to stress is also linked
with dull response of vasopressin release in lateral septum.(Cuijpers P. ,2020)
5. ❑ Oxytocin and vasopressin also
linked with milk ejection and
parturition suckling process
along with role in
neuropsychiatric diseases.
❑ (Cuijpers P.,2020)
6. ⦿ The processes linked with OT and AVP at central nervous system are
closely related to the expression and regulation of various receptors
present t cell surface level which triggers intracellular signalling and
allow both NPs to modify cell’s functions.
⦿ Oxytocin receptors are metabotrophic containing seven transmembrane
domains which act through the coupling proteins: Gq/Gi .
⦿ OT-R which coupled to protein Gq is expressed in ventral tegmental area,
central and basolateral amygdala, ventromedial hypothalamus.
⦿ Activation of OT-R type Gq induces intracellular pathway which is
mediated by phospholipase,generating inositol tri-phosphate and 1,2
diacylglycerol as a second messenger.
⦿ Signalling of Gq play an important role in maternal behavior, social
behavior , initiation of social contact and trust.(Caldwell H.K.,2017)
7. ⦿ The activation of OT-R Gi induces an inhibition of adenylate cyclase
activity,decrese cyclic-AMP concentration which in turn activates the
phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate 3-kinase.
⦿ Vasopressin receptors(V1a,V1b) are mainly present in liver, smooth
muscle vascular cells, pancreas and central nervous system.
⦿ The peripheral V1aR is involved in regulation of blood pressure.
⦿ The activation of A1bR in pituitary provokes ACTH release.
⦿ Then V2R regulates water reabsorption in kidney and is coupled to Gs.
❑ NEUROPSYCHIATRIC CONDITIONS : DEPRESSION,ANXIETY
AND STRESS
❖ Stress is defined as;
“Non-specific biological response that alters homeostatic processes in
response to external requirements allowing for the individual to re-
establish his homeostasis”.
❖ OT exert anxiolytic and antidepressant effects. Moreover,OT promotes
neuronal regeneration processes, rescuing the suppression of
neurogenesis which induced by episodic stress and prolonged exposure
to gluco-corticoids in hippocampus of rats which linked to anti-
depressant effect. ( Kirsch P., 2015)
8. Figure 1.3: Role of oxytocin and vasopressin in neuropsychiatric condition.
https://image.app.goo.gl/wyyRQfs3cLpJY6Cf10
9. ⦿ Substance abuse disorder can be defined as:
“Chronic disease characterized by drug seeking and compulsive use, loss
of control in limiting intake, despite its negative results”.
❖ It is linked with appearance of negative emotional states when the
person does not have access to drugs.
❖ Pre-clinical studies shows that psycho-stimulants like cocaine induce an
incresese in oxytocin level in dorsal hippocampus of rats which is a
region linked to learning,memmory involved in drugs.
❑SOCIAL BEHAVIORS
❖ Different type of social interactions between peers and use of high
complex communication and cues b/w individuals of specific species are
including in social behaviors.
❖ Analyzing social behaviors is important for understanding the correct
treatment of conditions that display social defecits like ASD,ADHD etc.
( Kirsch P., 2015)
10. Figure 1.4: The role of oxytocin and vasopressin in emotional and social
behaviours https://image.app.goo.gl/wQQRQfs3cLpJY6Cf8
11. ⦿ The maternal behavior includes social behavior towards offspring(nursing
and grooming pups), maternal motivation, maternal aggression etc.
⦿ It is crucial to note that both OT and AVP have been related to maternal
behavior.
⦿ AVP system modulates maternal care, motivation through diverged brain
areas.
⦿ V1bR impairs maternal motivation especially when activated in
MPOA,but OT system has been linked with pro-maternal outcomes.
⦿ (Cid-Joffre,etals.,2021)
12. F
Fig1.5: AVP in brain& periphery
https;//images.app.goo.gl/nPM311KjeFmZKiM9A
13. • Oxytocin role in birds song learning
• Oxytocin, the hormone associated with social
bonding, is found to play a key role in the way
young male zebra finches learn song from older
males.
• When oxytocin receptors were blocked in young
finches, they showed a bias against the song of the
male they were listening to at that time, indicating
the hormone’s influence in social learning.
• The findings provide insights into the
neurochemistry of social learning, potentially
contributing to our understanding of language
acquisition and autism.
14. Effects of AVT on Male Courtship Behavior
• Most of the studies of AVT’s effects on male
urodeles has been conducted in T. granulosa, from
the family Salmandridae.
• This species has internal fertilization, and during
courtship males pursue female to amplex them.
Intraperitoneally injected AVT stimulates amplextic
clasping in males exposed to receptive females
.Moore and Miller reported the same effect in males
that received intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections
of the neuropeptide;
• the effect on clasping behavior was stronger and the
doses required were lower.
15. ⦿ REFERENCES:
1. Cuijpers P. Measuring Success in the Treatment of Depression:
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