protists...Animal-like protists, Plant-like protists ..in detail....

2. • Polyphyletic phylogeny.
• Derived from archaea and eubacteria.
• ~ 45 phyla recognized.
• ~ 60,000 species known.

3. • May be aerobic/anaerobic.
• Locomotion by cilia/flagella/cytoplasmic
(amoebiod) projections.
• Cell wall/lack cell wall.
• Chloroplast absent/present.
Divided into two groups based on mode of
nutrition:
1. Autotrophs (plant-like Algae)
2. Heterotrophs (animal-like protist/protozoa).

5. Protozoa
• First animal on earth.
• Breath, respire, move and reproduce.
• Outer covering is plasma membrane.
• Inner to membrane is pellicle.
• Pellicle is protein in nature.
• Pellicle maintain shape of cell.
• Underlies pellicle, cytoplasm is present.
• Liquid substance of cytoplasm is cytosol.

6. Function of cytoplasm :
1. Provide cell security
2. Act as shock-absorber
3. Preserve essential chemicals
Cytoplasm differentiated into two regions
1. Ectoplasm: lies beneath pellicle, firm
2. Endoplasm: granular in appearance

7. • Contractile vacuole: maintain water balance
and internal environment of organisms.
• Most absorb food by endocytosis.
• Some protozoa have cytopharynx (serve as
mouth).
• Food vacuole important for digestion and
transport of food
• Lysosome, contain enzymes for digestion.

8. • Once digestion completed, the vacuole become
egestion vacuole.
• Release waste by exocytosis.
• Some release waste by cytopyge.
• Exchange gases by diffusion through cell
membrane.
• Acquire oxygen for cellular respiration.
• Eliminate carbondioxide.
• Excretion involved elimination of nitrogeneous
waste through cell membrane.

9. Reproduction
• Both by asexual and sexual means.
Types of asexual reproduction:
1. Binary fission.
2. Multiple fission/schizogony.
3. Budding.

10. Binary Fission
• Binary fission longitudinal/transverse.
• Mitosis produced two nuclei from single
nucleus (karyokinesis).
• Nucleus distributed into two similar-sized
individuals formed by cytokinesis.
• All cell organelles duplicate.

11. Division of nucleus (karyokinesis)
Division of cytoplasm (cytokinesis)

12. Multiple Fission/Schizogony
• Large number of daughter cells are formed
from a single protozoan.
• Nucleus divide into many nuclei.
• Division of cytoplasm.
• Separation of each nucleus into new cell.

14. Budding
• New individual arise as an outgrowth on
existing organism.
• Incorporation of one nucleus into cytoplasmic
mass.
• New individual may detach from parent cell.
• Or may remain attach to parent cell and will
form colonies.

16. Sexual Reproduction
• Require gamete formation.
• Gamete fusion.
• Gamete produced by mitosis.
• Sharing their genetic material.
• Will form new individual.

17. SYMBIOSIS
• Two organisms that live together
• Temporarily or for a longer time
• It is ecological relationship between
organisms of two different species.
Types of symbiotic relationship:
1. Parasitism:
• One species benefits and other is harmed.
• May have two host
• Definitive host.
• Intermediate host.

18. 2. Commensalism: one organism benefits and
the other neither harmed nor benefited.
3. Mutualism: both organisms benefits.

19. Four major groups of protozoans:
1. Flagellated protozoa.
2. Amoeboid protozoa.
3. The Coccidea.
4. The Ciliates.

20. Flagellated Protozoa
• Have definite body shape.
• Use flagella for locomotion.
• Mostly free-living , motile/sessile.
• ~7,500 species.
Containing two main groups:
1. Phytoflagellates.
2. Zooflagellates.

21. AXONEME ARRANGEMENT IN
FLAGELLA

22. Phytoflagellated Protozoa
• They are plant-like
• Contain chlorophyll
• Have photosynthesizing ability
• Many phytoflagellates are dinoflagellates
• One flagellum cause organism to spin
• Second flagellum pushes the organism forward
• Contain xanthophyll pigment

23. Red Tide
• May produced toxins by periodic bloom.
• Red tide: a phenomenon in which massive
multiplication of dinoflagellates cause
discoloration to water.
• Blooms deplete oxygen in water.
• Release toxin in water, harmful to human and
animals especially fish.
• Common example Gymnodinium

25. Zooflagellated Protozo
• They are animal-like.
• Some fresh living/some are marine.
• Lack chloroplast.
• No cell wall.
• Propelled by flagella.
• Heterotrophic.
• Mostly shown symbiotic relationship.
• Some are parasites in human.
• Most are pathogens.

26. Trypanosoma Brucei complex
• Trypanosoma brucei, cause sleeping
sickness (African Trypanosomiasis)
• 3 subspecies often referred as trypanosoma
brucei complex.
1. T.b. brucei (non-human parasite).
2. T.b. gambiense (human parasite).
3. T.b. rhodesiense (human parasite).

27. Sleeping Sickness
• Tsetse flies are intermediate host
• Tsetse flies bites mammals
• Pick parasite along blood
• Parasite reproduce in gut of flies and then migrate to
its salivary gland
• Flies bite another vertebrate
• Enters into the blood of definitive host
• In nervous system cause confusion, mental illness and
sleepiness in daytime
• Finally patient go into comma
• Ultimately die

28. TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI

29. Phylum Chlorophyta
• Free living flagellated protozoans
• Unicellular/multicellular
• Photosynthetic pigment present (chlorophyll a&b)
• Storage product is starch
• Usually autotrophs, some heterotrophs

30. Class Chlorophyceae:
• unicellular also form colonies
• Have flagella
• Reproduced asexually
• Example chlamydomonas:
• have cup shaped single chloroplast
• single nucleus
• food vacuole and contractile vacuole is
present

31. Cup-shaped
chloroplast
Chlamydomonas

32. Phylum Euglenozoa
• 800 species have been described
• Chlorophyllous/achlorophyllus
• Form water bloom
• Mitochondria present
• Usually autotrophic may be heterotrophic

33. Important classes:
1. Trypanosomatidea:
• flagellated,.
• Single mitocondria, Golgi bodies present.
• Usually parasites in blood.
• Examples are Leishmania, Trypanosoma.

34. 2. Euglenoidea:
• Two flagella, one is long and other is short
• Common example Euglena
• Fresh-water protozoa
• Centrally located single nucleus
• Cytoplasm with usual cell organelles

35. • At anterior end reservoir is present
• Membrane bound stigma is located on the
reservoir
• Have rigid pellicle
• Flagellum inserted at the base of reservoir,
help in locomotion
• Excrete through cell membrane
• Contractile vacuole maintain water balance

37. Reproduced by longitudinal binary fission.

38. Phylum Axostylata
• Axostyle for locomotion and support.
• Made of microtubules.
Class Parabaselea:
• Flagellated protozoa.
• Parasite cause Trichomoniasis.
• Symbiont in gut of termite.
• Common example is Trichomonas vaginalis.

40. Phylum Retortamonada
• Free living and parasites.
• Lack mitochondria and Golgi complex.
• Have four flagella.
• Three anterior and one posterior.
Class Diplomonadea: live in anaerobic environment.
• Lack mitochondria.
• Have multiple flagella.
• Have two nuclei.

41. Giardia
nucleus
Multiple flagella

42. Amoeboid Protozoa
• Unicellular, free-living/parasites.
• Naked/shelled.
• Reproduce by binary fission.
• Have endoplasm and ectoplasm.
• Move and feed by pseudopodia.

43. Types of Pseudopodia
1. Lobopodia: large blunt structure.
2. Filopodia: thread-like structure .
3. Reticulopodia: thread-like structure,
branched, form a network.
4. Axopodia: thin, filamentous structure.

45. Shells of Amoeboid Protozoa
1. Calcarious: (made of calcium carbonate)
2. Proteinaceous: (made of protein)
3. Chitinous: (made of chitin)
4. Siliceous: (made of silica)
5. Some made of sand

46. Foraminifera
• Usually marine organisms
• Secrete calcarious shell
• When grow secrete larger shell remain
attached to older chambers
• Showing symmetry of spiral arrangement
• Reproduced by binary fission
• Locomotion and feed as other amoeba do

48. Heliozoans
• Fresh water organisms.
• Either free-living planktons.
• Attached by a stalk of substrate.
• Naked/shelled.

49. Radiolarians
• Marine planktons.
• Relatively large in size.
• Colonial forms may reach several cm in
diameter.
• Possess shell made of silicon.
• Basic body is spherical.

50. Phylum Rhizopoda
• Use pseudopodia for movement and feeding.
• Found world wide in soil, salt and fresh water.
• No flagellated stage in life cycle.
• Reproduced asexually by binary fission.
• Have three major classes:
1. Class Entamoebea:
• Mitocondria absent.
• Mostly gut parasites.
• Have shown commensalism.

51. 2. Class Testamobea:
• shell of organic material.
• Arcella has brown proteinaceous shell.
pseudopodia

52. 3. Class Rhizopodea:
• naked amoeba.
• Found in ponds, lakes, slow moving.
• Engulf food by phagocytosis.
• Common examples are amoeba. (amoeba
proteus).

53. Amoeba
• Cell membrane.
• Endoplasm and ectoplasm present.
• Locomotion by pseudopodia.
• Food vacuole help in food digestion.
• Heterotrophic feed on bacteria/aquatic plant.
• Aerobic respiration.
• Excretion through cell membrane by diffusion.
• Asexual reproduction by binary fission.

55. Amoeba engulf food by using pseudopodia through a process of
phagocytosis

56. Binary Fission in Amoeba

57. Phylum Granuloreticulosa
• Move by reticulopodia.
• Secrete calcarious shell.
Class Foraminifera:
• Multi chambered shell.
• Secrete test of calcium carbonate.
• Reproduced by binary fission.

58. Phylum Radiozoa
• Axopodia, radiate from the center of body.
• Member of Radiolarians.
• Example: Actinophrys.

59. The Coccidea
• All species are parasites/pathogenic.
• Cilia and flagella absent.
• They have more than one host.
• Excretion and nutrition through cell membrane.
• Life cycle involve both asexual and sexual stages.
• Apical complex present.
• Three phases of life cycle:
1. Shizogony: asexual stage, multiple fission, to form
many individuals called merozoites.

60. 2. Gametogony: sexual phase of parasite.
• Merozoites undergo maturation process.
• Formation of micro and macrogamete.
• After fusion zygote formed.
• Zygote enclosed in membrane and known as
oocyte.
3. Sporogony: zygote undergo meiosis.
• Divide mitotically, produced sporozoites.
• Sporozoites infect new host.

62. Phylum Apicomplexa
• All parasites.
• Possess single type of nucleus.
• Cilia and flagella absent in adult forms.
• Apical complex present.
• Asexual reproduction by schizogony.
• Have two important classes both included
pathogen parasites.

63. 1. Class Gregarinea: parasites of invertebrates,
in their body cavity, reproductive system and
intestine.
• Most members produced sporozoites.

64. 2. Class Coccidea:
• parasites of vertebrates, in epithelium of
digestive system, liver, kidney and red blood
cells.
• Life cycle has 3 phases like other coccidean.

65. • Common example plasmodium.
• Cause malaria
• Life cycle involve vertebrate and mosquito
• Shizogony occur first in liver cells
• Gametogony in red blood cells
• Mosquito takes gametocyte along blood meal
• Zygote formed by fusion of gametocytes
• It penetrates the gut of mosquito and form oocyte
• Sporozoites produced with in the oocytes
• Sporozoites enter into new host when mosquito bites
that host

67. The Ciliates
• Complex protozoans .
• ~6000 species described.
• Both fresh-water and marine.
• Both commensal/parasitism.
• Cilia for locomotion/food gathering.
• Aggregation of cilia called as ciri.
• Usually have 2 nuclei: macronucleus and
micronucleus.

68. • Micronucleus: small in size, acting as genetic
reserve.
• Macronucleus: larger in size, regulate
metabolic activities.
• Cytosome opened into cytopharynx.
• At the end of cytophyranx food vacuole is
present.
• Indigestible food expelled by cytopyge.
• Digested material circulate through cytoplasm.

69. Reproduced asexually by binary fission.

70. • Reproduced sexually by conjugation: a
temporary union between ciliates of different
mating types.
• Plasma membrane of two conjugant fuse
together.
• Macronucleus play no role.
• Micronucleus undergoes meiosis, produced 4
pronuclei.
• Macronucleus and 3 pronuclei degenerate.
• Micronuclei undergoes mitosis
• Exchange in genetic material is followed by
fusion of pronuclei.
• Conjugants separates (exconjugants).

72. Phylum Ciliophora
• Largest protozoan.
• Live in fresh-water.
• Swims by cilia.
• Reproduced asexually by binary fission.
• Reproduced sexually by conjugation.

73. Class Ciliatea:
• All member have cilia.
• Ectoplasm and endoplasm.
• Example Paramecium.
• Have two kind of nucleus.
1. Macronucleus is brain of cell.
2. Micronucleus involved in genetic exchange
during conjugation.

74. • Oral groove and food vacuole help in
feeding.
• Contractile vacuole regulates water balance.
• Reproduced asexually by binary fission.
• sexually by conjugation process, produced
four genetically different paramecium.

76. Feeding of Paramecium
food ingested into
a food vacuole
food particles drawn into
oral groove by ciliary
current

77. Asexual
Reproduction

78. Conjugation