Anis rahman khokan's internship paper

Study on the Construction Process of Superstructure of
a Seven Storied Residential Building
Practicum Report
by
Md. Khokan Mia
ID# 14106028
Program: BSCE
IUBAT—International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Dhaka
1 April 2018

iii
Study on the Construction Process of Superstructure of a Seven
Storied Residential Building
Practicum Report
by
Md. Khokan Mia
ID# 14106028
Program: BSCE
Supervisor
Asif Ahmed
Examination Committee
Position Name Signature
Chair, Dept. of Civil Engg. Professor Dr. Md. Monirul Islam
Supervisor Asif Ahmed
Department of Civil Engineering
College of Engineering & Technology (CEAT)
IUBAT—International University of Business Agriculture and Technology
This practicum report is done for the partial fulfilment of requirements for the Bachalor of Science degree at the
IUBA T ̶ International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Dhaka
1 April 2018

iv
Letter of Transmittal
1 April 2018
Prof. Dr. Md. Monirul Islam
Chair and Course Coordinate, Department of Civil Engineering
IUBAT— International University of Business Agriculture and Technology
4 Embankment Drive Road, Sector 10, Uttara Model Town,
Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
Subject: Submission of Practicum Report
Dear Sir,
This is a great opportunity for me to submit my internship report on “Study on the Construction
Process of Superstructure of a Seven Storied Residential Building”.I have got the opportunity to
work in Tokyo Development Engineers Ltd. for my internship program, which is an essential part
of my academic program. I have tried my level best to prepare this report to the required standard.
It was certainly a great opportunity for me to work on this report to actualize my theoretical
knowledge in the practical arena.
I express my heart full gratitude to you to go through this report and make your valuable
comments. It would be very kind of you, if you please evaluate my performance regarding this
report.
Thanking you,
Sincerely Yours,
……………………..
Md. Khokan Mia
ID# 14106028
Program: BSCE
IUBAT- International University of Business Agriculture and Technology

vi
Student Declaration
I am declaring that this internship report on“Study on the Construction Process of
Superstructure of a Seven Storied Residential Building” has only been prepared for the partial
fulfilment of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering (BSCE).
It has not been prepared for any other purpose, reward, or presentation and has not been
submitted by me for any Degree, Diploma, Title or Recognition before.
Sincerely Yours,
……………………..
Md. Khokan Mia
ID# 14106028
Program: BSCE

vii
Executive Summery
It is a practicum report titled ―Study on the Construction Process of Superstructure of a Seven
Storied Residential Building‖ is made based on the four month practical works in a
construction project with Tokyo Development Engineers Ltd. I have observed project named
is ―Tokyo Karim‘s Garden‖ which is a residential building. In this whole report, construction
process of column, beam, slab, and stair are described. First chapter is arranged with
background and objectives of the study etc. Second chapter describes about company profile,
mission, vision and company organogram etc. Third chapter discussed about construction
materials and equipments. Fourth chapter is about structural design specifications that are
maintained during field work. In chapter five, six, seven and eight describes about the
construction process of column, stair, beam &slab and estimations. Chapter nine describes
about the problems and possible solutions which occurred during construction.

viii
Acknowledgements
All praise and thanks to Almighty Allah who helped us to complete our project report.
In the process of preparing our project report, we would like to pay our gratitude to some
persons for their enormous help and vast co-operation.
Firstly, we would like to pay my gratitude to our respected Prof. Dr. Md. Monirul Islam,
Chair, Department of Civil Engineering, IUBATInternational University of Business
Agriculture and Technology, Dhaka, who gave us the opportunity to do the report on “Study
on the Construction Process of Superstructure of a Seven Storied Residential Building”.
Secondly, we would like to thank the management of Tokyo Development Engineers Ltd.
and especially for Engr. Md. Mizanur Rahman, Chief Engineer, Tokyo Development
Engineers Ltd., Dhaka, who helped us a lot to prepare this report successfully.
Specially, we would like to thank to our respected supervisor Asif Ahmed, Faculty,
Department of Civil Engineering, IUBATInternational University of Business Agriculture
and Technology, Dhaka, for guiding me entirely, making me able to be precise about the
report work and be presentable with the required knowledge and brilliant guidelines to make
this report.
Finally, we would like to thank to our respected Vice- Chancellor of IUBAT, Prof. Dr.
Abdur Rab, because he designated such an environment for learning through which we got
the opportunity to acquire knowledge under BSCE program, and that will be very helpful for
my prospective career.
Sincerely Yours,
……………………..
Md. Khokan Mia
ID# 14106028
Program: BSCE

ix
Table of Contents
1. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. General: 1
1.2. Background of the Study: 1
1.3. Source of the Study: 2
1.4. Scope of the Study: 2
1.5. Objective of the study: 2
1.6. Limitation of the Study: 3
1.7. Activities: 3
2. CHAPTER 2 COMPANY OVERVIEW 4
2.1. Company Address: 4
2.2. Company Background: 5
2.3. Objective of the Company: 5
2.4. Company Overview: 5
2.5. Vision: 6
2.6. Mission: 6
2.7. Quality Policy: 6
2.8. Membership: 6
2.9. Corporate Structure: 7
2.10. Company Quality Policy: 7
2.11. Company Organogram: 8
2.12. Ongoing Projects: 9
2.13. Completed Projects: 11
2.14. Our Projects: 12
3. CHAPTER 3 DESIGN SPECIFICATION AND DRAWING 14
3.1. Introduction: 14
3.2. Design Specification: 14
3.3. Foundation: 14
3.4. Concrete: 15
3.5. Cement: 15
3.6. Concrete Aggregate: 15
3.7. Steel Reinforcement: 15
3.8. Spacer Bars: 16
3.9. Lap Length: 16
3.10. Chairs: 16
3.11. Lap Location: 16
3.12. Development Length: 17
3.13. Concrete clear cover for Reinforcing Bars: 17
3.14. Minimum bar spacing of column longitudinal bars: 17
3.15. Reinforced End Hooks: 18
3.16. Additional Bar, Fastening bar in Beam: 18
4. CHAPTER 4 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTS 19
4.1. Introduction: 19
4.2. Cement: 19
4.3. Field Test of Cement: 20
4.3.1. Date of Manufacturing: 20

x
4.3.2. Hard Lumps in cement: 20
4.3.3. Temperature inside the bag: 21
4.4. Bricks: 21
4.5. Field Test of Bricks: 22
4.5.1. Hardness Test: 22
4.5.2. Soundness Test: 22
4.5.3. Tee (T) test of brick: 23
4.5.4. Size & Shape of brick: 24
4.6. Aggregate: 25
4.7. Aggregate Classification: 25
4.7.1. Fine Aggregate: 25
4.7.2. Coarse Aggregate: 26
4.8. Field Test of Aggregate: 27
4.8.1. Salt Test: 27
4.8.2. Color and Size Check: 27
4.8.3. Earthy Substances Test: 28
4.8.4. Angular size Test: 28
4.9. Lab Test of Fine Aggregate: 29
4.9.1. Comparison: 30
4.10. Lab Test of Coarse Aggregate: 31
4.11. Cylinder Test: 33
4.11.1. Result: 34
4.12. Reinforcement Bar: 35
4.13. Water: 35
4.14. Equipments Used in Site: 36
4.14.1. Mixer Machine: 36
4.14.2. Bar Cutter: 36
4.14.3. Vibrator Machine: 37
4.14.4. Crane: 37
4.15. Shuttering Materials Used in Site: 38
4.16. Requisition Policy: 39
5. CHAPTER 5 CONSTRUCTION OF COLUMN 40
5.1. General: 40
5.2. Column Layout: 40
5.3. Column Schedule: 41
5.4. Column Kicker: 42
5.5. Kicker Shuttering: 42
5.6. Dimension of Column Kicker: 42
5.7. Column Reinforcement and Tie Binding: 43
5.8. Tie Spacing Check: 44
5.9. Column Reinforcement Details: 46
5.10. Column Shuttering: 47
5.10.1. Formwork Materials of Column: 47
5.10.2. Column Formwork: 48
5.11. Vertical Alignment Check: 49
5.12. Column Casting: 50
5.13. De shuttering of Column: 51
5.14. Curing of Column: 51
5.15. Working Schedule of Column: 52

xi
6. CHAPTER 6 CONSTRUCTION OF STAIR 53
6.1. General: 53
6.2. Plan of Staircase: 53
6.3. Shuttering Of Stair: 54
6.4. Stair Reinforcement Details: 55
6.5. Formation of Tread and Riser: 57
6.6. Casting of Stair: 58
6.7. Curing of Stair: 60
6.8. Working Schedule of Stair: 61
7. CHAPTER 7 CONSTRUCTION OF BEAM AND SLAB 62
7.1. General: 62
7.2. Beam: 62
7.3. Slab: 62
7.4. Beam layout plan: 63
7.5. Shuttering of Beam and Slab: 63
7.6. Procedure of Beam Shuttering: 64
7.7. Beam Shuttering Details: 65
7.8. Procedure of Slab Shuttering: 67
7.9. Slab Shutter Details: 69
7.10. Reinforcement Details and Cross Section of Beam: 73
7.11. Reinforcement Placement on Beam: 77
7.11.1. Matam Making: 77
7.11.2. Tie Making: 77
7.12. Checking for Beam 80
7.13. Reinforcement details of beam: 83
7.14. Slab Reinforcement Details: 85
7.15. Reinforcement Placement on slab: 87
7.16. Checking for Slab: 89
7.17. Casting of Beam and Slab: 91
7.18. Curing of Slab: 95
7.19. Working Schedule of Beam & Slab: 96
8. CHAPTER 8 ESTIMATION OF MATERIALS 97
8.1. General: 97
8.2. Estimation for Column: 97
8.2.1. Introduction: 97
8.2.2. Calculation: 97
8.2.3. Column Name: C-1 98
8.2.4. Column name: C-2 99
8.3. Estimate of Beam: 105
8.3.1. Beam Name# FB-1: 105
8.4. Estimation of All Beam Reinforcement: 107
8.5. Estimate of Slab: 109
8.5.1. Concrete Calculation: 109
8.5.2. Comment: 109

xii
8.5.3. Reinforcement Calculation: 110
8.6. Estimate of Stair: 111
9. CHAPTER 9 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS 114
9.1. General: 114
9.2. Problems and Solution: 114
9.2.1. Problem-1: 114
9.2.2. Problem-2: 115
9.2.3. Problem-3: 116
9.2.4. Problem-4: 116
10. CHAPTER 10 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 117
10.1. Conclusion: 117
10.2. Recommendation: 118
11. CHAPTER 11 REFERENCES 119

xiii
List of Figures
Figure 2-1: Company Organogram .................................................................................................................8
Figure 2-2:3D View of Tokyo City.................................................................................................................9
Figure 2-3:3D View of Tokyo Gazi Garden ...................................................................................................9
Figure 2-4:3D View of Tokyo reyan point....................................................................................................10
Figure 2-5:3D View of Tokyo Heaven‘s Garden..........................................................................................10
Figure 2-6: 3D View of Tokyo Center..........................................................................................................11
Figure 2-7: 3D View of Tokyo Mosarraf‘s ...................................................................................................11
Figure 2-8: 3D View of Tokyo Karim‘s Gerden ...........................................................................................12
Figure 2-9: 4th
Floor Plan of Tokyo Karim‘s Garden....................................................................................13
Figure 3-1: Lap Location...............................................................................................................................16
Figure 4-1: Seven Rings Special Cement......................................................................................................19
Figure 4-2: Date of Manufacturing of Cement..............................................................................................20
Figure 4-3: Checking for Hard Lumps ..........................................................................................................20
Figure 4-4: Checking Temperature inside the Cement Bag ..........................................................................21
Figure 4-5: bricks ..........................................................................................................................................21
Figure 4-6: Try to make mark on the surface of brick...................................................................................22
Figure 4-7: Strike a brick with a hammer......................................................................................................22
Figure 4-8: Tee (T) test of brick....................................................................................................................23
Figure 4-9: Broken Part.................................................................................................................................23
Figure 4-10: Checking the size of the brick ..................................................................................................24
Figure 4-11: Fine Aggregate .........................................................................................................................25
Figure 4-12: Coarse Aggregate (Khoa) .........................................................................................................26
Figure 4-13: Coarse Aggregate (Stone).........................................................................................................26
Figure 4-14: Salt Test in Shylet Sand............................................................................................................27
Figure 4-15: Checking Color and Size ..........................................................................................................27
Figure 4-16: Earthy matter test of fine aggregate..........................................................................................28
Figure 4-17: Checking Size of Stone.............................................................................................................28
Figure 4-18: Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregate ............................................................................................29
Figure 4-19: Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregate ........................................................................................31
Figure 4-20: Give blow in concrete...............................................................................................................33
Figure 4-21: Free the mold............................................................................................................................33
Figure 4-22: Mold and Equipment ................................................................................................................34
Figure 4-23: Fix for Crushing .......................................................................................................................34
Figure 4-24: BSI -SOLID-TMT-500W Reinforcement. ...............................................................................35
Figure 4-25: Clean, Drinkable Water ............................................................................................................35
Figure 4-26: Mixer Machine .........................................................................................................................36
Figure 4-27: Bar cutter ..................................................................................................................................36
Figure 4-28: Vibrator Machine......................................................................................................................37
Figure 4-29: Crane Machine..........................................................................................................................37
Figure 4-30: 1) Wooden plank 2) Steel Sheet ...............................................................................................38
Figure 4-31: 3) Steel Shutters 4) Bamboo Props...........................................................................................38
Figure 5-1: Column layout Plan ....................................................................................................................40
Figure 5-2: Column Schedule........................................................................................................................41
Figure 5-3: Making Kicker and Fixed the Position .......................................................................................42
Figure 5-4: Checking Clear Cover & Height of the Kicker...........................................................................42
Figure 5-5: Placing Tie on Column...............................................................................................................43
Figure 5-6: Tie binding on Column...............................................................................................................43
Figure 5-7: Tie bar Spacing Check in End Span ...........................................................................................44

xiv
Figure 5-8: Tie bar Spacing Check at mid span ............................................................................................44
Figure 5-9: Checking the tie lapping length..................................................................................................45
Figure 5-10: Long Section of Column...........................................................................................................45
Figure 5-11: 1) Nuts and Screw 2) Lubricant Oil..........................................................................................47
Figure 5-12: 1) Jute bell 2) Turnbuckle.........................................................................................................47
Figure 5-13: Cleaning Shutter for Column....................................................................................................48
Figure 5-14: Fixed Shutter for Casting..........................................................................................................48
Figure 5-15: Vertical Alignment Check (bottom) .........................................................................................49
Figure 5-16: Vertical alignment Check (top) ................................................................................................49
Figure 5-17: Casting Column & Using Vibrator...........................................................................................50
Figure 5-18: Removing Shutter of Column...................................................................................................51
Figure 5-19: Curing of Column.....................................................................................................................51
Figure 5-20: Working schedule for Column .................................................................................................52
Figure 6-1: Plan of Stair................................................................................................................................53
Figure 6-2: Stair Shuttering...........................................................................................................................54
Figure 6-3: Using Jute-paper on Landing......................................................................................................54
Figure 6-4: Reinforcement Details of Stair ...................................................................................................55
Figure 6-5: Placement of Stair Reinforcement..............................................................................................56
Figure 6-6: Checking c/c Spacing of main and binder bar............................................................................56
Figure 6-7: Checking Tread ..........................................................................................................................57
Figure 6-8: Checking Riser ...........................................................................................................................57
Figure 6-9: Pouring water before Casting .....................................................................................................58
Figure 6-10: Casting of Stair.........................................................................................................................59
Figure 6-11: Using Vibrator..........................................................................................................................59
Figure 6-12: Curing of Stair ..........................................................................................................................60
Figure 6-13: Working Schedule of Stair .......................................................................................................61
Figure 7-1: 1st
to 5th
Floor Roof Beam Layout Plan......................................................................................63
Figure 7-2: Beam Shuttering.........................................................................................................................64
Figure 7-3: Dimension Check of Beam.........................................................................................................65
Figure 7-4: Runner placing on Slab...............................................................................................................67
Figure 7-5: Wooden plank placing on Slab...................................................................................................67
Figure 7-6: Runner supported by bamboo Props...........................................................................................68
Figure 7-7: Steel Sheet Placing on Slab ........................................................................................................68
Figure 7-8: Bamboo Diameter.......................................................................................................................69
Figure 7-9: Comparison of Bamboo Props in Slab Panel..............................................................................72
Figure 7-10: Comparison of Shutter Materials of Slab .................................................................................72
Figure 7-11: 1st
to 5th
Floor Roof Beam Reinforcement................................................................................73
Figure 7-12: 1st
to 5th
Figure 7-13: 1st
to 5th
Figure 7-14: 1st
to 5th
Figure 7-15: Matam Making .........................................................................................................................77
Figure 7-16: Tie making for beam.................................................................................................................77
Figure 7-17: Reinforcement placement of beam...........................................................................................78
Figure 7-18: Extra Top & Bottom bar Placement .........................................................................................78
Figure 7-19: Mark by chalk for Stirrup Placement........................................................................................79
Figure 7-20: Stirrup setting and binding .......................................................................................................79
Figure 7-21: Checking stirrup spacing at end section ...................................................................................80
Figure 7-22: Checking stirrup spacing at mid section...................................................................................80
Figure 7-23: Concrete block placement ........................................................................................................81
Figure 7-24: Checking clear cover of beam ..................................................................................................81
Figure 7-25: Checking the depth of the beam ...............................................................................................82
Figure 7-26: Checking Width of the beam....................................................................................................82

xv
Figure 7-27: 1st
to 5th
Floor Beam Bottom Slab Reinforcement....................................................................85
Figure 7-28: 1st
to 5th
Floor Beam Top Slab Reinforcement.........................................................................86
Figure 7-29: Bottom Slab Reinforcement Placement....................................................................................87
Figure 7-30: After completing bottom slab reinforcement............................................................................87
Figure 7-31: Top Slab Reinforcement Placement .........................................................................................88
Figure 7-32: Concrete block for maintain clear cover...................................................................................88
Figure 7-33: Checking c/c distance of bottom slab reinforcement................................................................89
Figure 7-34: Checking c/c distance of top slab reinforcement ......................................................................89
Figure 7-35: Checking 1‖ clear cover on bottom slab...................................................................................90
Figure 7-36: Checking 3‖ clear cover on top slab.........................................................................................90
Figure 7-37: Checking lap length of slab bar ................................................................................................91
Figure 7-38: Concrete placement on slab......................................................................................................91
Figure 7-39: Using Vibrator for compaction.................................................................................................92
Figure 7-40: Checking depth of Slab.............................................................................................................92
Figure 7-41: Using Steel runner of leveling..................................................................................................92
Figure 7-42: Casting on Beam.......................................................................................................................93
Figure 7-43: Casting around electric pipe .....................................................................................................93
Figure 7-44: Placing U-shape ring ................................................................................................................93
Figure 7-45: One side complete casted slab..................................................................................................94
Figure 7-46: Cement grout for slab & beam .................................................................................................94
Figure 7-47: Making Pond for Curing...........................................................................................................95
Figure 7-48: Curing of Slab...........................................................................................................................95
Figure 7-49: Working Schedule of Beam & Slab..........................................................................................96
Figure 8-1: Comparison bar chart of column reinforcement.......................................................................103
Figure 8-2: Comparison bar chart of column reinforcement.......................................................................104
Figure 8-3: Top slab Reinforcement............................................................................................................110
Figure 9-1: Leakage of Formwork ..............................................................................................................114
Figure 9-2: Honeycomb in Column.............................................................................................................115
Figure 9-3: Using cement paste in honeycomb ...........................................................................................115
Figure 9-4: Changed spacing in tie..............................................................................................................116
Figure 9-5: Working without Safety............................................................................................................116

xvi
List of Tables
Table 1: Executive committee member of Tokyo Development Engineers Ltd .............................................7
Table 2: Lap Length ......................................................................................................................................16
Table 3: Concrete Clear Cover for Reinforcing Bars....................................................................................17
Table 4: Reinforced End Hook......................................................................................................................18
Table 5: Additional, Fastening bar in beam ..................................................................................................18
Table 6: Value of Fine Aggregate .................................................................................................................29
Table 7: Value of Coarse Aggregate .............................................................................................................31
Table 8: Requisition policy of our company .................................................................................................39
Table 9: Column Reinforcement Details.......................................................................................................46
Table 10: Shuttering details of Stair..............................................................................................................55
Table 11: Bamboo props details in beam ......................................................................................................66
Table 12: Bamboo props comparison of beam..............................................................................................66
Table 13: Bamboo details used in site...........................................................................................................69
Table 14: Slab shuttering details used in site ................................................................................................70
Table 15: Slab shuttering details estimated...................................................................................................71
Table 16: Comparison Table of Shuttering Materials of Slab.......................................................................72
Table 17: Reinforcement details of beam......................................................................................................83
Table 18: 1st
to 5th
roof beam slab reinforcement..........................................................................................86
Table 19: Column Details with Size and Number.........................................................................................97
Table 20: Amount of Concrete C-1...............................................................................................................98
Table 21: Amount of Reinforcement C-1......................................................................................................98
Table 22: Amount of Concrete for C-2 .........................................................................................................99
Table 23: Amount of Reinforcement for C-2................................................................................................99
Table 24: Amount of Concrete for C-3 .......................................................................................................100
Table 25: Amount of Reinforcement for C-3..............................................................................................100
Table 30: Comparison of main bar between estimated and used ................................................................103
Table 31: Comparison of Aggregate between estimated and used..............................................................104
Table 32: Beam FB-1 concrete estimated details ........................................................................................105
Table 33: Beam FB-1 reinforcement estimated details ...............................................................................106
Table 34: All beam reinforcement details ...................................................................................................107
Table 35: All beam concrete details ............................................................................................................108
Table 36: All span of slab concrete details..................................................................................................109
Table 37: All Span Reinforcement in Slab..................................................................................................111
Table 38: Total amount of concrete used in Stair........................................................................................112
Table 39: Total amount of Reinforcement used in Stair .............................................................................113

xvii
Abbreviations:
BNBC = Bangladesh National Building Code
ACI = American Concrete Institute
USD = Ultimate Strength Design
WSD= Working Stress Design
Psi = Pound per Square inch
TMT = Thermo Mechanical Treatment
C/C = Clear Cover
Cu. ft = Cubic Feet
Sft = Square Feet

1
This chapter covers the following topics: Background of the Study, Source of the Study,
Scope of the Study, Objective of the Study, Limitations of the Study, Activities etc.
1.1. General:
Practicum is the way of applying one‘s theoretical knowledge in practical field to make a
successful structure with the help of both theoretical and practical knowledge. Practical
experience is so much important specially for engineering students for their professional
enlighten and without it likes a ship without sail in mid ocean. Building construction is an
ancient human creativity and began with the demand for leading peaceful and luxurious life in
this earth and survives against effects of natural climates. Building construction is the process of
some elements such as design, costing, and estimating, dealing and practical consideration.
We know each and every building has super-structure and sub-structure whether the building is
residential or commercial. A superstructure is an upward extension of an existing structure above
its foundation or basement. Slab, Beam, Column and Stair are the main parts of the super-
structure.
So, after completing four years theoretical part of studies, practicum is the great chance to get
practical idea. A practicum report is the storage of information where one‘s did on behalf of his
training period at the selective project. In this report I tried to make a knowledgeable storage of
my 3 month‘s practicum period experience of the superstructure construction work of a seven
storied residential building.
1.2. Background of the Study:
Proper and updated practical knowledge has a significant role in the field of construction. It is
necessary for a student to keep him updated with practical knowledge along with theoretical
knowledge. Theoretical knowledge is not enough for showing one‘s skill in this competitive
world. One should be experienced practically after that he/she will overcome the problems faced
in the practical field and having the ability to solve the solution from practical experience. For a
civil engineer, as we are dealing with technical matters, it is more essential to have the practical
knowledge and capabilities to relate with theoretical one during implementation of a project.
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

2
1.3. Source of the Study:
The information provided in this report has been collected from the ongoing construction of
Tokyo Square, a residential project of Tokyo Development Engineers Ltd. Here I got the direct
access to every corner of my projects and also got chance to check their work procedure list for
individual work system that allowed me to boost up my practical knowledge in the construction
field. I have learned many more things which will able to overcome the difficulties faced in
theoretical part and also learned about materials property, management system, billing etc.
1.4. Scope of the Study:
It‘s a great opportunity for me to work in practical field as a trainee engineer in a leading
developer company like Tokyo Development Engineers Ltd. I tried to use my theoretical
knowledge in practical field which I acquired from my four years learning period. I got
opportunity to observe reinforcing, casting and post cast works. I learnt a little estimation and
other considerations to make estimation accurate. In my project, here I worked with the
engineers, contractor, labours and gathered much more basic knowledge on building construction
which will be effective for my future career.
1.5. Objective of the study:
The main objective of this report has been made to increase the skill of site supervision.
Basically, all the construction and supervision works are described details in my report. So that it
can be used as a guide line to a professional Engineer to supervise and execute the activities in
proper way during construction.
The main objectives of this report are as follows:
 To get knowledge on Structural and architectural drawing of any project.
 To implement the structural drawing into construction site.
 To acquire knowledge about the steps involving construction process.
 To understand the construction and supervision work of column, beam and slab.
 To learn about the estimating details of Super Structural work.
 To realize technical problems and solutions in construction field

3
1.6. Limitation of the Study:
This report has been prepared on the basis of supervision of superstructure construction work
that‘s why it is not possible to concentrate on other parts of construction and for this report the
practicum period was limited.
Some time it is difficult to collect all information in a site. The design criteria, design
specification, Yield strength of reinforcement, compressive strength of concrete, stone chip‘s
size, gradation and quality can be different to each other. It was not possible to represent a
complete report like- construction manual, financial involvement, etc. regarding the topic or the
opportunity.
During preparation of the report, it had to be taken in consideration that the report does not
contain any company confidential information, so that organization will be in trouble at their
strategic position.
1.7. Activities:
Though I worked as a trainee engineer, I maintained the regular activities which are given below:
 Observing the working procedure on the field.
 Managing the contractor according to the order of the engineer.
 Informing the project engineer about the daily work.
 Checking and confirming the project engineer about shortage of the elements.

4
This Chapter covers the following topics: Company Address, Company Background,
Objective of the Company, Company Overview, Mission, Vision, Quality Policy,
Membership, corporate Structure, Company quality policy, Company Organ gram,
Ongoing Projects, Completed Projects, Our Projects etc.
2.1. Company Address:
Company Name: Tokyo Development Engineers Ltd.
Customer Care Office:
House- 26, Road- 09, Sector-13
Uttara, Dhaka- 1230
Phone: 02-550 89047, 550 88865
Corporate Office:
Prime Tower
Suit # 501(5th
floor)
Plot # 180-181, Purana Paltan
Bijoy Nagar, Dhaka- 1000
Japan Office:
Rofuti Plaza
Tsuga 102, 2-9-12 Sakuragi Kita
Wakaba-ku, Chiba, Japan
E-mail:tokyobd@yahoo.com
Web: www.tokyobd.com
CHAPTER 2 COMPANY OVERVIEW

5
2.2. Company Background:
Tokyo Development Engineers Ltd (TDEL) was born with a thirst to construct high quality
building. Honesty is our asset, cooperation is our platform and courage is our motivation. We are
always caring, always in same appearance – before the dealing, at the time of dealing and after
the dealing. Both the land owners and apartment buyers will be under one roof and will be
treated from the same family of TDEL. We will be caring all of them as the family member of
TDEL. Our slogan is ―We Are For You.‖
Success lies in the ability to adapt with changing times. That is something that we have learnt
since 2000. Understanding the changing nature of the real estate sector TDEL proceeds to build
homes, introducing courageous and innovative living concepts.
We believe that architecture can captivate the essence of time. Our monuments capture
accordingly a particular time frame and yet continue to be appreciated eternally. To each and
every development, we add that extra touch of magic, which makes it a home.
2.3. Objective of the Company:
The main objective of the company is flowing
 Quality in Construction
 Service to the Clients
 Commitment for Timely Handover
 Creativity in Design
 Satisfaction of the Clients
2.4. Company Overview:
Our experience of more than ten years in the real estate business has spurred completion and
successful design of more than 50 projects to satisfied owners of Dhaka, Sylhet and Chittagong.
At TDEL, we not only believe in quality as a mere vision statement but also implement it in
every aspect of our operations and the way we do business. To bolster our core values of quality
and excellence, we have taken on board a team of dedicated and skilled professionals consisting
of architects, engineers, designers, planner‘s etc. At the heart of our operations – the key word is
―Integrity‖. And it is this integrity that has ensured our growth even in the face of stiff
competition and volatile business environment year after year.

6
2.5. Vision:
We shall endeavour to excel in every aspect of our operation and thereby provide quality
products and services to our customers. Our organization will have a challenging and satisfying
working environment so that the talents and potential of our human resource is given the full
opportunity to blossom & grow. We shall maintain a high degree of integrity in our business
conduct and this characteristic will prevail in our dealings with our customers, our suppliers, our
contractors, our financiers, our employees & indeed our entire society.
2.6. Mission:
 To always focus on the customer; as the customer‘s satisfaction is our inspiration.
 To conduct the business with high integrity.
 To nurture the best human resource through training & motivation.
 To consistently develop high quality real estate to keep our standard above others.
 To address environmental issues apparently & clearly on our activities in line.
 To endeavor innovation to excel in every aspect of our operation.
2.7. Quality Policy:
Tokyo Development Engineers Ltd. will provide leadership in quality in the Real Estate
Development sector.
We will provide quality in our construction work, our management systems, and our customer
services so that we can fulfill or exceed our customer‘s expectation.
Our human resource will always be our greatest asset and we will provide regular training and
opportunity to our people so that the quality of their work is constantly improved.
TDEL is the first Real Estate Developer in Bangladesh to be given this prestigious,
internationally recognized accreditation. We believe that it is our organizational strength that has
enabled us to achieve market leadership.
2.8. Membership:
REHAB provides membership permeation to Tokyo development Engineers Ltd.
RAJUK Registered.

7
2.9. Corporate Structure:
Table 1: Executive committee member of Tokyo Development Engineers Ltd
SL Name Designation
1
Mamtazul Karim Managing Director
2
Md. Maruf Hossain Chief Architect
3 Md. Nurul Alam Manager Administration
4 Mohammad Shahadat Hossain Manager
5 Engr. Md. Mizanur Rahman Chief Engineer
2.10. Company Quality Policy:
Tokyo Development Engineers Ltd. will provide leadership in quality in the Real Estate
Development sector. We will provide quality in our construction work, our management
systems, and our customer services so that we can fulfill or exceed our customer‘s expectation.
TDEL is the first Real Estate Developer in Bangladesh to be given this prestigious,
internationally recognized accreditation. We believe that it is our organizational strength that has
enabled us to achieve market leadership.

8
2.11. Company Organogram:
The organogram provided in bellow which is follow by running ―Tokyo Development Engineers
Ltd.‖
Figure 2-1: Company OrganogramOur Position

9
2.12. Ongoing Projects:
At present there are several projects are running under this company. Some ongoing projects
information is given below:
Project: Tokyo Gazi Garden
Address: House #66, Road # 11, and
Sector #13, Uttara, Dhaka-1230
Unit: 1650 SFT
(Bedrooms:3, Drawing, Dining,
Bathrooms: 3)
Apartment Numbers: 38 NOS
Building Facing: North facing
Building Storied: (GF+6) = 7 (Seven)
Storied residential building.
Figure 2-3:3D View of Tokyo Gazi
Garden
Project: Tokyo Square
Address: House #12(A), Road #9, and
Unit: 1600 SFT
(3 Beds, Drawing, Dining, 3 Toilet)
Building Storied: (GF+9) = 10 (Ten)
Storied residential building. Figure 2-2:3D View of Tokyo City

10
Project: Tokyo reyan point
Unit: 1850 SFT
Bathrooms: 3)
Building Facing: South facing
Figure 2-4:3D View of Tokyo reyan point
Project: Tokyo Heaven‘s Garden
Nikunja 02, Dhaka.
Unit: 1500 SFT
Bathrooms: 4)
Figure 2-5:3D View of Tokyo Heaven’s
Garden

11
2.13. Completed Projects:
Tokyo Development Engineers Ltd. completed many projects. There are some completed
projects information is below:
Project: Tokyo Center
Address: Rukhali, Jessore
Unit: 1250 SFT
(Bedrooms: Commercial Building)
Building Storied: (GF+4) = 5 (Five)
Storied commercial building.
Figure 2-6: 3D View of Tokyo Center
Project: Tokyo Mosharraf‘s
Address: Sector# 13, Uttara, Dhaka-1230
Unit: 1750 SFT
(Bedrooms:3, Dining, Bathrooms: 4)
Building Facing: South facing
Figure 2-7: 3D View of Tokyo Mosarraf’s

12
2.14. Our Projects:
Our Project Name: Tokyo Karim‘s
Garden
Address: House # 742, Road # 23,
Block # F, Bashundhara Residential Area,
Under P.S, Badda, Mouza: Joarshshara,
Dhaka
Unit: 1650 SFT (Bedrooms:3, Formal
Living, Family Living, Dining,
Bathrooms: 3)
Storied Residential Building
Structural Designer:
Kawser Talukder
B.Sc. Engg. (BUET)
FIEB, RAJUK ENLISTED
Cad By:
Shirin Akter
Dip. In Civil Engg.
Architect:
Md. Maruf Hossain
41, 3rd
Floor
Lackcircus, Kalabagan,Dhaka
Figure 2-8: 3D View of Tokyo Karim’s
Gerden

13
Figure 2-9: 4th
Floor Plan of Tokyo Karim’s Garden

14
This Chapter covers the following topics: Design Specification, Foundation, Concrete,
Cement, Concrete Aggregate, Water, Steel Reinforcement, Spacer Bar, Lap length, Chairs,
Lap Location, Development Length, Concrete Clear Cover for reinforcing bar, Concrete
End Hooks etc.
3.1. Introduction:
Design specification and structural drawing are very important for making a structure properly.
Here we included 3D-view of the required building, floor planning, ground floor plan and car
parking for the convenient of the clients and we also showed beam, footing, column, lift core and
underground water reservoir design. For example, a design specification must include all
necessary drawings, dimensions, environmental factors, ergonomic factors, aesthetic factors,
maintenance that will be needed, quality, safety, documentation and description. It also tells
specific examples of how the design of the project should be executed, helping others work
properly.
3.2. Design Specification:
a) Design method followed is USD according to Bangladesh National Building Code
(BNBC) 2006, IBC 2003 and ACI Code 2008.
b) All the Structural drawings shall be read in conjunction with relevant architectural
drawings.
c) Follow BNBC 2006 for specification/structural requirements not mentioned in the
drawings or in this note sheet.
d) Any confusion regarding drawing must be clarified before construction.
e) Adequate safety measures must be taken during construction.
f) Any violation beyond approval sheet Client/Developer will be responsible.
3.3. Foundation:
Foundation has been designed for-
7 (seven) storied building as per soil test report with piling.
CHAPTER 3 DESIGN SPECIFICATION AND DRAWING

15
3.4. Concrete:
1. TYPE- Concrete Compressive strength considered as follow:
1. f‘c = 3500 psi for columns, Cap
2. f‘c (specific strength) = Minimum 20 Mpa (3000 psi) for all other members
3. f‘cr > f‘c + 500 psi, if mix design is done
 Minimum cement content relates as per recommendation of mix design to ensure above
strength.
 These are to be confirmed by mix design before commencement of work.
2. CURING OF R.C.C WORK:
1. Curing time minimum 28 days.
2. Method of curing:
I. Horizontal surface- by ponding of water.
II. Other surface- by wrapping moist jute fabric and sprinkling water by hose
pipe frequently.
III. Minimum cement concrete ratio 1:1.5:3 for column and cap.
IV. Minimum cement concrete ratio 1:2:4 for other members.
3.5. Cement:
Cem-1, Conforming to BDSEN 197 – 1, 2003
3.6. Concrete Aggregate:
 Fine aggregate: Sand of FM 2.0.
 Coarse Aggregate: 20 mm down well graded stone chips shall be used as coarse
aggregate in column, Shear Wall and Cap and Brick Chips in other members.
3.7. Steel Reinforcement:
a. Reinforcement are 72 grade deformed bar having minimum fy = 500 Mpa (72,000 psi)
made of Ballet steel for Cap, Shear Wall, Column, Beam, Roof, Main bars and fy = 275
Mpa (40.000 psi) for others.
b. The following tests for reinforcing bars from random samples shall be conducted at
BUET/MIST as per BDS 1313:1991 to the concerned engineer for checking and record:
I. Tensile strength test
II. Percentage elongation test
III. Bend/rebend test

16
3.8. Spacer Bars:
To support second layer bars in beams/slabs use 20mm spacer bars @ 750 c/c where required.
3.9. Lap Length:
Unless otherwise mentioned in the drawing, Lap length of bars shall be:
Table 2: Lap Length
fy(psi)
f‘x(psi)
F‘x(psi)
Bar type
Bar Position
Bar size (mm)
10 12 16 20 25
72,000
3,500
3,500
Tension
Top bar 450 600 750 900 1625
Other bar 400 475 650 800 1250
Compression 300 350 475 600 750
Column Laps shall be tension Laps.
3.10. Chairs:
Use chairs of necessary dimension made of 10 mm / 12 mm bar to support top bars @ 750 c/c
CC Block as spacer is recommended.
3.11. Lap Location:
a. For beam bottom bar, lap not to be provided at middle third zone of the span.
b. For beam top bar, lap may be provided at middle third zone of the span.
c. Not more than 50% of the bars shall be spliced at once place.
d. Lap splices are to be confined by hoops with maximum spacing or pitch of d/4 or 100
mm, where‗d‘ is the effective depth of the beam.
Figure 3-1: Lap Location
At lap splice spacing of hoops =
d/4 but not greater than 100 mm

17
3.12. Development Length:
All beam and slab rebar should be extended into the support up to development length.
3.13. Concrete clear cover for Reinforcing Bars:
Table 3: Concrete Clear Cover for Reinforcing Bars
3.14. Minimum bar spacing of column longitudinal bars:
Clear distance between longitudinal bars shall not be less than 1.5 times bar diameter, 1.5 times
the size of course aggregate or 40 mm.

18
3.15. Reinforced End Hooks:
Table 4: Reinforced End Hook
3.16. Additional Bar, Fastening bar in Beam:
Table 5: Additional, Fastening bar in beam

19
This Chapter covers the following topics: Cement, Field test of cement, Bricks, Field test of
bricks, Aggregate, Aggregate Classification, Field test of Fine Aggregate, Field test of
Coarse Aggregate, Lab test of Fine Aggregate, Lab test of Coarse Aggregate, Concrete
Strength Test, reinforcement bar, Water and Machine used at site etc.
4.1. Introduction:
In construction of super structures, it is necessary to maintain good quality materials. We
observed different types of constructions materials which were used for different construction
work. There are different types of materials are used in our project such as- Cement, Stone chips,
Bricks, Reinforcement bar, Water etc. This chapter we have included the materials and the
equipments used in construction. The materials, equipment‘s and machineries that were used in
this project are given below with basic information.
4.2. Cement:
Figure 4-1: Seven Rings Special Cement
There are two classes of cements: Natural Cement and Artificial Cement. The best variety of
artificial cement is known as ordinary Portland cement. In our project, company has used
Portland composite cement (PCC) named ‗Seven Rings Special Cement’. The constituents of
this cement are: clinker 80% - 98%, Limestone 6 - 20%, Gypsum 0%-5%.
CHAPTER 4 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND
EQUIPMENTS

20
4.3. Field Test of Cement:
4.3.1. Date of Manufacturing:
Figure 4-2: Date of Manufacturing of Cement.
As the strength of cement reduces with age, the date of manufacturing of cement bags should be
checked. We checked the date of manufacture and that was ―July 2017‖.
4.3.2. Hard Lumps in cement:
Figure 4-3: Checking for Hard Lumps
Cement should be free from hard lumps. Such lumps are formed by the absorption of moisture
from atmosphere. So, we checked that there are no hard lumps in our cement. So, we can say that
it‘s good in quality and no absorption occurs.

21
4.3.3. Temperature inside the bag:
Figure 4-4: Checking Temperature inside the Cement Bag
If the hand is plunged into a bag of cement bag, it should be cool inside the cement bag. If
hydration reaction takes place inside the bag, it will become warm. When we plunged one hand
inside one of the cement bag, it was cool. So, we can come in the decision that, there is no
hydration reaction occur inside the bag.
4.4. Bricks:
Figure 4-5: bricks
A brick is an artificial kind of stone made of clay whose chief characteristics are a plasticity
when wet and stone like hardness after being heated to high temperature. Bricks are namely
classified as –Ordinary brick and Ceramic brick. In our project, company use ‗ordinary‘ 1st
class
brick for khoa and ‗ceramic‘ brick for partition wall.

22
4.5. Field Test of Bricks:
4.5.1. Hardness Test:
Figure 4-6: Try to make mark on the surface of brick.
Try to mark on the surface of brick by nail. If you can make it, it‘s not good, otherwise good
brick. When we try to make mark on the surface of brick, we can‘t. So, it can be said that brick is
good.
4.5.2. Soundness Test:
Figure 4-7: Strike a brick with a hammer
Strike a brick with a hammer. If it gives clear ringing or metallic sound, it is a good brick. When
we strike a brick by hammer, we get the metallic sound. So, we come in the decision that brick is
good.

23
4.5.3. Tee (T) test of brick:
Figure 4-8: Tee (T) test of brick
Take two brick and make a form of Tee (T) and drop it from a height of 6 ft on a more or less
solid surface. If it remains unbroken, then it‘s good brick. We found that one brick is unbroken
and another is broken.
Figure 4-9: Broken Part

24
4.5.4. Size & Shape of brick:
Figure 4-10: Checking the size of the brick
Without mortar the standard brick size will be 9.5‖ X 4.5‖ X 2.75‖. When we check the size of
the brick, we get the standard size. And edge is found in whole and sharp. So, bricks are in
standard.

25
4.6. Aggregate:
Aggregates are the inert materials that are mixed in fixed proportions with a binding material to
produce concrete. These act as fillers or volume increasing components on the one hand and are
responsible for strength, hardness and durability of the concrete on other hand.
4.7. Aggregate Classification:
There are two types of aggregate on the basis of their size –
1. Fine Aggregate
2. Coarse Aggregate
4.7.1. Fine Aggregate:
a) Sylhet Sand b) Local Sand
Figure 4-11: Fine Aggregate
In the fine aggregate, the grain-size lies between 4.75 mm and 0.15 mm. Mainly two type of fine
aggregate used in our site, they was Sylhet sand and local sand. 100% Sylhet sand of FM 3.0 for
Column and 75% sylhet sand & 25% local sand of F.M. 1.5 for Beam, Slab, Stair and others
construction.

26
4.7.2. Coarse Aggregate:
Figure 4-12: Coarse Aggregate (Khoa)
Figure 4-13: Coarse Aggregate (Stone)
Coarse Aggregates are those that are retained on the sieve of mesh size 4.75 mm. Their upper
size is generally around 7.5 mm. Mainly two type of coarse aggregate used in our site, they was
bricks chips and stone chips. They used ¾‖ down and well graded stone chips with F.M 5.0 for
Column and 3/4" down and well graded brick chips for Beam, Slab, Stair & others construction.

27
4.8. Field Test of Aggregate:
4.8.1. Salt Test:
Figure 4-14: Salt Test in Shylet Sand
Take a pinch of sand and taste it. If tasted salty then there exist some salt in sand. We taste the
sand, but there was no salty taste in our site sand. So, we come in the decision that the sand is
free from salt.
4.8.2. Color and Size Check:
Figure 4-15: Checking Color and Size
The color of sand will indicate the purity of sand. The size and sharpens of grains may be
exampled by touching and observing visually. The Sand should be of ―Golden Yellow‖ Color
andthe Sand particles should be sharp and angular to increase the interlocking property between
the sand particles.

28
4.8.3. Earthy Substances Test:
Figure 4-16: Earthy matter test of fine aggregate
Take some sand and rub it against the fingers. If fingers are stained, it indicates that sand
contains earthy matter – silt and clay. Fingers don‘t stained when we rub the sylhet sand but
there are bit some stained at the time of local sand.
4.8.4. Angular size Test:
Figure 4-17: Checking Size of Stone
We took one kilogram stone chips as sample and divided them in three categories depending on
their size. Then we found the large size ¾ inches was 60%, the medium size ½ inches was 30%
and the small size ¼ inches was 10%. So, we came in the decision that these are the good quality
of stone.

29
4.9. Lab Test of Fine Aggregate:
Figure 4-18: Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregate
At first we make the balance zero with tray. Then we take 1000 gm sylhet sand as sample and
pouring it on the sets of sieves and shaking the sets of sieve. Then we take the weight of retained
in each of sieve. At last we calculate and check that whether there is any loss of materials. We
got 2% loss of materials in fine aggregate sieving.
Table 6: Value of Fine Aggregate
SL Sieve Size (mm) Retain(gm) Retained Weight
Percentage
Cumulative (%)
1 4.75 7 0.70 0.70
2 2.36 17 1.71 2.41
3 1.18 89 8.93 11.34
4 0.600 750 75.23 86.57
5 0.300 130 13.03 99.60
6 0.150 4 0.40 100
7 pan 0 0.00 100
Fineness Modulus (FM) = Summation of cumulative (%) 100
= (0.70 + 2.41 + 11.34 + 86.57 + 99.60 + 100) 100
=3.006 = 3.00

30
4.9.1. Comparison:
Practical Design Specification
3.00 2.5
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00
0.1110
PassingPercentage(%)
Seive Size(mm)
Seive Analysis of Fine Aggregate

31
4.10. Lab Test of Coarse Aggregate:
Figure 4-19: Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregate
At first we make the balance zero with tray. Then we take 2000 gm stone chips as sample and
pouring it on the sets of sieves and shaking the sets of sieve. Then we take the weight of retained
in each of sieve. At last we calculate and check that whether there is any loss of materials and got
2% loss of materials.
Table 7: Value of Coarse Aggregate
SL Sieve Size
(mm)
Retain(gm) Retained Weight
Percentage
Cumulative (%)
1 25 720 36.04 36.04
2 19 813 40.69 76.73
3 12.5 450 22.52 99.25
4 10 7 0.35 99.60
5 4.75 0.00 0.00 99.60
6 pan 8 0.40 100
Fineness Modulus (FM) = Summation of cumulative (%) 100
= (36.04 + 76.73 + 99.25 + 99.60 + 99.60 + 100) 100
= 5.11 = 5.00

32
4.10.1. Comparison:
5.12 6.0-6.9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.1110100
PassingParcentage(%)
Seive Size(mm)
Seive Analysis of Coarse Aggregate

33
4.11. Cylinder Test:
Figure 4-20: Give blow in concrete
We had done the cylinder test by taking the concrete of column. We fill the cylinder by concrete
in three layers and in each layer we blow for 25 times by 10mm rod. In every layer, we did this
process and fill the cylinder fully and make level by trawl.
Figure 4-21: Free the mold
Then we keep it for 24 hours for gaining in the next day we make free the concrete mold from
the cylinder and keep it in a bucket which is full of water for curing.

34
Figure 4-22: Mold and Equipment
Figure 4-23: Fix for Crushing
Then after 21 days, we go for to crush it in crushing machine. After fix the mold on the machine
then we provide force to crush it and at 171.44 KN force it being crushed.
4.11.1. Result:
2625 3165

35
4.12. Reinforcement Bar:
Figure 4-24: BSI -SOLID-TMT-500W Reinforcement.
Our company uses BSI Company‘s rod for all the purpose such as column reinforcement, beam
and slab reinforcement for the tie and stirrup binding. They uses normally 10mm, 12mm, 16mm,
20mm, 25mm bars for the site and all this are 72 grade. 10mm and 12mm are basically used for
the tie, stirrup and slab. 16 mm and 20 mm are normally used in Beam and 10 mm, 12 mm and
16 mm are used in stair.
4.13. Water:
Figure 4-25: Clean, Drinkable Water
For normal concretes, the water cement ratio is generally in the range of about 0.40 to 0.60. In
our project we used drinkable water for all construction works and for the curing purpose of
beam, column, slab and stair.

36
4.14. Equipments Used in Site:
4.14.1. Mixer Machine:
Figure 4-26: Mixer Machine
Mixer Machine is very common and highly used machine for concrete mixing work. Concrete
can be easily mixed by this machine. In our project, we use mixer machine for column, stair,
beam and slab casting.
4.14.2. Bar Cutter:
Figure 4-27: Bar cutter
Bar cutting machine is an electric machine usually used to cut different types of bar in specific
length efficiently. By this machine it‘s easy to cut bar and it‘s safe and comfortable to use. A bar
cutter is also time saving machine that‘s why we use bar cutter in our company.

37
4.14.3. Vibrator Machine:
Figure 4-28: Vibrator Machine
In our project, they use vibrator for mechanical compaction. Vibrator machine provides a better
material flow and remove air bubbles. So, certain care need to be taken when vibrator is use-
needle of the vibrator should be immersed vertically into concrete and remain vertical during
operation, concrete at a location not be vibrated not more than for 15 seconds. Before using
Vibrator machine, we make them aware about this information.
4.14.4. Crane:
Figure 4-29: Crane Machine
In our site, we used crane machine only for slab casting not for column and stair casting. We
used crane machine for uplifted the concrete to the slab for casting.

38
4.15. Shuttering Materials Used in Site:
1. Wooden Plank 2. Steel Sheet
Figure 4-30: 1) Wooden plank 2) Steel Sheet
1. Steel Shutters 2. Bamboo Props
Figure 4-31: 3) Steel Shutters 4) Bamboo Props
In our project, company uses steel shutter for the column and bamboo props, wooden plank and
runner, wooden shutter, steel sheet are use for stair, beam and slab. And wooden plank are also
uses for the kicker making. There are different sizes of planks, runner, shutter and steel sheet.
The size of plain sheets is 3‘ X 6‘.

39
4.16. Requisition Policy:
Table 8: Requisition policy of our company
Site Supervisor For any kind of materials needed in site are listed by
supervisor and then give to site engineer.
Site Engineer Site Engineer gives the list to the Sales Officer.
Sales Officer Sales Officer Ordered listed the materials.
Dealer or Seller The dealer or seller delivered the ordered materials.
Supervisor Supervisor accepts the materials and the money receipt.
Site Engineer Site Engineer checks the materials and approved the billing
copy.
Accounts Accounts department check the billing copy and pay the
money.
Dealer delivered the ordered materials and then made a billing copy and then the Site Engineer
approved it. Then the dealer or seller submits the approved billing copy to the accounts
department and only then the accounts department pays all the dues.

40
This chapter covers the following topics: Column Layout Plan, Column Schedule, Column
Kicker, Column Kicker Shuttering, Column Kicker Casting, Reinforcement Placements of
Column, Tie bar and Spacing Check, Shuttering of Column, Column Alignment Check,
Column casting, Column Curing.
5.1. General:
Column is a vertical structural member and also called compression member. It takes the slab
and beams load and transmits to the foundation. There are 14 columns in our project. All of the
columns are rectangular. There are five types of column in our project; we specially explain the
column type C-2.
5.2. Column Layout:
Figure 5-1: Column layout Plan
CHAPTER 5 CONSTRUCTION OF COLUMN

41
5.3. Column Schedule:
Figure 5-2: Column Schedule
Column schedule showed the column section and reinforcement details and their placement. This
column schedule contains all six types of column reinforcement bar that we used in our project
work according to their design. From column schedule, we also found the entire column in
different floors, size, number and diameter of main reinforcement of every column.
We observed the entire columns but as we are going to explained C-2 type column so it‘s time to
discuss about the reinforcement details of C-2 column. The column size is 12‖X18‖. 10-16mm
bar are used is this column in 3th
Floor to Roof.

42
5.4. Column Kicker:
A correctly formed kicker maintains proper dimension and clear cover. In our site, they maintain
different height of column kicker. They maintain 3‖-6‖ column kicker in our site and in column
C-2 they formed 6‖ column kicker.
5.5. Kicker Shuttering:
Figure 5-3: Making Kicker and Fixed the Position
In our site, they used wooden formwork for column kicker shuttering. At first, make 5‖ high
column kicker so that formwork can be fixed easily. It also prevents cement slurry leakage
through bottom of formwork. 1.5‖ clear cover was maintained in all side and also maintained the
column size.
5.6. Dimension of Column Kicker:
Figure 5-4: Checking Clear Cover & Height of the Kicker
We also give a look on column kicker casting work. In case of kicker casting they maintained the
mixing ratio about 1:1.5:3 (cement, sand& stone) as like as column casting.

43
5.7. Column Reinforcement and Tie Binding:
Figure 5-5: Placing Tie on Column
Figure 5-6: Tie binding on Column
In our site 16mm and 20mm bar was used for column main bar and 10mm bar was used for
column tie bar. In column, reinforcements were provided longitudinally.
 They mark on the main bar for tie spacing by chalk.
 After that they place tie on the column.
 At last, they bind the tie as well as mentioned in the drawing

44
5.8. Tie Spacing Check:
Figure 5-7: Tie bar Spacing Check in End Span
Figure 5-8: Tie bar Spacing Check at mid span
The column we first check is C-2 type column. The size of this column is 12‖X18‖. The design
showed that there are 10-16mm bar are used for main bar of this column.
10mm reinforcement is used as tie in this column. It designs as like that 10mm@ 4‖c/c spacing is
at the end section and 10mm@ 8‖c/c spacing at the mid section for tie binding.
4‖c/c
8‖c/c

45
Figure 5-9: Checking the tie lapping length
There are different types of lapping in different types of bar. And for 16mm bar lapping will be
25.20 inch as column lapping is ‗40d‘ but in our project they used 25 inch as column lapping.
Figure 5-10: Long Section of Column
8”c/c
4”c/c
25‖ lapping

46
5.9. Column Reinforcement Details:
Table 9: Column Reinforcement Details
SL Column
Name
No. of
Column
(NOS)
Size
Tie Reinforcement in Column
Inch Feet
1 C-1 2 12‖X15‖ 1‘X1.25‘ 19-10 Ø
2 C-2 1 12‖X18‖ 1‘X1.5‘ 19-10 Ø
3 C-3 6 12‖X20‖ 1‘X1.67‘ 19-10 Ø
4 C-4 4 12‖X20‖ 1‘X1.67‘ 19-10 Ø
5 C-5 1 12‖X18‖ 1‘X1.5‘ 19-10 Ø

47
5.10. Column Shuttering:
5.10.1. Formwork Materials of Column:
 Steel shutter
 Wire (for vertical check)
 Jute bell (for smooth joint of shutter)
 Lubricant Oil
 Grating (Mixture of cement and water)
 Nuts & Screw
 Ladder
 Turnbuckle
 Steel Brush ( for cleaning purpose)
1. Nuts & Screw 2. Lubricant Oil
Figure 5-11: 1) Nuts and Screw 2) Lubricant Oil
1. Jute bell 2. Turnbuckle
Figure 5-12: 1) Jute bell 2) Turnbuckle

48
5.10.2. Column Formwork:
Figure 5-13: Cleaning Shutter for Column
Figure 5-14: Fixed Shutter for Casting
At first they clean the shutter very clearly. Then they use lubricant oil on the shutter so that the
shutter can de-shutter easily and the casted column will be smooth. Then they fix the shutter with
the help of Nuts and Screw. After that use jute bell in order that to get the smooth joint so that
the casting materials can‘t able to come out from the shutter. At last, they use the jointer to fix
alignment of the column and the will stable and can‘t move at the time of casting.

49
5.11. Vertical Alignment Check:
Figure 5-15: Vertical Alignment Check (bottom)
Figure 5-16: Vertical alignment Check (top)
We had observed the vertical alignment checking of column and we also checked by ourselves.
During this time they use the turn bolts as well as steel props for centring of Column shutter.
They use bamboo props also for centring.
Before casting the column major work was to check the vertical alignment and horizontal
dimension of column. Then put the block every side of the column for creating clear cover. Then
top, middle & bottom alignment should be checked. We checked the side distance at top and
bottom and found the same distance from the shutter.

50
5.12. Column Casting:
1. Casting Column 2. Using Vibrator
Figure 5-17: Casting Column & Using Vibrator
After Completed the column formwork and checking all the things like as binding of lapping, tie
binding, vertical alignment and clear cover etc. then it‘s time for column casting. The ratio for
column casting is 1:1.5:3 and the material used for columns are stone chips as coarse aggregate,
local sand and sylhet sand as fine aggregate.
At first, they sprinkle the water inside the column shutter and on the kicker. Then they pour some
grouting 1:1 ratio mix of cement and water inside the column. After that they mix the concrete
on the mixer machine according to the requirement.
We cast the column in two phases. As we have to casting column at 8‘-3‖ in height. So, firstly
we cast 5‘ in height and it‘s good for the casting because dropping concrete from above 5 feet
height was not suggested during pouring as it leads concrete segregation. We use vibrator for
compaction and gaining desired strength of concrete.

51
5.13. De shuttering of Column:
Figure 5-18: Removing Shutter of Column
Next day that means after 24 hours, they remove the shutter of the column. After removing the
nuts by the screw they remove the shutter carefully. As they use steel shutter and use lubricant
oil so the shutter removing wasn‘t too much hard and don‘t occur and damage on the corner of
the column. When we remove the shutter of the column, we got honeycomb in one of the
column.
5.14. Curing of Column:
Figure 5-19: Curing of Column
Curing is one of the most important steps in concrete construction, because proper curing greatly
increase concrete strength and durability. Curing was essential for control crack and provides
enough water for proper water-cement hydration. In my project curing work continued up to 20
days. Method of curing was by sprinkling water by hose pipe frequently in those days.

52
5.15. Working Schedule of Column:
Figure 5-20: Working schedule for Column
From 15th
September to 22th
September, we are in a project named ―Tokyo Squire‖. The work on
this project stopped suddenly. Then on 23th
September we go to another project of our company
named ―Tokyo Karim‘s Garden‖. Then we started to supervise the column construction.
From 22th
September to 28th
September column reinforcement placement work was going on.
From 24th
September to 01th
October Tie Binding work was going on and from 28th
September to
03rd
October column Shuttering work was going on and 29th
September to 06th
October Column
Casting was going on. Then curing work is started from 30th
September and continuing for 21
days.
22-Sep 27-Sep 2-Oct 7-Oct 12-Oct 17-Oct
ReinforcementPlacementof Column
Tie Binding
Column Shuttering
Column Casting
Column Curing
Duration

53
This chapter covers the following topics: Plan of Staircase, Shuttering of Stair, Stair
Reinforcement Details, Formation of Tread and Riser, Checking reinforcement spacing &
Tread, Riser depth and height, Casting of Stair and Curing of Stair etc.
6.1. General:
We observed 3th
floor stair construction and Staircases consist of a number of steps with landings
at suitable intervals to provide comfort and safety for the users. There were three types of
landing in our project such as 1st
landing, 2nd
landing and 3rd
landing. Main parts of stair are
treads, risers and landing. All part together is known as staircase.
So, this chapter covers the following topics: Plan of Stair Case, Shuttering of Stair,
Reinforcement bar Placing, Shuttering for Treads and Risers, Casting and curing of Stair.
6.2. Plan of Staircase:
The typical plan of staircase is given below. All the dimensions are also provided these are- Side
wall thickness is 10‖, the wide of the stair is 8‖, the lobby dimension of one is 4‘x 4‘ and another
side dimension is 3.5‘x8‘. The stair tread is 10‖ and rise is 6‖ and the waist depth is 6‖. The
waist length is 9‘ in first stair and second stair and middle stair is 2‘. The total riser is about
9+2=11 and tread is about 8+1=9.
Figure 6-1: Plan of Stair
CHAPTER 6 CONSTRUCTION OF STAIR

54
6.3. Shuttering Of Stair:
In our project for stair formwork we used the wood shutter, bamboo props and runner .At first
we placed the steel props according to their height then we checked the alignment by plum bob
and fixed the corner ends shutter. After that we selected the runner points and then fixed the
runners. We placed the required props and wooden plank placed on the props.
Figure 6-2: Stair Shuttering
Figure 6-3: Using Jute-paper on Landing
Then we use jute paper to cover the hole on the landing and those jute papers are attached by
nails.Then we placed the plain sheet on the wooden plank. Steel sheets were placed over the
wooden planks to confirm a smooth surface of stair and to prevent leakage of concrete during
casting.

55
Table 10: Shuttering details of Stair
Place Wooden Plank Runner Steel Sheet
Flight 52 24 6
Landing 40 8 6
6.4. Stair Reinforcement Details:
Figure 6-4: Reinforcement Details of Stair
In our site, 12mm and 10mm bar are used for staircase and just 4-16mm bar are used on the
landing. Reinforcement bars are used according to the reinforcement details in the drawing. At
first, they placed the bottom straight bars in the long direction. Then they placed short direction
bars which are used as a binder for the long direction bar. No straight longitudinal bars are used
on the top layer, top bars are provided on L/4 portion from both sides. 1 inch blocks are used on
the bottom layer and 3 inch blocks are used on the top layer for creating clear cover.

56
Figure 6-5: Placement of Stair Reinforcement
12mm bar are used as main bar in long direction at 6‖c/c and 10mm bar are used as binder in
short direction at 6‖ c/c. In top, long directional reinforcement are extended to ‗L/4‘ distance that
means 3 ft from both sides.1 inch blocks are used on the bottom layer and 3 inch blocks are used
on the top layer for creating clear cover.
Figure 6-6: Checking c/c Spacing of main and binder bar
12mm bar are used as main bar in long direction at 6‖c/c and 10mm bar are used as binder in
short direction at 6‖ c/c. In top, long directional reinforcement are extended to ‗L/4‘ distance that
means 3 ft from both sides.1 inch blocks are used on the bottom layer and 3 inch blocks are used
on the top layer for creating clear cover.
6‖c/c
6‖c/c

57
6.5. Formation of Tread and Riser:
Figure 6-7: Checking Tread
Figure 6-8: Checking Riser
Tread and riser were made according to step height. At first centring the riser position used rope
and it‘s maintained by measuring tape. Then we used wood prank for making riser. The rise
height was 6 inch and tread length was 10 inch. There were 9 risers in first flight and 2 risers in
middle flight; 8 tread in first flight and 1 tread in middle flight.
Plumb bob had used to check the vertical alignment of riser. We also used wood planks at the
middle for stable the tread and rise. We observed dimension of trade and riser then ensured
vertical alignment of riser.
10‖ Tread
6‖ Riser

58
6.6. Casting of Stair:
After binding all the reinforcement and shuttering of stair and checking the spacing, they cast the
stair. In our site, they use sylhet sand as a fine aggregate, brick chips as a course aggregate and
use drinkable water maintaining the ratio 0.45 and 1:2:4 was the mixing ratio of concrete.
 At first they set the vibrator machine.
 Wetted the casting area by water using hose pipe.
 Then they pour cement grout on the stair.
 Then they pouring concrete and use vibrator machine for compaction.
 They start casting from down step of stair to up.
 When pouring concrete was done then we made the surface plane.
Figure 6-9: Pouring water before Casting

59
Figure 6-10: Casting of Stair
Figure 6-11: Using Vibrator

60
6.7. Curing of Stair:
Figure 6-12: Curing of Stair
Curing plays an important role on strength development and durability of concrete. Curing takes
place immediately after concrete placing and finishing. Stair curing was started after 24 hours of
casting and sprinkling water by hose pipe. Water was spread 3-4 times in a day. We did this
spread 14 days and after 21 days shutters were removed.
It was recommended in the design that stair needs to cover by jute fabric and watered by hose
pipe. But they don‘t cover the stair by jute fabric, only sprinkle the by hose pipe.

61
6.8. Working Schedule of Stair:
Figure 6-13: Working Schedule of Stair
After completion the column casting, then after the two days stair shuttering was start. Form 05th
to 07th
October stair shuttering work was going on. Then form 07th
October to 09th
October,
reinforcement placement on stair work was going on. And in next day, on 10th
October tread and
Riser work was going on. And on 12th
October stair casting work was done. Then at next day
from 13th
October to 04 November Stair Curing was going on for 21 days.
5-Oct 10-Oct 15-Oct 20-Oct 25-Oct 30-Oct 4-Nov
Shuttering of Stair
ReinforcementPlacementon Stiar
Tread and Riser Making
Casting of Stair
Curing of Stair
Duration

62
This Chapter covers the following Topics: beam, slab, beam layout plan, Shuttering of
beam and slab, Procedure of beam shuttering, Beam shuttering Details, Comparison
between used and estimated, Procedure of slab shuttering, Reinforcement Details and
Cross Section of Beam, Reinforcement Placement on Beam, Checking for beam,
Reinforcement details of beam, Slab reinforcement details, Casting of beam and slab,
Curing of slab etc.
7.1. General:
The whole project work has been assigned by two Project Engineers, one Site Engineer and one
Project Manager. The whole work checked by a Site Engineer of Tokyo Development Engineers
Ltd. We were the Trainee Engineer under the department of Project Operation. In our internship
period we have observed the construction of Beam, Slab, Stair and Column. We also observed
their shuttering process, rebar arrangement process, casting process and curing process. All the
construction works have been checked by the site engineers as well as us and casting work is
checked by Project Engineer.
Beam and slab was constructed together. In this project, we got opportunity to perceive 4th
floor
Beam and slab construction. And this chapter covers the following topics: Beam and Slab
definition, Formwork materials, Shuttering Processes, Checking for beam, Checking for slab,
Centering of Beam and Slab, Reinforcement Placements of Beam & Slab, Casting of Beam and
Slab and Curing.
7.2. Beam:
Beam is the horizontal member of a structure carrying transverse loads. Beam carries load from
the Floor slab or the roof slab and transfers all the loads including its self-weight to the columns.
7.3. Slab:
The slab provides a horizontal surface and is usually supported by columns, beams or walls.
Slabs may be defined as those structural elements that are subjected to distribute loads primarily
in a plane transverse to the plane of slab. It is supported by reinforced concrete beams.
CHAPTER 7 CONSTRUCTION OF BEAM AND SLAB

63
7.4. Beam layout plan:
In this project, we use doubly reinforcement beam. This is the layout plan of beam for 1st
to 5th
floor. This beam layout plan contains fourteen (14) types of beam span according to their design.
We discussed 4th
floor, as shown in figure –
Figure 7-1: 1st
to 5th
Floor Roof Beam Layout Plan
7.5. Shuttering of Beam and Slab:
The formwork materials of beams and slab are-
 Bamboos
 Wooden plank
 Plain sheets
 Steel sheets
 Nails
 Measuring tap
 Hammer
 Ladder
 1‖ and 3‖ concrete Block

64
7.6. Procedure of Beam Shuttering:
1. Bottom shutter of Beam 2. Three side Shutter of Beam
Figure 7-2: Beam Shuttering
 At first we have to check the dimension of the beam then bamboo and wood was cut
according to size and shape.
 Form was made according to beam size.
 Bottom part of beam form is placed between the columns at first.
 Plain sheet was placed over the placed wood
 This bottom part wood is placed supported by the bamboo. The distance between two
bamboos generally 1.70-2.00 feet.

65
1. Checking depth of Beam 2.Checking Width of Beam
Figure 7-3: Dimension Check of Beam
 All the bottom part of beam is 10 inch as all the beam width is 10 inch.
 Then two side shutter wooden plank is placing according to the beam layout and joint
with the bottom part of beam.
 At last Water levelling is done as it is most important for structural work because it
makes sure that, the level of different place will become have to be same.
7.7. Beam Shuttering Details:
In our project, there are total 118 bamboo props are used in beam. We know that, it is required to
maintain that prop to prop distance will be 24‖ and according to this there are about 109 bamboo
props are required for the beams in our project. So, there are about 09 bamboo props are used as
extra in beams. So, in our project they maintain prop to distance in between 18‖ to 23‖.

66
Table 11: Bamboo props details in beam
Name and Size of Beam Length of Beam
Number of Props
Used props
Distance(ft)
Required Used
FB-1(10‖X20‖) 30‘-6‖ 15 16 1.92
FB-2(10‖X20‖) 7‘-5‖ 4 4 1.85
FB-3(10‖X21‖) 10‘-8‖ 5 6 1.78
FB-4(10‖X10‖) 5‘-6‖ 3 3 1.83
FB-5(10‖X10‖) 9‘-5‖ 5 5 1.88
FB-6(10‖X10‖) 5‘-6‖ 3 3 1.83
FB-7(10‖X21‖) 21‘-6‖ 11 12 1.80
FB-8(10‖X15‖) 15‘-2‖ 8 9 1.70
FB-9(7‖X15‖) 12‘-11‖ 7 7 1.85
FB-10(10‖X20‖)(7‖X20‖) 28‘-6‘ 15 17 1.68
FB-11(10‖X12‖) 7‘-6‖ 4 4 1.88
FB-12(10‖X20‖) 28‘-7‖ 15 15 1.91
FB-13(10‖X20‖) 18‘-1‖ 9 12 1.51
FB-14(10‖X15‖) 9‘-9‖ 5 5 1.95
7.7.1. Comparison:
Table 12: Bamboo props comparison of beam
Required Used Comment
109 118 09 more are used

67
7.8. Procedure of Slab Shuttering:
Figure 7-4: Runner placing on Slab
 After completing beams shuttering they placed runner.
 The runner spacing was 2 to 2.5 feet.
 Runner is fixed supported by the bamboo.
Figure 7-5: Wooden plank placing on Slab
 After placing runner, they placed planks on it oppositely and planks spacing was 5‖ to 6‖.

68
Figure 7-6: Runner supported by bamboo Props
 After placing Runner supported by bamboo props and placing wooden plank, they
complete the shutter for slab and beam.
Figure 7-7: Steel Sheet Placing on Slab
 At last, they placed the steel sheet on the surface of slab shutter.
 Then they fixed the steel sheet by nails.

69
7.9. Slab Shutter Details:
Figure 7-8: Bamboo Diameter
We measured the diameter of the bamboo props of our site and got difference sizes of bamboo in
diameter such as 2 inch, 2.5 inch, 3 inch and some are 3.5 inch also. But got mostly is 3 inch in
diameter and observed by our own eyes. We also got different bamboos like as- Old bamboo,
Joint bamboo, new bamboo etc. In the whole slab there are about 233 bamboo props, 51 runners,
350 wooden planks, 57 plain sheets are used.
Table 13: Bamboo details used in site
Average Size Old Joint New
3‖ 42 11 180

70
Table 14: Slab shuttering details used in site
Name of
Panel Area
Used
bamboo
props
Used
number of
runner
Number of
Plank
Used G.I plain
sheet for panel
(3‖X6‖)
1 4‘-7‖x12‘-5‖ 18 7 16 2
2 12‘-7‖x10‘-9‖ 30 6 42 8
3 9‘-7‖x7‘-7‖ 20 5 21 5
4 5‘-1‖x10‘-10‖ 20 6 13 3
5 10‘-2‖x18‘-0‖ 42 9 63 12
6 15‘-11‖x20‘-4‖ 67 10 128 19
7 9‘-3‖x15‘-1‖ 36 8 67 8

71
Table 15: Slab shuttering details estimated
Name of Panel
Area
Required bamboo
props
Required number
of runner
G.I plain
sheet for
panel
(3‘X6‘)
1 4‘-7‖x12‘-5‖ 12 6 3
2 12‘-7‖x10‘-9‖ 30 7 8
3 9‘-7‖x7‘-7‖ 16 4 4
4 5‘-1‖x10‘-10‖ 18 6 3
5 10‘-2‖x18‘-0‖ 45 9 10
6 15‘-11‖x20‘-4‖ 80 10 18
7 9‘-3‖x15‘-1‖ 40 8 8

72
7.9.1. Comparison:
Table 16: Comparison Table of Shuttering Materials of Slab
Comparison Required Used
Bamboo Props 241 233
Wooden Runner 51 50
Steel Sheet 54 57
Figure 7-9: Comparison of Bamboo Props in Slab Panel
Figure 7-10: Comparison of Shutter Materials of Slab
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Used bamboo Props
Requiredbamboo props
Difference
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Bamboo Props Wooden Runner Steel Sheet
Required
Used

73
7.10. Reinforcement Details and Cross Section of Beam:
Figure 7-11: 1st
to 5th
Floor Roof Beam Reinforcement

74
Figure 7-12: 1st
to 5th

75
Figure 7-13: 1st
to 5th

76
Figure 7-14: 1st
to 5th

77
7.11. Reinforcement Placement on Beam:
We have observed the whole procedure of reinforcement placement on beam. Beam
reinforcement placement work was done outside the shutter and put it on the frame after
completing reinforcement arrangement. Longitudinal top bars were placed first, and then the
stirrups were in on the top bar. After that longitudinal bottom bars were placed and then we
observed stirrups arrangement and spacer bar between two layer bars. All the reinforcement
works was done according to structural design.
7.11.1. Matam Making:
Figure 7-15: Matam Making
 They make the matam of the main reinforcement of beam and the set for the tie binding.
 For making matam, they used two rod and bend on the specified marked place.
7.11.2. Tie Making:
Figure 7-16: Tie making for beam
 They make the tie for beam and column.
 First they cut the bar on specific length & then bend the bar on the marked position.

78
Figure 7-17: Reinforcement placement of beam
 16 mm & 20 mm bar was used as longitudinal reinforcement to resist moment.
 Main bar dimension and placement check
Figure 7-18: Extra Top & Bottom bar Placement
 Ext. top was provided L/4 portion & ext. bottom L/8 portion from column section.
 Extra top bar is provided in the side of beam‘s top portion.
 Extra bottom bar is provided in the middle of beam‘s bottom portion.

79
Figure 7-19: Mark by chalk for Stirrup Placement
Figure 7-20: Stirrup setting and binding
 The joint of formwork made and maintained tight and close enough
 10 mm was used for stirrup to resist shear force.

80
7.12. Checking for Beam
Figure 7-21: Checking stirrup spacing at end section
Figure 7-22: Checking stirrup spacing at mid section
 Extra top & Extra bottom bar length check.
 Checked the stirrup placement and binding.
We found that, distance (L/4) of both side stirrups were arranged 6‖ c/c in end section, and distance
(L/2) stirrups were arranged 8‖ c/c in mid-section.

81
Figure 7-23: Concrete block placement
Figure 7-24: Checking clear cover of beam
 1.5 c/c concrete blocks were used in both sides for clear cover.
 Checking whether the clear cover is maintained or not.

82
Figure 7-25: Checking the depth of the beam
Figure 7-26: Checking Width of the beam
 Checking the width and depth of beam.
 Checking proper leveling of beam and slab form.

83
7.13. Reinforcement details of beam:
In a beam, there are five types of reinforcement are uses, such as top main, bottom main, extra
top, extra bottom, stirrup. So, we are going provide the calculation of all these bars-
Table 17: Reinforcement details of beam
SL Beam name & Size Main Bar Use Stirrups Use More Less
Top Bottom Actual Required
1 FB-1(10‖X20‖) 2-20Ø st +
1-20Ø ext
2-16Ø st +
1-16 ext
56 53 3 0
2 FB-2(10‖X20‖) 2-20Ø st 2-20 st 17 16 1 0
3 FB-3(10‖X21‖) 3-20Ø st +
2-16Ø st
3-20Ø st 33 33 0 0
4 FB-4(10‖X10‖) 3-20Ø st 2-20Ø st 22 22 0 0
5 FB-5(10‖X10‖) 2-16Ø st +
3-20Ø st
2-20Ø st 35 38 0 3
6 FB-6(10‖X10‖) 2-12Ø st 2-12Ø st 20 22 0 2
7 FB-7(10‖X21‖) 2-16Ø st +
1-20Ø ext
2-16Ø st+
1-20Ø ext
42 38 4 0
8 FB-8(10‖X15‖) 2-20Ø st +
1-20Ø ext
2-20Ø st+
1-20Ø ext
38 40 0 2
9 FB-9(7‖X15‖) 2-16Ø st 2-16Ø st 31 33 0 2
10 FB-
10(10‖X20‖)(7‖X20‖)
2-20Ø st +
2-20Ø ext
2-20Ø st 67 64 3 0
11 FB-11(10‖X12‖) 3-20Ø st 3-20Ø st 22 23 0 1
12 FB-12(10‖X20‖) 2-20Ø st +
3-20Ø ext
2-20Ø st+
3-20Ø ext
84 80 4 0
13 FB-13(10‖X20‖) 2-20Ø st +
1-20Ø ext
2-20Ø st+
1-20Ø ext
32 32 0 0
14 FB-14(10‖X15‖) 2-20Ø st +
1-20Ø ext
2-20Ø st+
1-20Ø ext
26 26 0 0

84
7.13.1. Comparison:
Green bar is Actual
Red bar is Required
In beam FB-1(10‖X20‖), there are 53 stirrups are required but they uses 56 stirrups. There are 3
more stirrups are used than the requirement. And in the entire beam in our project, there are 05
more stirrups are used in total.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
FB-1 FB-2 FB-3 BF-4 FB-5 FB-6 FB-7 Fb-8 Fb-9 Fb-10 Fb-11 Fb-12 Fb-13 Fb-14

85
7.14. Slab Reinforcement Details:
Figure 7-27: 1st
to 5th
Floor Beam Bottom Slab Reinforcement

86
Figure 7-28: 1st
to 5th
Floor Beam Top Slab Reinforcement
Table 18: 1st
to 5th
roof beam slab reinforcement
Name of bar Marking sign Diameter of bars
(mm)
Spacing (c/c)
Bottom beam slab
reinforcement
A 10 5‖
B 10 6‖
C 10 6‖
D 10 7‖
Top beam slab
reinforcement
E 10 6‖
F 12 6‖
G 10 7‖
H 10 6‖
Binder reinforcement Not Shown in the
Drawing
10 8‖

87
7.15. Reinforcement Placement on slab:
Figure 7-29: Bottom Slab Reinforcement Placement
In our site, 10mm and 12mm bar were used for slab. Reinforcement bars were placed according
to reinforcement which is detailed in the drawing. At first, the workers placed bottom straight bar
in short direction. Then they placed long direction reinforcement. This long direction bar worked
as binder of the short direction bar. They kept main to main bar10‖ c/c distance and binder to
binder 12‖ c/c distance.
Figure 7-30: After completing bottom slab reinforcement
Then they place cut bar in the middle of the every panel as main and binder bar, these cut bar in
the bottom slab reinforcement makes the main to main bar 5‖ c/c distance and binder to binder
6‖ c/c distance according to the drawing specification.

88
Figure 7-31: Top Slab Reinforcement Placement
After placing the bottom slab reinforcement, it‘s time to place the top slab reinforcement. So,
they place the top slab reinforcement according to the design sheet. In top slab reinforcement,
they used cut and provided 3‖ concrete block for maintaining c/c distance.
Figure 7-32: Concrete block for maintain clear cover
Blocks were used to maintain the required distance between the support & bottom layer.
Rectangle shape blocks were used to maintain clear cover for bottom layer bar and cylinder
shape blocks were used to maintain distance of top layer.
According to the design, they use rectangle shape concrete block in the bottom slab
reinforcement whose height is 25 mm or 1‖ and use cylinder shape block in the top slab
reinforcement whose height is 75 mm or 3‖ for maintain clear cover.

89
7.16. Checking for Slab:
Figure 7-33: Checking c/c distance of bottom slab reinforcement
Figure 7-34: Checking c/c distance of top slab reinforcement

90
Figure 7-35: Checking 1” clear cover on bottom slab
Figure 7-36: Checking 3” clear cover on top slab

91
Figure 7-37: Checking lap length of slab bar
There is some lapping in the slab bar. As the slab bar is 10 mm, then lapping will be 16 inch and
they also provided 16 in the site. So, it‘s ok.
7.17. Casting of Beam and Slab:
After finishing binding all reinforcement, it was time for casting. Slab, beam and stair were being
casted at a time. Before casting, final checking proceeds mainly on rebar lapping, stirrup
arrangements, stirrup spacing, ext. top length, beam depth, clear cover, and main bar counting
and bar arrangements according to design requirements.
Figure 7-38: Concrete placement on slab
16‖ lapping

92
Figure 7-39: Using Vibrator for compaction
Figure 7-40: Checking depth of Slab
Figure 7-41: Using Steel runner of leveling

93
Figure 7-42: Casting on Beam
Figure 7-43: Casting around electric pipe
Figure 7-44: Placing U-shape ring

94
Figure 7-45: One side complete casted slab
Figure 7-46: Cement grout for slab & beam
In our site, they used cement, sand and brick chips and the ratio was 1:2:4. At first they cast the
beam and column cross zone and only column and beam crossing zone casting was done with
stone chips. They use a mixture machine for mixing work and mixed materials were put into a
crane which is used for pulling up the concrete to the top of the building for casting. At first they
cast the place where they set the crane.

95
7.18. Curing of Slab:
Figure 7-47: Making Pond for Curing
Figure 7-48: Curing of Slab
Curing was started after 24 hours of casting and continued for 21 days. Slab was curried by
ponding of water. Making a boundary of cement sand mortar around the slab filled the boundary
by water. Properly curing will maximize the strength of the slab and reduce the likelihood of
cracks. After 10-12 days, they cure the beam by removing the side of the beam shuttering. Then
they cure the beam by hose pipe.

96
7.19. Working Schedule of Beam & Slab:
Figure 7-49: Working Schedule of Beam & Slab
After completing the first flight and landing of the Stair, they start the work of Beam Shuttering,
Slab Shuttering, Cleaning the thin sheet for Slab and fixed the thin sheet. Then they Place the
Beam Reinforcement, Slab Reinforcement. In slab reinforcement placement, worker make
mistake then they again cut bar for slab and again place the reinforcement on the Slab. During
the Slab Reinforcement, the work sopped for 2 days for rainy day and work stopped for more
than 08 days because of insufficient materials and on these days, we supervise the work on
another project where basement work is going on and then column casting is also going on.
The beam shuttering started at 08th
October to 11th
October. Then slab shuttering was going on
from 12th
October to 15th
October and in next day some of them cut the bar making Tie for beam
and some of them place the thin sheet on the Slab and fix them. In same day, they did the water
leveling on the slab. Then form 07th
October to 21th
October, they place the beam reinforcement
and tie binding on the beam and at last day, they place the reinforcement of all the beam on the
shutter of the beam. Then from 22th
October to 08 November the slab reinforcement work is
going on. Then on 09th
November to 10th
November they shutter the stair‘s 2nd
flight and
placement of reinforcement and making of tread and riser was also going on. At last, at 11th
November, the casting work was done.
8-Oct 28-Oct 17-Nov 7-Dec
Shuttering of Beam
Shuttering of Slab
Thin Sheet Placement & Leveling
ReinforcementPlacementon
Beam
ReinforcementPlacementon
Slab
Shuttering of Stair
Casting of Beam,Stair & Slab
Curing of Slab
Duration

Anis rahman khokan's internship paper

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