summer training report on building construction

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PRACTICAL TRAINING REPORT
CONSTRUCTION OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the
Requirements for the award of
Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering
Submitted By
Name: SUMIT KUMAR
Roll No: 1411159052
SUBMITTED TO:
MR. KAMALDEEP SINGH
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Ch. Devi Lal State Institute of Engineering & Technology
Panniwala Mota, Sirsa (Haryana)-125077

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CERTIFICATE
I hereby certify that I have completed the six week Training in partial fulfuilment of the
requirements for the award of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering. I did my training
in PKS BUILDMART PVT. LTD. From 29/06/2017 to 06/08/2017.
The matter presented in this Report has not been submitted by me for the award of any degree
elsewhere.
Signature of Student
SUMIT (1411159052)
Dated:
Signatures
Examined by
Mr. Kamaldeep Singh
Asst. professor ,Department of Civil Engineering
Mr. Manik Goyal
H.O.D.
Department of Civil Engineering
.

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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the Indutrial Training Report (Construction of Commercial Building) is
an authentic record of my own work as requirements of Industrial Training during the period
from 29/06/2017 to 06/08/2017 for the award of degree of B.Tech.(Civil Engineering),Ch.
Devi Lal State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Panniwala Mota(Sirsa) under the
guidance of Mr. Kamldeep Singh.
(Signature of the student)
(SUMIT)
(1411159052)
Date:________

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to extend my gratitude to PKS BUILDMART PVT. LTD. for providing
me an unbelievable practical learning experience during summer training. It was indeed a
pleasure to be a part of such organization.
First and foremost, I would like to MR. IMRAN ALI, Project-In-Charge and special thanks to
MR. VIJAY SAINI, Billing/Planning Engineer, Mr. DINESH, Site Engineer and Mr.
BHUPENDER SINGH (Surveyor) , who supported me through inspiring towards this report.
They had provided me a nice industrial experience.
Secondly, I am not less grateful to the other employees and members of the department for
their kind co-operation and spontaneous response.
Last but not least; I express my gratitude toward my family members, my teachers and my
college friends for their kind co-operation and encouragement which help me in completion of
this training.

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INDEX
SECTION CONTENT PAGE NO.
CHAPTER-1 Introduction about Company
CHAPTER-2 About the Project
2.1 Work executed
2.1.1 Office work
2.1.2 Site work
2.2 About the Site
2.5 Concreting
2.6 Wall construction
2.7 Beams & columns construction
2.8 Slab construction
Section-3 Materials& equipment’s ……..18-22
3.1 Materials usedat site
3.2 Equipment’s used
Section-4 Quality control …..23
4.1 Quality control in concrete works
4.2 Quality control in reinforcement
Section-5 Contribution ….24-35
 Quantity ofconcrete usedin 6th
floor
 Quantity of shuttering for beam used in 6th
floor
 Quantity of shuttering for slab used in 6th
floor

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Section-6 Other images …36-37
Conclusion …38
REFRENCE ……39

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CHAPTER 1
(INTRODUCTION OF THE COMPANY)
OVERVIEW :-
PKS Group is the premier Real Estate Development group in Noida Extension. PKS Group
have successfully delivered 20,75,000 Sq. feet of Residential property area and 10,00,000 Sq.
feet of Commercial property area. They have received an overwhelming response in the past
after having a glorious track record in Noida city. PKS Group is a symbol of trust record and a
well established real estate company in Noida. They have always believed in entrustment as
the main essence of any company and making up to their customer’s dreams.
MISSION :-
Mission of the company is to be the successful Real Estate company in Greater Noida West
(Extension), also to provide an outstanding level of service and expertise like commercial retail
shops, Office space in Greater Noida West(Extension). To fulfill all dreams for commercial
office or retail space in Greater Noida West (Extension), PKS Buikdmart is dedicated to the
highest performance and standards.
VISION :-
The vision of PKS Buildmart is to achieve the highest possible standard of the real estate
market. We understand business inside and out. We know the tangible skills and the nuances
of overcoming the discomforts of entrepreneurship. WE inspire trust through demonstrated
dedication to integrity, transparency and honesty.

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CHAPTER 2
(About the Project)
2.1 Work Piece or task I have executed :-
Actually, I assigned to work with consultant but consultation is not easy task to perform
especially for students because it need experienced and further specialized person in the field.
So, to know every work what civil engineer do I try to work and share experience with Site
engineer, Surveyor and Foreman. And also the consultant main work is to advice and provide
a better idea how the project will finish with a minimum cost, time and quality. The work there
was of two type :- office work and site work , mostly the work I have been executing on the
site was supervising, working as a site engineer, surveyor and Forman.
2.1.1 Office work
During my training period I experienced that office work includes some tasks performed by
office engineer and quality surveyor. Such as:-
 Taking off
 Bill of quantity
 Report writing
 Reading and interpreting Drawings
2.1.2 Site work
The site work was the very important task for me because the training’s main objectives lies
over here and I have gain many knowledge from the site like communication skill, handling
workers, management skill etc.
The work task I have executed at site :
 Supervising of works
 Inspecting the worked element and how they work
 Checking the work based on the given check list
 Testing materials
The site work in general overlay over the supervision part so I have been working as supervisor
based on the given check list given to us from the office.

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2.2 About the Site :-
PKS Town Central is a forthcoming commercial plaza in Greater Noida West. Located in a
prudent location along 130m wide high street in Plot C4, Sector 16B in Noida Extension, very
close to Buddha Chowk, PKS Town Central is an attempt from a new estate builder, PKS
Buildmart Pvt. Ltd. In association with Reliance.
PKS Town Central is a 8 storey structure featuring an extensive basement designed exclusively
for lockable office spaces. The rest of the floors are meticulously crafted to house all retain and
entertainment solutions ranging from retail shops to retail spaces, food court, 9-screen
multiplex, 4-star hotel, banquet hall, ATM spaces, fun world for the kids, sky lounge with all
sorts of recreation facilities and many more. Strategically designed to build a one stop
destination for the consumers, PKS Town Central retail shops developed on space optimized
floor layouts starting from 200 Sq. ft. to set up any kind of stores ranging from a small kiosk
to an extensive showroom.
FIG. 1 Project After Complition

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Set amidst a huge catchment area with more than 50,000 families residing in its neighboring
residential projects, PKSTown Central Noida West is a much needed commercial development
for the consumers that assure to provide huge ROI through profitable retail businesses or
simply through monthly rentals.
Taking into account the huge footfall rate, an advanced parking area has been development in
this project.
PKS Town Central is the only one of its kind project in Delhi NCR region.
CHAPTER 3
Procedures used during training
The site work that I have been through during training time was in the sub structure work. A
normal building consist of two parts in general these are the super structure and the sub
structure.
Any structure below the ground floor slab level including the basement, retaining walls, ground
slab, grade beam, and foundation is called a sub structure. In most of the cases, substructure
work can be categorized as earthwork, concrete work and masonry work. I have seen how the
exaction was done, concrete pouring, masonry work and back filling.
Super structure is the part of a building which extend above the grade beam or everything above
the sub structure includes slab, columns, walls, roof etc. the purpose of the super structure is to
enclose and divide space as well as spread load safely in the sub structure.
3.1 Setting Out
A building is set out in order to clearly define the outline of the excavation and the center line
of the walls, so that construction can be carried out exactly to the plan. The basic coordinates
of each building will be set in position in accordance to the given bench mark. Surveying will
be carried out by Total Station through skilled professionals. Performing the job by citid
instrument will enable the respective professional and limit the real topography of the site.

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Total Station is the instrument that is used for the setting out. With the help of total station we
can measure the angles and elevations. At any point readings recorded in total station is of type
X, Y, Z where X shows angle in East direction, Y shows angle in North direction and Z
represents the elevation of that point where prism is located.
FIG 2 Total Station
The total station is an electronic theodolite (transit) integrated with an electronic distance meter
(EDM) to read slope distances from the instrument to a particular point. By this instrument we
can measure Angle, Distance, Coordinate and also Data Processing.
Total Station is a modified instrument. We used it to transfer the level of ground to retaining
wall and setting thickness of slab in which first of all marking was made to fix the level of
particular elevations then casting of slab was performed.
Advantage of Total Station :-

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 Quick setting on the tripod using laser plummet
 Local language support
 Greater accuracy in area computation
 Fast processing of data so reduce the time
 Readings can be taken up to 3 to 5 Km distance.
 it gives more accuracy than other surveying instruments
Disadvantage of Total Station :-
 The instrument is costly
 Conducting survey using T.S require skilled personnel
 For overall check of the survey it will be necessary to return to office and
prepare the drawings.
3.2 Excavation
Excavation is the first step of the construction. It refers to the process of removing soil or rock
from its original location, for the preparation of the foundation, basement and underground
utility lines for grading of the ground surface. Excavated materials required for backfill is
stockpiled on the site for subsequent use. The main aim of the excavation work is to remove
the organic soil or unwanted soil for the safety of the building.
3.2.1 Site clearance
After the approval of surveying data, using the intended machineries the top soil exaction will
be started. The organic top soil found on the upper layer to an average thickness of 20cm will
be removed separately from the bulk excavation work. Immediate cart away will be performed
following its clearance. This job will be carried out by loader or motor grader as may be suitable
to the work.
3.2.2 Bulk excavation
Bulk excavation was carried out after the removal of the top soil is executed. 150cm offset
from each side of the site will be carried to the outer side and the work is performed for the
intended average depth of the excavation. The surplus excavated soil immediately taken off
from site. As to whether the exaction is executed to the required level will be ensured by taking
the level reading by Auto-level or by Total Station. The data was organized and submitted to

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chief engineer for approval. The work was arranged in a way before the coming if the heavy
rainy season.
FIG 3 Excavation Work
3.2.3 FILL
Fill work will follow the erection of the foundation column. Bulk, pit and trench excavations
need to be back filled with a better soil type, which have better compaction character and would
bring the minimum required proctor density. In order to attain the minimum standard as
mentioned on the Bill of Quantity, they deploy suitable machineries.
3. 3 PCC
PCC stands for plain cement concrete. It is the base course applied after the excavation and
dressing of the soil. Dressing of soil the process to make the excavated soil in a proper level by
means of manual hand work or with the help of machines. Generally, in the pcc a layer of
concrete of height 75 to 100mm is layed on the dressed soil. The concrete used here is generally
of grade M7.5 or M10 .
Advantage of PCC :-
 It provides a strong, stable base for foundation
 Also provide a flat base for upcoming foundation rather than undulated base
 It avoids the direct contact of foundation with soil so prevents foundation
from natural salts and underground seepage.

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FIG 4 PCC LAYER
3.4 Masonry Work
Masonry are works that are executed by laying materials units such as stone, bricks etc. of
specified dimensions by providing a binding material such as mortar.
Points to me memorized while performing masonry work:-
 Masonry shall be constructed in English bond
 Conventional brick/block units shall be strong enough with sharp edges,
durable and of uniform size
 Minimum 3 bricks shall be selected from a lot randomly and shall be tested
for crushing strength & water absorbtion & test results shall be in
conformity with relevant standards for testing.

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 Masonary shall be constructed in cement mortar 1:6 (type M2 as per brick
masonry code)
 All masonry joints shall be raked to a depth of 6mm to ensure effective bond
with plaster
 In case of non-load bearing wall, coming under the slab or beam, last course
shall be built after the formwork is removed.
3.5 Concrete work
As we know Concrete is a composite material composed of coarse aggregate bonded together
with a fluid cement that hardens over time. Most concretes used are lime-based concretes such
as Portland cement concrete or concretes made with other hydraulic cements. When aggregates
are mixed together with dry Portland cement and water, the mixture forms a fluid slurry that is
easily poured and moulded into shapes.
Concrete composition
Concrete is made up of three main ingredients: water, Portland cement, and aggregates. The
ratio of the ingredients changes the properties of the final product, which allows the engineer
to design concrete that meets their specific needs. Admixtures are added to adjust the concrete
mixture for specific performance criteria.
Water
The water in the concrete mix should be clean and free of impurities. The amount of water
relative to the amount of cement changes how easily the concrete flows, but also affects the
final strength of the concrete. More water makes for easier flowing concrete, but also makes
for lower strength concrete upon curing.
Portland cement
Cement hardens when mixed with water, which binds all of the ingredients together. Portland
cement is the most common cement used and is composed of alumina, silica, lime, iron, and
gypsum. Small amounts of other ingredients are also included.
Aggregates

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The majority of a concrete mixture is made up of both coarse and fine aggregates, which help
increase the strength of the concrete beyond what cement can provide on its own. Sand, gravel,
and crushed stone are used as aggregates. Recycled materials, including blast furnace slag,
glass (mostly for decorative purposes), and ground-up concrete are starting to be used as
concrete aggregates.
Types of concrete
 Normal strength concrete
 High strength concrete
 Light weight concrete
 Air entrained concrete
 High performance concrete
 Self consolidated concrete
Normal st conc
This type of concrete is produced by mixing basic concrete ingredients. Strength of it varies
between 10 MPa to 40 MPa. The initial setting-time is 30 to 90 minutes depending on cement
properties and weather condition.
LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE
The unit weight of this type of concrete is less than the concrete made of basic ingredients.
Normally unit weight varies from 240 kg/m3 to 1850 kg/m3. The strength
Air entrained concrete
Air entrained concrete is the fabulous invention in concrete technology. It is produced by
mixing air entraining admixture with normal concrete. The strength of this concrete type is
lower than normal concrete.

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High-Strength concrete
This type of concrete is produced by selecting high quality aggregate, lowering w/c ratio and
mixing admixture to concrete. The strength of this, is about 6000 psi.
High performance concrete
This special type of concrete strength can be 10000 psi to 15000 psi. That mean, it is super
high strength. And it’s also high durable.
Self-consolidatedconcrete
Its name describe about it. This doesn’t need any vibration for compacting. It’s compacted by
its own weight. That’s why it’s also called self-compacting concrete. It has the high
workability which is measured 650-750 mm on a flow table. That’s the reason for its another
name, flowing concrete.
Imp. Points about concrete work :-
 All cement used shall be 43 grade ordinary Pozzolona Cement or as per
design mix.
 All concrete work shall be machine mixed & machine vibrated.
 Approval of design mix shall be obtained from structural consultant.
 Aggregates shall be of special quality black hard, strong, durable, clean and
free from adherent coating.
 Maximum nominal size of aggregate shall be 20mm.
 All structural concrete shall be designe mix concrete of minimum grade
M25.
 Admixture & other construction chemicals shall be approved by the
consultant before their use in the concrete.

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3.6 Shuttering/form work
Formwork is temporary or permanent molds into which concrete or similar materials are
poured. In the context of concrete construction, the falsework supports the shuttering molds.
Types of formwork
1. Traditional timber formwork. The formwork is built on site out of timber and
plywood or moisture-resistant particleboard. It is easy to produce but time-consuming
for larger structures, and the plywood facing has a relatively short lifespan. It is still
used extensively where the labour costs are lower than the costs for procuring reusable
formwork. It is also the most flexible type of formwork, so even where other systems
are in use, complicated sections may use it.
2. Engineered Formwork System. This formwork is built out of prefabricated
modules with a metal frame (usually steel or aluminium) and covered on the application
(concrete) side with material having the wanted surface structure (steel, aluminium,
timber, etc.). The two major advantages of formwork systems, compared to traditional
timber formwork, are speed of construction (modular systems pin, clip, or screw
together quickly) and lower life-cycle costs (barring major force, the frame is almost
indestructible, while the covering if made of wood; may have to be replaced after a few
- or a few dozen - uses, but if the covering is made with steel or aluminium the form
can achieve up to two thousand uses depending on care and the applications).
3. Re-usable plastic formwork. These interlocking and modular systems are used
to build widely variable, but relatively simple, concrete structures. The panels are
lightweight and very robust. They are especially suited for similar structure projects
and low-cost, mass housing schemes.

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FIG 5 SHUTTERING/FORM WORK
4. Permanent Insulated Formwork. This formwork is assembled on site, usually
out of insulating concrete forms (ICF). The formwork stays in place after the concrete
has cured, and may provide advantages in terms of speed, strength, superior thermal
and acoustic insulation, space to run utilities within the EPS layer, and integrated
furring strip for cladding finishes.
Imp points
 Formwork shall be designed & constructed so as to remain sufficiently rigid
during placing & compaction of concrete.
 Shuttering shall be such that as to prevent loss of slurry from the concrete
 Shuttering shall produce surface in one plane, free from lips, fins etc.

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 The interior surface shall be coated with the approved mould oil so that it
will not cause stains to appear on concrete
 Contractor shall ensure shapes, lines and dimension tolerance as per the
design drawings
 Formwork shall be supported by strong and properly braced scaffolding
bothways vertically and horizontally ensuring unyielding strong wooden or
steel base plates
 The shuttering of cantilever beams and slabs shall be removed starting from
the overhang edge.
3.7 Steel
As we know Steel is an alloy of iron and other elements, primarly carbon. Because of its high
tensile strength and low cost, it is a major component in building construction, roads, bridges,
railways and many more modern architecture.
Types of steel
There are four types of steel, carbon steel, alloy steel, stainless steel, and tool steel.
Carbon steel, also called plain-carbon steel, is a metal alloy made up of two elements: iron and
carbon. The other elements present in carbon steel are manganese, silicon, and copper. Mixing
more carbon with iron makes the steel harder and stronger and more difficult to mold and weld,
so there are still other types of carbon steel: mild or low carbon steel, medium carbon steel,
high carbon steel, and very high carbon steel.
Alloy steel is steel made with many different elements to improve its properties. Steel is an
alloy, but not all alloys are steels, hence the name of this type of steel. Alloy steels are made
of iron and carbon, and more common alloyants are nickel, manganese, chromium,
molybdenum, silicon, vanadium, and boron. Compared to carbon steels, some of the improved

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properties of alloy steels are hardness, strength, toughness, and wear and corrosion resistance,
and to achieve these improvements, the metal can be put through heat treatment.
Stainless steel is a steel alloy made of iron and chromium, which makes up for a minimum of
10.5% of the metal’s mass. It doesn’t easily rust, corrode, or stain due to water like regular
steel. However, it is not fully rust-proof. The chromium in stainless steel is responsible for its
resistance to corrosion, as it is the once blocking oxygen from spreading and eating into the
metal.
Lastly, tool steel is a mix of carbon and alloy steels that is used to make tools. They are used
to make tools because of their hardness and resistance to deformation, so they are best for tools
for the use of forging other materials. There are six types of tool steels: water-hardening, which
are high carbon plain-carbon steel and needs to be water-quenched; cold-work which are either
oil-quenched or air-quenched; shock-resisting, steel that have high shock resistance and
hardens well because of certain mixes of other metals; high-speed, steels that are heat treated
and are used in cutting tools; hot-work, which are steels used to cut or shape materials that are
at high temperatures; and special purpose, such as plastic mould steels, other kinds of tool
steels, and other kinds of steel that are water-hardened.
# Steel in Construction
In the daily use of steel on the construction site it is classified in 2 types
 Structural steel
 Reinforced steel
3.7.1 Structural steel construction
When a construction work is done only with the help of steel then it is known as structural steel
construction. These steel structures are composed of elements which are rolled to the basic
cross-sections in a mill and worked to the desired size and form in a fabricating shop or site.

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FIG 6 SOME EXAMPLES OF STEEL STRUCTURE
Some of the examples of civil engineering works in steel are high-rise buildings skeletons,
industrial buildings, transmission towers, railway bridges, overhead tanks, chimneys(stacks),
towers, bunkers and silos etc.
Imp points about structural steel
 All structural steel shall conform to IS:2062 & shall be of 250Mpa grade,
UNO
 All shop welds shall be 6mm. fillet & site welds shall be 8mm
 All gusset plates shall be 8mm thick
 All structural steel shall receive one coat of red oxide primer & two coats of
good approved quality synthetic enamel paint
 Steel being used in const. shall be straight, free from twists, cracks, surface
flows, laminations, imperfect edges & other defects
 Erection clearance shall not be more than 2mm
 All members shall preferably by machine cut, if flame cutting required, the
edges shall be machined to 3mm minimum
 Holes for the bolts shall be drilled
 All welding shall be carried out using metal arc process

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 Whenever it is not mentioned, all the joints shall be fully welded after the
erection
 All surfaces to be welded having thickness equal to or more than 20mm shall
be preheated to a temp. of at least 60 *C
 At least 10% of the weld shall be tested by Dye-penetration test
 No member should be in over stress while erection or using the structural
member as supporting other staging
 All the anchor bolts shall have a minimum length of 100mm
 During the erection, the steel work shall be securely bolted otherwise
fastened.
3.7.2 Reinforced steel
As we know the tensile strength of the cement concrete is just about 10% of its
compressive strength or we say cement concrete is very weak in tension but steel is
equally strong in tension as well as in the compression. The compressive yield strength
of steel bars is about 25 times, the compressive strength of cement concrete and tensile
strength of steel bars is about 70 times the tensile strength of cement concrete. The steel
used in the forms of bars to support or reinforce the concrete is called reinforced steel.
The steel bars used to reinforce cement concrete in tension zone of
flexural members to compensate for the low tensile strength of cement concrete.
Steel is the product of choice for reinforcing concrete due to a combination of unique
factors :-
 Elastic properties – The modulus of all steel reinforcement is 29,000,000 psi and this
value may be used in design. This uniform modulus for all grades and bar sizes
simplifies the design process. Materials with lower moduli may require additional bars
to provide the same serviceability and structures designed with these materials may
experience increased deflections and additional cracking. Steel has similar elastic
properties under both tensile and compression loads.

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 Elongation under load – Steel reinforcement has significant elongation under load
providing for well-defined cracks in the structure during overload conditions. Such
cracking provides suitable warning for occupants regarding the loading of a structure.
Materials that do not exhibit non-elastic behavior under load may not provide sufficient
ductility to warn of impending failure.
 Uniform properties in 3D – Steel reinforcement generally has uniform properties in
all directions and the shear strength is similar to the longitudinal yield strength.
 Fatigue – The fatigue properties of steel reinforced concrete structures are well
understood.
 Bond development – The development strength of reinforcing steel in both straight
and bent conditions is well researched and understood.
 Yield – At loads less than yield, steel exhibits elastic properties that enable a structure
to rebound upon reloading. Steel reinforcement is available with yield strengths from
40 to 100 ksi. The yield strength of steel is not dependent on the bar diameter and
substitution of different combinations of bars with the same bar area may be readily
provided. This provides flexibility in the methods of obtaining the same properties in a
concrete structure.
 Thermal properties – The modulus of thermal expansion of steel reinforcement is very
similar to that of concrete. Due to the similarity of concrete and steel thermal properties
additional stresses or deflections are not introduced upon heating the concrete structure.
 Strength retention – Under heating from fire, steel is able to withstand high
temperatures before strength and ductility properties change. Many concrete structures
that have been subjected to fire can be rehabilitated using the existing reinforcing steel.
 Joining – Steel reinforcement can be joined using welding or couplers that have
strengths similar to that of the reinforcing steel.
 Code Acceptance – Steel reinforcement is accepted by all concrete design codes
worldwide.
 Recycledcontent – The recycled content of reinforcing steel is greater than 75 percent
and in most circumstances greater than 95 percent.
 Ability to be recycled – Reinforcing steel is able to be readily recycled at the end of
the structure design life.
 Ability to be bent – Reinforcing steel can be bent after being manufactured. This
simplifies the construction and provides for rapid delivery of fabricated materials.
 Robustness – Reinforcing steel is robust and able to withstand rigors of construction.

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 Compatibility with concrete – Reinforcing steel does not need to be tied directly to
the formwork and does not float in concrete.
 Availability – Reinforcing steel is available in every region of the country. Due to the
number and distribution of plants, LEED and other sustainability credits are available.
FIG 7 REINFORCEMENT IN FOUNDATION
Limitations of reinforced steel
1. The initial cost is high
2. The dead load of the structure is increased
3. Its construction requires large quantity of timber or steel plates for
formwork
4. It requires skilled labour for construction

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FIG 8 REINFORCEMENT IN COLUMN AND SLAB
Points to be remember while using the reinforcement steel
 All reinforcement used shall conform to IS:1786
 Reinforcing bars shall conform accurately to the dimensions shown on
relevant drawings
 All r/f shall be thoroughly cleaned of all grease, mill scale, loose rust or
anything likely to destroy adhesion of steel with concrete
 Good quality ductile binding wires of 1.6mm shall be used at all bar
intersection
 No concreting shall commence, until the bars have been inspected &
approved by Engineer-in-charge
 Layers of bars shall be separated by spacer bars such that spacer bars shall
be placed not more than 1m apart
 Chairs used to separate the two layers of r/f of raft slabs, walls etc.
 The dia. Of the bars used in preparing chairs shall be minimum 12mm or
one dia. Higher than the top r/f bar whichever is more
 All dowels provided for lapping shall be washed with cement if left exposed
for a period exceeding 10 days
 Welding in the r/f bars shall conform to the provision in the specification
 Reinforcement bars shall be tested whenever a new lot of steel arrives at
site.

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3.8 Dowels
A dowel is a solid cylindrical rod, usually made from wood, plastic, or metal. In its original
manufactured form, a dowel is called a dowel rod. Dowel rods are often cut into short lengths
called dowel pins.
Dowel bars are short steel bars that provide a mechanical connection between slabs without
restricting horizontal joint movement. They increase load transfer efficiency by allowing the
leave slab to assume some of the load before the load is actually over it. This reduces joint
deflection and stress in the approach and leave slabs.
Dowel bars are typically 32 to 38 mm (1.25 to 1.5 inches) in diameter, 460 mm (18 inches)
long and spaced 305 mm (12 inches) apart. Specific locations and numbers vary by state,
however a typical arrangement might look like as figure In order to prevent corrosion, dowel
bars are either coated with stainless steel or epoxy. Dowel bars are usually inserted at mid-slab
depth and coated with a bond-breaking substance to prevent bonding to the PCC. Thus, the
dowels help transfer load but allow adjacent slabs to expand and contract independent of one
another. Figure shows typical dowel bar locations at a transverse construction joint.
In the foundation work they are used to continue the raft work, as the connection between the
reinforcement of column and raft is jointed with the help of dowels.
FIG 9 DOWELS IN SLAB / FOUNDATION

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3.9 Shear reinforcement
As the concrete is weak in shear and at ends/supports the
shear force is maximum so there is a chance of sliding/
shear failure of structural parts as beams at ends.so steel
is provided to bear this shear force and prevent shear
failure. (i.e. at ends concrete is prevented to slide in the
vertical direction) and this steel provided is known as shear reinforcement.
 Shear reinforcement is usually provided in the form of stirrups to hold the
longitudinal reinforcement and also to take the shear to which the structure is
subjected to.
 Now the doubt is here that if the stirrups are provided to resist the shear force, why
are these provided parallel to shear force and this way how will they resist shear
force. That’s for two main reasons -
1. Shear force doesn’t directly act at stirrups but gets transmitted through tensile and
compression r/f, thus shear stirrups actually bear the shear force as like a tensile bar.
2. The profile of crack developed due to shear force shall not be absolutely
3. vertical (in case of beam) as there are other forces acting also and because of this the
crack shall be always be inclined and if stirrups are there, the crack profile shall pass
through the stirrups and shall be resisted.
No. of stirrups required = (length of the beam/spacing) +1
FIG 10 SHEAR REINFORCEMENT IN BEAM

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3.10 Clear cover
The clear cover or concrete cover is the least distance between the surface of embedded
reinforcement and the outer surface of the concrete.
Need of cover
 Concrete cover for steel bar is much necessary to protect the steel against corrosion
(rusting) and to provide resistance against fire.
 If fire occurs in the building, the steel might lose so much strength to impair its
reinforcing effect and the beams might collapse.
 When the numbers of steel bars are more than spacer between the bars must be used.
 To keep crank bar in position, support of required height may be used under crank bar
in the RCC slabs.
FIG 11 COVER BLOCKS
Table shows cover
1. Raft foundation Bottom
Sides
Top
75mm
75mm
50mm

30. 30
2. Isolated/strip footing Bottom
Sides
Top
50mm
50mm
50mm
3. Plinth beam/tie beam All sides 30mm moderate expo.
45mm severe expo.
4. Retaining wall Earth side
Earth side
Inside face
30mm M.E
45mm S.E
25mm
5. Column and shear
beam
40mm from face of ties
6. Floor beam (from
stirrup face)
Bottom, top & sides 25mm
7. Floor beam (on the
roof of water tank)
Top
Bottom
Sides
25mm
40mm
40mm
8. Floor slab/staircase
slab
Top
Bottom
20mm
20mm
9. Slab having earth
filling
Bottom
Top
20mm
30mm
10. Stitching slab Bottom
Top
30mm M.E
45mm S.E
20mm M.E
25mm S.E

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CHAPTER 4
QUALITY CONTROL
Quality control is the part of quality management that ensures products and service comply
with requirements. It is a work method that facilitates the measurement of the quality
characteristics of a unit, compares them with the established standards, and analyses the
differences between the results obtained and the desired results in order to make decisions
which will correct any differences.
Technical specifications define the type of controls that must be carried out to ensure the
construction works are carried out correctly. They include not only products materials, but also
the execution and completion of the works.
■Causes for poor quality These can be summarized as ignorance, poor materials, poor design,
poor detailing, poor workmanship, improper quantity of cement, improper concrete mix, excess
water, inadequate compaction, substandard forms, inadequate curing, inadequate cover, poor
construction practices, poor supervision and above all lack of technical knowledge.
QUALITY CONTROL IN CONCRETE WORKS
Since concrete keeps a very important place in modern building construction works, so it is
necessary to test and inspection of concrete work at site.
Following points should be kept in mind while concreting. ■There should proper
compacting of poured concrete because every 1% void reduce the strength of concrete by 20%.
■There should be proper curing of concrete work for at least 7to10days because it helps in
gaining the strength.
■Level of formwork should be same throughout the building while casting the slab
■There should be a lab to test the properties of Green Concrete like slump, initial setting time
etc.
■There should be proper portioning of materials while preparing R.M.C.
Quality control works in concreting at site
■Needle vibrator was being used for compaction.
■RMC plant was being operated for concrete mixing.
■A lab was established for testing.

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Conclusion
Summer training is very useful in the engineering .It plays a major role in the student
life. Without practical knowlwdge a student can not be a successful engineer. For me this
training is a completion of my study. At site I learnt,what isthe use of my theoretical
knowledge that I got in my college. Something is that whichI can not learn from books
,like how to manage the labour work at the site, how to manage staff, solution of
mishappening that is not expected etc.
I think there is improvement in my knowledge due to training. Here I came to know what
type of new technologies are present to do a work on site with an easy way. That’s the
thing I can not learn from books. Every student should try this experience of training for
enhance their knowledge.
Again thanks to PKS BUILDMART PVT. LTD. for giving this opportunity to me.

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REFRENCES
Source- Internet
Building construction by B.C. Pumia
www.civilengineering.com
www.finalyearproject.com
IS 456:2000