10. Water losses in cooling tower
Water losses include evaporation, drift (water entrained in discharge
vapor), and blow down (water released to discard solids).
Drift losses are estimated to be between 0.1 and 0.2% of water supply.
Evaporation Loss = 0.00085 x water flow rate x (T1- T2)
Blow down Loss = Evaporation Loss/(cycles -1)
Total Losses = Drift Losses + Evaporation Losses
+ Blow down Losses
11. Energy Saving Opportunities in
Cooling Towers
Follow manufacture’s recommended clearance around cooling tower and
relocate or modify structures that interfere with the air intake or exhaust.
Optimize cooling tower fan blade angle on a seasonal and/or load basis.
The speed of cooling tower fan speed should be half ion the winter season
in comparison of summer.
Correct excessive and/or uneven fan blade tip clearance and poor fan
balance.
Install new nozzles to obtain a more uniform water pattern.
Restrict flow through large loads to design values.
12. distillation
Distillation is a separation process which is based on the boiling point,
this is also called mass transfer operation. This process is usually used
where the boiling point difference of two or more component in a
solution mix. is more. This process is used in Chemical Industries,
Fertilizers Industries but it is used on large scale in Petroleum Refineries,
so Distillation is called as “Heart of Refinery.”
18. Dryers
The term Drying refers generally to the removal or moisture
from a substance. For example, a wet solid such as wood,
cloth or paper can be dried by evaporation of the moisture
either into a gas stream or without the benefit of the gas to
carry away the vapour and the equipments that use for
drying operation in industries are called Dryers.
25. Crystallizer
Crystallization is a unit operation in which solid particles
are formed from a liquid solution. Crystallization involves
simultaneous heat and mass transfer. Crystallization is a
solid-liquid operation used to separate solutes from solution
in the form of crystals. Crystallization is commonly used in
fertilizers industries, food industries and sugar industries.
