Thesis Report on Power Saving From Two -Wheeler Bike Silencer

POWER SAVING FROM TWO – WHEELER
BIKE SILENCER
A Project-II
Dissertation Report Submitted in Partial fulfillment for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering
Submitted to
Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal (M.P.)
Submitted By:
Md Anzar Aman 0126ME171013
Satyam Garg 0126 ME171019
Vipul Litoriya 0126 ME171022
Aabid Hussain 0126 ME171001
Under the Guidance of
Mr. Arijeet Sarkar
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
ORIENTAL COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL
Approved by AICTE New Delhi & Govt. of M.P.
Affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal (M.P.)
Session: 2017-2021

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Approved by AICTE New Delhi & Govt. of M.P. & Affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi
Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal (M.P.)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the work embodied in this Project-II, Dissertation Report
entitled as “Power Saving From Two - Wheeler Bike Silencer” being Submitted
by Md Anzar Aman [0126ME171013], Satyam Garg [0126ME171019], Vipul
Litoriya [0126ME171022], Aabid Hussain [0126ME171001] in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the award of “Bachelor of Technology” in
Mechanical Engineering discipline to Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki
Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal (M.P.) during the academic year 2017-2021 is a record
of bonafide piece of work, carried out under my supervision and guidance in the
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Oriental College of Technology, Bhopal.
Approved by
Mr. Arijeet Sarkar
Guide
ME, OCT
Dr. Shyam Birla
Head of Department
ME, OCT
Dr. Amita Yogesh Mahor
Director, OCT

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Approved by AICTE New Delhi & Govt. of M.P. & Affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi
Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal (M.P.)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
This dissertation entitled “Power Saving From Two - Wheeler Bike Silencer”
being submitted by Md Anzar Aman [0126ME171013], Satyam Garg
[0126ME171019], Vipul Litoriya [0126ME171022], Aabid Hussain
[0126ME171001] has been examined by us & hereby approve for the partial
fulfilment of the requirement for the award of “Bachelor of Technology in
Mechanical Engineering”, for which it has been submitted. It is understood that
by this approval the undersigned do not necessarily endorse or approve any
statement made, opinion expresses or conclusion draw there in, but the dissertation
only for the purpose for which it has been submitted.
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER
Date: Date:

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CANDIDATE DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the Project-II dissertation work presented in the report
entitled as “Power Saving From Two - Wheeler Bike Silencer” submitted in
the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering of Oriental College of
Technology is an authentic record of our own work.
We have not submitted the part and partial of this report for the award of any
other degree or diploma.
Satyam Garg 0126ME171019
Vipul Litoriya 0126ME171022
Aabid Hussain 0126ME171001
Date:
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidates is correct to
the best of my knowledge.
Mr. Arijeet Sarkar
Guide
ME, OCT

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We are heartily thankful to the Management of Oriental College of Technology for
providing us all the facilities and infrastructure to take our work to the final stage.
It is the constant supervision, moral support and proper guidance of our respected
Director Dr. Amita Yogesh Mahor, who motivated throughout the work.
We are also very thankful to Dr. N.P. Singh, Assistant Director, Oriental College of
Technology, Bhopal, for his constant support & motivation.
We express deep sense of gratitude and respect to our learned guide Mr. Arijeet Sarkar,
Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, during all phases of our
work. Without his enthusiasm and encouragement this dissertation would not have been
completed. His valuable knowledge and innovative ideas helped us to take the work to the
final stage. He has timely suggested actions and procedures to follow for which we are really
grateful and thankful to him.
We express our gratefulness to Dr. Shyam Birla, Head of Mechanical Engineering
Department for providing all the facilities available in the department for his continuous
support, advice, and encouragement during this work and also help to extend our knowledge
and proper guidelines.
We express our thanks to Mr. Arijeet Sarkar, Project Coordinator, Mechanical Engineering
Department for cooperation, guidance and support. We are thankful to all the faculty
members and other non teaching staff of Mechanical Engineering Department for their
cooperation.
Constant help, moral and financial support of our loving parents motivated us to complete the
work. We express our heartily thanks to our all family members for their co-operation.
We really admire the fond support of our class-mates for their co-operation and constant help.
It gives immense pleasure to acknowledge the encouragement and support extended by them.
Last but not the least we are extremely thankful to all who have directly or indirectly helped
us for the completion of the work.
Satyam Garg 0126ME171019
Vipul Litoriya 0126ME171022
Aabid Hussain 0126ME171001

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
A PROJECT II……………………………………………………………………………... 1
CERTIFICATE…………………………………………………………………………..… 2
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL……………………………………………...…………. 3
CANDIDATE DECLARATION………………………………………………………..… 4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………………........ 5
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………………….. 6
LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………............... 7
LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………………. 8
LIST OF GRAPHS………………………………………………………………………… 8
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS……………………………………………………………... 9
ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………… 10
CHAPTER - 1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………... 11-13
1.1 Overview…………………………………………………..... 11
1.2 Objective of Project work ….………………………………. 13
CHAPTER - 2 SIGNIFICANCE…………………………….…………….…… 14-15
2.1 Advantages…………………..……………………………… 14
2.2 Limitations……...…………………………………………… 15
2.3 Guid Vanes…………………………………………………... 15
CHAPTER - 3 LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………… 16
CHAPTER – 4 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION………………..…………….. 17
CHAPTER - 5 METHODOLOGY….....……………………..………………… 18-32
5.1 List of Components......……………………………………… 19
5.2 Working Principle……...……………………………………. 20
5.3 Working……………………………………………………… 21
5.4 Product Layout………………………………………………. 21
5.5 Product Design……………………………………………….. 22
5.6 Components Description…………………………………….. 22
5.7 Experimental Setup………………………………………….. 30
5.8 Working Model……………………………………………… 32

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CHAPTER – 6 CALCULATIONS ………..…………………………………... 33-34
6.1 Formula to be Used…………….…………………………... 33
6.2 Power Available at the Turbine……………………………. 33
6.3 Model Calculation…………………………………………. 33
6.4 Applications……………………………………………….. 34
CHAPTER – 7 OBSERVATIONS…..………………………………………… 35
CHAPTER – 8 RESULTS...………………………………………………........ 36-37
CHAPTER – 9 CONCLUSION……………………………………………….. 38
REFERENCES …………...………………………………….. 39

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1
Figure 1.2
World’s energy consumption from 1980-2030
Engine Temperature losses
11
11
Figure 4.1 Generation of electricity using the velocity of vehicle exhaust gas 17
Figure 5.1 Product layout 21
Figure 5.2 Product design 22
Figure 5.3 Petrol Engine 23
Figure 5.4 Turbine – Lateral View 24
Figure 5.5 Turbine – Front View 24
Figure 5.6 Dynamo – Advanced 25
Figure 5.7 Dynamo - Generator 25
Figure 5.8 Exhaust Silencer of a two – wheeler bike 26
Figure 5.9 Experimental setup of exhaust pipe 26
Figure 5.10 Nozzle & Turbine Front View 27
Figure 5.11 Nozzle & Turbine Top View 27
Figure 5.12 Led Panel 28
Figure 5.13 Led Light in a Round Shape as Headlight 28
Figure 5.14 Layout of Battery 29
Figure 5.15 Battery 29
Figure 5.16 Air blower of 500W to supply air in setup 30
Figure 5.17 Exhaust Silencer of a two – wheeler bike 30
Figure 5.18 Experimental setup of a fan having dynamo & led panel 31
Figure 5.19 Experimental setup 31
Figure 5.20 Experimental Setup of silencer and all the other components 31
Figure 5.21 Experimental setup of silencer with fan producing power to illuminate
LEDs
31
Figure 5.22 Experimental working of setup 31
Figure 5.23 Experimental setup of silencer with Bike 31
Figure 5.24 Mounting of the Arrangement on the silencer 32
Figure 5.25 Working Model in Two – Wheler Vehicle 32

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Literature Review 16
Table 2 Block Diagram of the Sequence of Energy Conversion 20
Table 3 Estimate Power In Different Speed 34
Table 4 Observation Table 35
LIST OF GRAPHS
Graph 1 Engine RPM V/s Voltage 35
Graph 2 Engine RPM V/s Turbo Speed 35
Graph 3 Efficiency V/s Engine Speed 36
Graph 4 Power Output V/s Engine Speed 37
Graph 5 Current V/s Engine Speed 37

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ICE Internal Combustion Engine
SIE Spark Ignition Engine
TEG Thermo-Electric Generator
ORC Organic Rankine Cycle
CHE Conventional Heat Engine
TPC Thermoelectric Power Cycle
TCT Turbo Charger Technology
R.E Renewable Energy
EFB
N.R
N.C.E
C.E
RCB
D.C
A.C
K.E
E.E
M.E
VETS
EG
UCC
RPSE
CDN
RPM
Exhaust Fan Blade
Non - Replenishable
Non – Convectional Energy
Convectional Energy
Re – Chargeable Battery
Direct Current
Alternating Current
Kinetic Energy
Electrical Energy
Mechanical Energy
Vehicle Emission Testing System
Electrical Generator
Undirectional Current Controller
Reciprocating Piston Steam Engine
Convergent Divergent Nozzle
Rotation Per Minute

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ABSTRACT
Here we are modifying an automobile for producing power using a small turbine near its
exhaust. Nowadays in automobile field many new innovating concepts are being developed.
As the Government of India has stopped the sale and registry of B.S. III vehicles in India
from 01/04/2017 and rolled out the new B.S. IV vehicles with DRL (Daytime Running
Light). Due to DRL there is some extra load on the vehicle Battery. We are using the power
from vehicle exhaust to generate the electricity which can be used to power the LEDs directly
or be stored in battery for the later consumption. In this project, we are demonstrating a
concept of generating power in a moving vehicle by the usage of turbines. Here we are
placing a turbine in the path of exhaust near the silencer. An engine is also placed in the
chassis of the vehicle.The turbine is connected to a dynamo, which is used to generate power.
Depending upon the airflow the turbine will start rotating, and then the dynamo will also
starts to rotate. A dynamo is a device which is used to convert the kinetic energy into
electrical energy. The generated power is directly used or stored to the battery. It can be
stored in the battery after rectification. The rectified voltage can be inverted and can be used
in various forms of utilities. The battery power can be consumed for the users comfort.
KEYWORDS : Vehicle Silencer, Turbine, Dynamo, Battery, Electric Generator.

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CHAPTER 1
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 OVERVIEW
In recent years the scientific and public awareness on environmental and energy
issues has brought in major interests to the research of advanced technologies particularly in highly
efficient internal combustion engines. Viewing from the socio- economic perspective, as the level of
energy consumption is directly proportional to the economic development and total number of
population in a country, the growing rate of population in the world today indicates that the energy
demand is likely to increase .Substantial thermal energy is available from the exhaust gas in modern
automotive engines. Two- thirds of the energy from combustion in a vehicle is lost as waste heat, of
which 40% is in the form of hot exhaust gas. The latest developments and technologies on waste heat
recovery of exhaust gas from internal combustion engines(ICE).These include thermoelectric
generators(TEG), Organic Rankine cycle(ORC), six- stroke cycle IC engine and new developments
on turbocharger technology. Being one of the promising new devices for an automotive waste heat
recovery, thermoelectric generators(TEG) will become one of the most important and outstanding
devices in the future. A thermoelectric power generator is a solid state device that provides direct
energy conversion from thermal energy (heat) due to a temperature gradient into electrical energy
based on “Seebeck effect.
The thermoelectric power cycle, charge carriers (electrons) serving as the working
fluid, follows the fundamental laws of thermodynamics and intimately resembles the power cycle of
aconventional heat engine.

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One potential solution is the usage of the exhaust waste heat of combustion engines.
This is possible by the waste heat recovery using thermoelectric generator. A thermoelectric generator
converts the temperature gradient into useful voltage that can used for providing power for auxiliary
systems such as air conditioner and minor car electronics. Even it can reduce the size of the alternator
that consumes shaft power. If approximately 6% of exhaust heat could be converted into electrical
power, it will save approximately same quantity of driving energy. It will be possible to reduce fuel
consumption around 10 %; hence AETEG systems can be profitable in the automobile industry. The
number of vehicles (passenger and commercial vehicles) produced from 2005 to 2010 shows an overall
increasing trend from year to year despite major global economic downturn in the 2008–2010 periods
Note that China’s energy consumption in transportation sector is the lowest (13.5%) Although the
country produced the highest number of vehicles in 2009 to 2010 as compared tothe other countries. A
number of irreversible processes in the engine limit its capability to achieve a highly balanced
efficiency. The rapid expansion of gases inside the cylinder produces high temperature differences,
turbulent fluid motions and large heat transfers from the fluid to the piston crown and cylinder walls.
These rapid successions of events happening in the cylinder create expanding exhaust gases
with pressures that exceed the atmospheric level, and they must be released while the gases are still
expanding to prepare the cylinder for the following processes. By doing so, the heated gases produced
from the combustion process can be easily channeled through the exhaust valve and manifold. The
large amount of energy from the stream of exhausted gases could potentially be used for waste heat
energy recovery to increase the work output of the engine. Consequently, higher efficiency, lower fuel
consumption by improving fuel economy, producing fewer emissions from the exhaust, and reducing
noise pollutions have been imposed as standards in some countries. Hatazawa et al., Stabler, Taylor, Yu
and Chau and Yang stated that the waste heat produced from thermal combustion process generated by
gasoline engine could get as high as 30–40% which is lost to the environment through an exhaust pipe.
In internal combustion engines a huge amount of energy is lost in the form of heat through the exhaust
gas. Conklin and Szybist investigated that the percentage of fuel energy converted to useful work only
10.4% and also found the thermal energy lost through exhaust gas about 27.7%. The second law (i.e.,
energy) analysis of fuel has been shown that fuel energy is converted to the brake power about 9.7% and
the exhaust about 8.4% as shown in Fig. 3. In another research the value of exhaust gases mentioned to
be 18.6% of total combustion energy. It is also found that by installing heat exchanger to recover
exhaust energy of the engine could be saved up to 34% of fuel saving For example, the heat of the car's
exhaust can be used to warm the engine coolant to keep the engine running warm, even when the motor
has been turned off for a significant length of time. A vehicle's exhaust can actually be used to generate
electricity. Although these technologies can be used in any car, truck or SUV with an

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internal combustion engine, they're particularly important to hybrid vehicles, which need to produce
maximum fuel efficiency and minimal emissions. The potential cost savings, improved energy
efficiency and broad application of such technology is enormous, experts say. The new systems now
being perfected at OSU should be able to use much of that waste heat either in cooling or the
production of electricity.
Man has needed and used energy at an increasing rate for his sustenance and well
being ever since he came on the earth a few million years ago. Primitive man required energy primarily
in the form of food. He derived this by eating plants or animals, which he hunted. Subsequently he
discovered fire and his energy needs increased as he started to make use of wood and other bio mass to
supply the energy needs for cooking as well as for keeping himself warm. With the passage of time,
man started to cultivate land for agriculture. He added a new dimension to the use of energy by
domesticating and training animals to work for him.
With further demand for energy, man began to use the wind for sailing ships and
for driving windmills, and the force of falling water to turn water for sailing ships and for driving
windmills, and the force of falling water to turn water wheels. Till this time, it would not be wrong to
say that the sun was supplying all the energy needs of man either directly or indirectly and that man
was using only renewable sources of energy, driving windmills, and the force of falling water to turn
water wheels. Till this time, it would not be wrong to say that the sun was supplying all the energy
needs of man either directly or indirectly and that man was using only renewable sources of energy.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT
 Reduce hot spots, especially at the mating areas/ joints near the exhaust manifold.
 Improve the life of the components by reducing the incidence of uneven or non-uniform heat
distribution causing mechanical failures.
 Automobile Silencer is a device used to reduce the noise produced by the engine. Silencer is
used in automobile vehicles to reduce the noise produced by the exhaust gases of the engine.
Silencer is also used in many other engines and generators. The size, shape and construction
vary according to the type and size of the engine. The primary function of the silencer is to
reduce engine noise emission.
 We can use the pressure energy of hot gases and we can convert the kinematic energy in to
mechanical work and by mechanical work we can generate electricity.
 We will install a mechanism with axial high pressure reaction turbines with a backward curved
reaction turbine (Exhaust Fan Blade) in a single shaft with a electrical generator.

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CHAPTER 2
2. SIGNIFICANCE
 There is an ever-increasing demand for energy in the present age and most conventional
sources of energy like coal, oil and natural gas used today are non-replenish able.
 This experimentation model, power generation using vehicle silencer is a simple and
innovative method of non-conventional energy generation.
 Electrical power is generated using the waste gases emitted by the vehicle silencer, that are
otherwise emitted into the atmosphere using a simple mechanism such as DC generator and
silencer.
 The power thus generated may be stored in a re-chargeable battery and can be used for other
purposes.
 This method can be implemented on all two-wheelers and four-wheelers.
 This model is simple and very cost effective.
2.1 ADVANTAGES
Advantages :
 Pollution free power generation.
 Simple construction, mature technology, and easy maintenance
 Less number of parts required.
 Can store the electricity in battery. It can be used at any time when it necessary
 Energy available all year round.
 No fuel transportation problem
 No consumption of any fossil fuel which is non- renewable source ofenergy.
 Power generation is simply running thevehicle on this arrangement.
 No need fuel input.
 This is a Non-conventional system Batteryis used to store the generated power.
 Power is Stored : we have to use other application like lighting.
 Waste heat is converted into usefull Energy (Electrical energy).
 Compact in Size.

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 Affordable and Easy Install.
 It is a very economical setup.
 Engine performance and electricity generation.
 The electricity can be used in electrical Equipments in the vehicles and to charge the
battery.
 Engine power and performance is also improving by thismechanism.
2.2 LIMITATIONS
Limitations :
 Only applicable for the particular place.
 Balancing conditionproblems.
 Achieving proper balance of speed and torque.
 Corrosion problem.
 Power output is limited.
 Care should be taken ofassembly.
 Some modifications to be done withsilencer.
 Care should be takenfor batteries.
 Due to carbon emission the turbine can be choked earlier
 Electricity generator producing low electricity but it can beimprove by using
voltage multipliers.
2.3 GUID VANES
 Guide vanes are very important part in two stage turbine.
 It will allows the gases from one turbine to another turbine.
 These guide vanes helps to convert maximum kinetic energyinto mechanical work.

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CHAPTER 3
3. LITERATURE REVIEW

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CHAPTER 4
4. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
 HISSING SOUNDS : Most of the exhaust problems occurs due to faculty exhaust manifold
gasfold.
 LOUD ENGINE NOISES : Problems like the corrosion of bike silencer can make themselves
noticeable through loud engines noises.
 OBNOXIOUS ODOUR : If catalytic converter malfunctions, harmful gases like –carbon
dioxide, carbon monoxide released then this give very bad smell.
 LOWER MILEAGE : Issue in your exhaust system can put a damper on your fuel economy
this results in reduce in mileage of your bike.
 CORROSION : Rust is the often main problems of the many bike silencer.
Fig. 4.1. Generation of Electricity using the velocity of vehicle Exhaust Gas

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CHAPTER 5
5. METHODOLOGY
 It will be installed in exhaust system. It will be a mechanism of axial high pressure turbine and
backward curved fan blades with an electrical generator.
 The air will strike on high pressure reaction turbine and the pressure energy will convert into
mechanical energy. This shaft will also be rotate fan blade that will increase the discharge rate.
 The improvement in discharge rate will increase the engine power because high pressure
discharge means low pressure drop in exhaust system. If the pressure drop will be low the
power will increase of the engine.
 The electrical generator will rotated by the same shaft and the electricity will be produced by
generator.
 The turbine is fixed to the shaft of the generator. Aluminium is the preferred material for the
turbine, because of its high heat conductivity. This aids faster cooling and less weight.
 The fixture is enclosed within an aluminium frame. Turbine is placed at the exit of the silencer.
The turbine blades are placed in a position where the exhaust gases from the silencer hits the
blades directly.
 As the turbine spins along the shaft, the generator produces electricity. The ideal capacity of
the generator, considering its size and weight, would be 12V.
 The produced current is passed through a regulator, which would be stored in a DC
rechargeable battery of matching capacity (12V, 1.3AH).
 Inverter is used to convert the DC stored in the battery to required AC output i.e. 230 v.
 If necessary transformer is used to regulate the voltage to meet the demand of the output.
 The entire experimentation model is to be housed on the silencer.

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5.1 LIST OF COMPONENTS
The generations of electricity using the flow or velocity of vehicle exhaust gas of the
following components to full fill the requirements of complete operation of the machine.
TURBINE :-
 Material used: Aluminium
 Diameter: 100mm
 Width: 15mm
 Thickness: 1mm
POWER GENERATION :-
DYNAMO :-
 Output: 12V (DC)
VOLTAGE REGULATOR:-
 LED Indicator
 Resistor(330Ω)
 Bug Strips
 Diode(1N4007)
BATTERY :-
 Type: Rechargeable
 Capacity:12V
 Charging Time: 5 -6 hr.
 Discharge Time: 14hrs
INVERTER :-
 Input: 12V (DC)
 Output: 230V (AC)
OUTPUT :-
 Voltage: 230V (AC)
 Wattage: 10W – 20W
ENGINE :-
 Petrol Engine (100 – 180)cc
EXHAUST PIPE :-
 Bike or Car (Easily Mounted)

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5.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE
The block diagram of the power generation using vehicle silencer exhaust is given below.
The alternator using to generate the electricity is attached with silencer in such a way that when
exhaust gas comes out of the silencer, the blades attached with alternator shaft starts rotating into
predefined direction.

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5.3 WORKING
Power is generated by using automobile exhaust gas is very simple and easy non-
conventional process. Energy generation using vehicle silencer needs no fuel input power to generate
the output of the electrical power. This project using simple mechanism same as wind energy power
generation. For this project the main Working Principle is Conversion of the forced kinetic energy
into electrical energy. In this the exhaust gases released from the automobile Silencer is used to rotate
the turbine (fan blades) by arranging it is very conveniently. The nozzle is attached to the silencer is
used to proper flow of exhaust gases with high velocity and steady flow with uniform direction to
rotate the turbine. The dynamo attached to the turbine with shaft is used to convert the forced kinetic
energy (K.E) into electrical energy (E.E) is by rotating dynamo.
The generations of electricity using the flow or velocity of vehicle exhaust gas of the
following components to full fill the requirements of complete operation of the machine.
5.4 PRODUCT LAYOUT
Fig. 5.1. Product Layout

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5.5 PRODUCT DESIGN
Fig. 5.2. Product Design
5.6 COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION
The main components used in this process are :-
 Engine
 Turbine
 Dynamo
 Exhaust Pipe
 Nozzle
 Led Lights
 Power Generation
 Battery

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 ENGINE -
A two-stroke (or two-cycle) engine is a type of internal combustion engine which
completes a power cycle with two strokes (up and down movements) of the piston during only
one crankshaft revolution. This is in contrast to a "four- stroke engine", which requires four
strokes of the piston to complete a power cycle during two crankshaft revolutions. In a two-
stroke engine, the end of the combustion stroke and the beginning of the compression stroke
happen simultaneously, with the intake and exhaust (or scavenging) functions occurring at the
same time.
An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert energy into useful mechanical
motion. Heat engines, including internal combustion engines and external combustion engines
(such as steam engines) burn a fuel to create heat, which then creates motion. The term internal
combustion engine usually refers to
an engine in which combustion is intermittent, such as the more familiar four-stroke and two-
stroke piston engines.
 Four strokes of the piston- hence the4- stroke engine, or
 Two strokes of the piston- hence the 2- stroke engine.
In these engines there is a sequence of following processes:
1. Suction
2. Compression
3. Expansion
4. Exhaust
 PETROL ENGINES –
A petrol engine (known as a gasoline engine in American English) is an internal
combustion engine with spark-ignition, designed to run on petrol (gasoline) and similar
volatile fuels. In most petrol engines, the fuel and air are usually mixed after compression
(although some modern petrol engines now use cylinder-direct petrol injection). The pre-
mixing was formerly done in a carburetor, but now it is done by electronically controlled fuel
injection, except in small engines where the cost/complication of electronics does not justify
the added engine efficiency. The process differs from a diesel engine in the method of mixing
the fuel and air, and in using spark plugs to initiate the combustion process.
In a diesel engine, only air is compressed (and therefore heated), and the fuel is
injected into very hot air at the end of the compression stroke, and self-ignites.
Fig. 5.3. Petrol Engine

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 TURBINE –
A steam turbine is a mechanical devicethat extracts thermal energy from
pressurized steam,and converts it into rotary motion. It hasalmost completely replaced
the reciprocating piston steam engine primarily because of its greater thermal efficiency
and higher power-to- weight ratio. Because the turbine generates rotary motion, it is
particularly suited to be used to drive an electrical generator – about 90% of all
electricity generation in the United States is by use of steam turbines. The steam turbine
is a form of heat engine that derives much of its improvement in thermodynamic
efficiency through the use of multiple stages in the expansion of the steam, which results
in a closer approach to the ideal reversible process.
Fig. 5.4. Turbine – Lateral View
Fig. 5.5. Turbine – Front View

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 DYNAMO –
Dynamo is an electrical generator. This dynamo produces direct current with
the use of a commutator. Dynamo were the first generator capable of the power industries. The
dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert mechanical rotation into a
pulsing direct electric current. A dynamo machine consists of a stationary structure, called the
stator, which provides a constant magnetic field, and a set of rotating windings called the
armature which turn within that field. On small machines the constant magnetic field may be
provided by one or more permanent magnets, larger machines have the constant magnetic field
provided by one or more electromagnets, which are usually called field coils. The commutator
was needed to produce direct current. When a loop of wire rotates in a magnetic field, the
potential induced in it reverses with each half turn, generating an alternating current. However,
in the early days of electric experimentation, alternating current generally had no known use.
The few uses for electricity, such as electroplating, used direct current provided by messy
liquid batteries. Dynamos were invented as a replacement for batteries. The commutator is a set
of contacts mounted on the machine's shaft, which reverses the connection of the windings to
the external circuit when the potential reverses, so instead of alternating current, a pulsing
direct current is produced.
Fig. 5.6. Dynamo
Fig. 5.7. Dynamo

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 EXHAUST PIPE –
The exhaust pipe is the passageway for the exhaust gases to flow from the
manifold to the muffler. It is a heavy steel tube, usually flanged at both ends, and attached to
the muffler. The diameter of the exhaust pipe is usually determined by the size of the engine.
On a small, one-cylinder engine, a pipe no larger than a household water pipe is enough to
do the job. Larger engines may require exhaust pipes 80-100 mm in diameter to carry the larger
amount of exhaust gases.
The length of the exhaust pipe is determined by the design of the vehicle. If
the engine is in the front of the vehicle and the muffler is mounted in the rear, the pipe will be
long. (Often, long pipes will be made in two sections.) To provide as much road clearance as
possible, pipes are formed in odd shapes that fit well up under the vehicles without touching
other components. Pipes are supported from the vehicle frame by hangers
Fig. 5.8. Exhaust Silencer of a Two Wheeler Bike.
Fig. 5.9. Experimental Set up

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 NOZZLE –
Jet nozzles are also use in large rooms where the distribution of air via ceiling
diffusers is not possible or not practical. When the temperature difference between the supply
air and the room air changes, the supply air stream is deflected upwards, to supply warm air, or
downwards, to supply cold air. Nozzles can be described as convergent or divergent
(expanding from a smaller diameter to a larger one).
A de Laval nozzle has a convergent section followed by a divergent section. And is
often called a convergent divergent nozzle.
Fig. 5.10. Nozzle and Turbine
Fig. 5.11. Nozzle and Turbine

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 LED LIGHTS –
An LED circuit or LED driver is an electrical circuit used to power a light-
emitting diode (LED). The circuit must provide sufficient current to light the LED at the
required brightness, but must limit the current to prevent damaging the LED. The voltage drop
across an LED is approximately constant over a wide range of operating current; therefore, a
small increase in applied voltage greatly increases the current. Very simple circuits are used for
low- power indicator LEDs.
Three LED panels are connected in parallel type so as to reduce resistance and transmit more
electric current through it. Another advantage of using parallel connection is that even if one
panel fails the others do not stop working.
Fig. 5.12. LED Pannel
 POWER GENERATION –
In this the exhaust gases released from the automobile Silencer is used to
rotate the turbine (fan blades) by arranging it is very conveniently. The nozzle is attached to the
silencer is used to proper flow of exhaust gases with high velocity and steady flow with
uniform direction to rotate the turbine .the dynamo attached to the turbine with shaft is used to
convert the forced kinetic energy(K.E) into electrical energy(E.E) is by rotating dynamo.
Fig. 5.13. LED Lights in a Round shape as Headlight

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 BATTERY –
In our project we are using secondary type battery. It is rechargeable type. A
battery is one or more electrochemical cells, which store chemical energy and make it available
as electric current. There are two types of batteries, primary (disposable) and secondary
(rechargeable), both of which convert chemical energy to electrical energy.
It is a device user to store the power. The power is stored in the form of DC current only.
There are many types of batteries are used Lead acid, lithium fluoride and in this work 8Amp
current and 12 voltage specification is used.
Fig. 5.14. Description of Battery
Fig. 5.15. Battery

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5.7 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
Here we are placing a turbine in the path of exhaust in the silencer. An
engine is also placed in the chassis of the vehicle. The turbine is connected to a dynamo, which is
used to generate power. Depending upon the airflow the turbine will start rotating, and then the
dynamo will also starts to rotate. A dynamo is a device which is used to convert the kinetic energy
into electrical energy. The generated power is directly used to illuminate the LEDs or it can be
stored to the battery. It can be stored in the battery after rectification. The rectified voltage can be
inverted and can be used in various forms of utilities. The battery power can be consumed for the
users comfort.
 The turbine is fixed to the shaft of the generator. Aluminium is the preferred material for the
turbine, because of its high heat conductivity. This aids faster cooling and less weight.
 The fixture is enclosed within an aluminium frame. Turbine is placed at the exit of the silencer.
The turbine blades are placed in a position where the exhaust gases from the silencer hits the
blades directly.
 As the turbine spins along the shaft, the generator produces electricity. The ideal capacity of
the generator, considering its size and weight, would be 12V.
 The produced current is passed through a regulator, which would be stored in a DC
rechargeable battery of matching capacity (12V, 8 AH).
 Inverter is used to convert the DC stored in the battery to required AC output i.e. 230V.
 If necessary transformer is used to regulate the voltage to meet the demand of the output.
 The entire experimentation model is to be housed on the silencer.
Fig. 5.16. Air Blower of 500W to supply air in
setup.
Fig. 5.17. Exhaust Silencer of a Two Wheeler Bike.

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Fig. 5.18. Experimental Setup of fan having . Fig. 5.19. Experimental Set up
Dynamo and LED panel.
.
Fig. 5.20. Experimental Setup of Silencer and all Fig. 5.21. Experimental Setup Of Silencer with
fan the Other Components. Producing power to illuminate LEDs.
Fig. 5.22. Experimental Working Of Setup. Fig. 5.23. Experimental Setup of Silencer
with Bike.

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5.8 WORKING MODEL
Fig. 5.24. Mounting of the Arrangement on the Silencer
Fig. 5.25. Working Model in Two Wheeler Vehicle

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CHAPTER 6
6. CALCULATIONS
• Maximum Power of the Bike = 8.3bhp
• Fuel Efficiency of Bike = 65.8km/h
 TURBINES
Number of Blades = 25
Diameter = 10cm
 INVERTER
It Converts DC to AC (12Volts to 230 Volts)
 BATTERY
12Volt Rechargeable Battery
6.1 FORMULA TO BE USED
• Area of Swept, A= (22/7) x (radius of turbine) 2
• Velocity of the Turbine= ((22/7)x D x N)/60
 Where,
D=diameter of turbine
N=number of revolution per minute
6.2 POWER AVAILABLE AT THE TURBINE
P= (1/2) x Density x (Velocity) 3
x Cp x Area
6.3 MODEL CALCULATION
 Swept area by the turbine,
A = (22/7) x radius2
= 3.14 x (0.05) 2
= 0.00785 m2
 Velocity of the turbine,
V= ((22/7) x D x N)/60
= (3.14x0.10x45)/60
= 0.2357 m/s
 Power available at the turbine,
= 1/2x density x area x (velocity) 3
x Cp
= 1/2 x1.23 x 0.00785 x (0.2357)3
x0.4
= 2.57x10-5
watts

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Revolutions Per
Minute for turbine
Speed of turbine
in m/s
Power Available
At The Turbine
45 0.2357 3.222x10-5
48 0.2514 3.875x10-5
54 0.2828 4.374x10-5
57 0.2985 5.1365x10-5
Table. 6.1. Estimate Power in Different Speed
6.4 APPLICATIONS
Power generation using vehicle exhaust gas system can be used in most of the two wheeler‘s and
four wheelers.
 It is applicable for all stationary and moving vehicles.
 It is applicable for all Automobiles.
 The generating power is applicable for house hold uses.
 Auxiliary uses like indicators, horn etc.
 No problems of discharge in the batteries.
 It is a simple non – conventional energy process.
 This generating power can reduce the need of power.
 To generate the power no need of fuel input.
 In automobile vehicles like- cars, trucks and bikes also.
 In Automobile vehicles to charge the mobile phones like inbike.
 This mechanism use in all types of engines.

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CHAPTER 7
7. OBSERVATIONS
Table. 7.1. Observation Table

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CHAPTER 8
8. RESULTS
The following results were obtained by following the above method of producing power :-
 For an engine speed of 3000 rpm,4000 rpm & 5000 rpm, the turbine speed obtained was 245
rpm, 313 rpm, 390 rpm respectively.
 The power obtained at the turbine from calculations was 7.91W, 17.88W, & 32.02W
respectively.
 This power obtained was passed through a regulator, which was stored in a DC rechargeable
battery of capacity (12V, 8 AH).
The power thus stored was successfully used for powering up the headlight, indicators & parking
lights of the Two-wheeler.
Fig 5.1 Efficiency Vs Engine Speed
 The graph explains the relation between the overall efficiency of the system and engine
speed.
 At 3970 RPM the efficiency obtained was 5.078%.

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Fig.5.2 Power output Vs Engine Speed
 The graph shows that the power output is function of engine speed.
 At the speed of 3970 RPM, the power developed by TEG was 15.225 W.
Fig 5.3 Current Vs Engine Speed
 The graph explains that the current increases with the engine speed.
 It first increases gradually up to 2850 RPM then rapidly beyond that speed.
 At the speed of 3970 RPM the current was 1.45 A.

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CHAPTER 9
9. CONCLUSIONS
From the study, it has been identified that there are large potentials of energy
savings through the use of waste heat recovery technologies. Waste heat recovery entails capturing and
reusing the waste heat from internal combustion engine and using it for heating or generating
mechanical or electrical work. It would also help to recognize the improvement in performance and
emissions of the engine if these technologies were adopted by the automotive manufacturers.
The study also identified the potentials of the technologies when incorporated
with other devices to maximize potential energy efficiency of the vehicles. The project carried out by
us made an impressing task in the field of mechanical department. It is used for to produce the current
in vehicle exhaust unit. This project has also reduced the cost involved in the concern. Project has been
designed to perform the entire requirement task which has also been provided.
The experimentation model of power generation using two-wheeler silencer by
converting the energy of the exhaust gases of the two-wheeler into electric energy has been designed,
tested and successfully implemented on a two-wheeler
The study also identified the potentials of the technologies when incorporated
with other devices to maximize potential energy efficiency of the vehicles. The project carried out by
us made an impressing task in the field of mechanical department. It is used for to produce the current
in vehicle exhaust unit.
This method of energy conversion was found to be easy and cost-effective.

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10. REFERENCES
Dipak Patil1, Dr. R. R. Arakerimath2” A Review of Thermoelectric Generator for Waste Heat
Recovery from Engine Exhaust” Vol.1 Issue.8,December 2013.Pgs: 1-9
Prathamesh Ramade1, Prathamesh Patil2, Manoj Shelar3, Sameer Chaudhary4, Prof. Shivaji
Yadav5,Prof. Santosh Trimbake6” Automobile Exhaust Thermo- Electric Generator Design
&Performance Analysis” International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue
5,May2014).
R. Saidur a, M.Rezaei a, W.K.Muzammil a, M.H.Hassan a, S.Paria a, M.Hasanuzzaman b,n”
Technologies to recover exhaust heat from internal combustion engines” 1364-0321/$ -seefrontmatter
& 2012 ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.
Jia S, Peng H, Liu S, Zhang X. Review of transportation and energy consumption related research.
Journal of Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology 2009;9(3):6–16.
Saidur R. A review on electrical motors energy use and energy savings. Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews 2010;14(3):877–98.
Saidur R, Atabani AE, Mekhilef S. A review on electrical and thermal energy for industries.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2011; 15(4):2073–86.
Jahirul MI, Saidur R, Hasanuzzaman M, Masjuki HH, Kalam MA. A comparison of the air pollution
of gasoline and CNG driven car for Malaysia. International Journal of Mechanical and Materials
Engineering 2007; 2(2):130–8.
Saidur R, Jahirul MI, Hasanuzzaman M, Masjuki HH. Analysis of exhaust emissions of natural gas
engine by using response surface methodology. Journal of Applied Science 2008; 8(19):3328–39.
[7] UNESCAP. Country Reports: Population and Poverty in Malaysia. United Nation Economic and
Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific; 2002.
Kaya D, Yagmur EA, Yigit KS, Kilic FC, Eren AS, Celik C. Energy efficiency in pumps. Energy
Conversion and Management 2008;49(6):1662– 73.Saidur R, Sattar M, Masjuki H, Ahmed S, Hashim
U. An estimation of the energy efficiencies for the energy resources consumption in the transportation
sector in Malaysia Energy policy 2007: 35(8):4018–26
LINKS
http://www.softschools.com/processRpmToLinearVelocityCalculator.action
https://www.dieselnet.com/tech/diesel_exh.php
http://www.pipeflowcalculations.com/tables/flue-gas.php
https://www.araiindia.com/CMVR_TAP_Documents/ Part-14/Part-14_Chapter08.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline

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