English, Filipino, Hekasi, Science and Math

1. ENGLISH FACTS
Use Tag Questions
I. What is tag questions?
• Tag questions are the short form at the end of the questions.
• Questions converted from a statement by an appended interrogative
formula.
II. Affirmative Statement with Negative Tag Questions.
a statement of agreement Short form of questions at the end of
an assertion or request sentence with the word “not”( negative)
Example:
Sampaguita is a fragrant plant, isn’t it?
( affirmative) (negative)
As you can see in the example sentence, the affirmative
statement and the tag question is separated by a comma. Another
one, in writing any tag question always remember to put a
question mark. It is needed because once you have forgotten it in
any exercises, you will got it wrong.
Another example:
You will be late, won’t you?
She will die, wont she?

2. III. Confirmative Statement with Positive Tag Questions
Statement that we use to con- Tag questions are mostly positive and
firm something (negative) affirmative
Example:
You don’t like me, do you?
( negative ) (positive)
When the statement in the sentence is negative, the tag quest-
ion should be positive. This should make the question properly.
IV. Special Cases of Tag Questions
The adverbs never, rarely, seldom, hardly, barely and scarcely
have a negative sense. Even though they may be in a positive
statement, the feeling of the statement is negative. We treat
statements with these words like negative statements, so the
question tag is normally positive.
Another case is the case where the basic structure of tag
questions is positive-negative or negative-positive, it is sometimes
possible to use a positive-positive or negative-negative structure. We
use same-way tag questions to express interest, surprise, anger etc,
and not to make real questions.

3. V. Reminders
1. Tag questions are end questions. They are used to express doubt
and uncertainly and requires answers that agree as confirm.
2. Tag questions have two parts. The first part is a statement and the
second part is a question called the tag questions. The two parts are
separated by a comma.
3. The tag question is separated in two ways:
• If the statement is positive the tag is negative. This question will
usually require a yes answer.
• If the statement is negative the tag is positive. This question will
usually requires a no answer.
Example:
• It’s a beautiful day, isn’t it?
• Genevieve lives in New Guinea, doesn’t she?
• That isn’t your hat, is it?
• You won’t be late, will you?
• Snow isn’t black, is it?
• Yes, it is.
• Yes, she does.
• No, it isn’t.
• No, I won’t.
• Yes, it isn’t.
4. When the speaker expects a yes or no reply the tag question is said
with a rising intonation.

4. Announcement:
What: Charlotte Graham’ s Birthday party
When: Septeber 16, 2009
Who: All Charlotte’ s close friend
Where: Greenwich Village, Mustard Ave

5. Giving the Details that Support the Big Ideas
(Giving the Main Idea of the Selection Listened to)
The main idea is the point of the paragraph.
It is the most important thought about the topic.
The author can locate the main idea in
different places within a paragraph. The main idea
is usually a sentence, and it is usually the first
sentence. The writer then uses the rest of the
paragraph to support the main idea.
While the main idea is usually in the first
sentence, the next most common placement is in
the last sentence of a paragraph. The author gives
supporting information first and then makes the
point in the last sentence.
Finally, an author might put the main idea in
the middle of a paragraph. The author will spend a
few sentences introducing the topic, present the
main idea, then spend the rest of the paragraph
supporting it. This can make the main idea more
difficult to find.
When giving details to the given main topic,
think about the topic thoroughly, then write all the
details that describes and supports it.

6. FILIPINO FACTS
Panghalip Panao
I. Ano ang Panghalip Panao?
Ang panghalip panao ay ang panghalili sa ngalan ng tao.
II. Uri ng Panghalip Panao.
• Palagyo
• Paari
• Paukol o Palayon
III. Palagyo
Ang palagyo ay ang uri ng pahghalip panao kung saan
ginagamit ito bilang simuno o kaganapang pansimuno.
Isahan Dalawahan Maramihan
una ako Kata; kita tayo; kami
Ikalawa Ikaw; ka X kayo
Ikatlo siya X sila
Panahan Kailanan

7. IV. Paari
Ginagamit para mang-akin
V. Paukol o Palayon
Pangngalan pagkatapos ng pandiwa.
Isahan Dalawahan Maramihan
una Akin kanita Atin; amin
Ikalawa Iyo X Iyo
Ikatlo Kanya X kanila
Panahan Kailanan
Isahan Dalawahan Maramihan
una Ko nita natin; namin
Ikalawa Mo X Ninyo
Ikatlo niya X Nila
Panahan Kailanan

8. HEKASI FACTS
Pandarayuhan
I. Ano ang Pandarayuhan?
Ang pandarayuhan ay ang paglilipat ng lokasyon na tinitirhan
na maaaring permanente o panandalian lamang.
II. Uri ng mga Pandarayuhan
• Pandarayuhang Panloob o emigration-
Ang pandarayuhang panloob ay ang pandarayuhan kung saan
lumilipat ang mandarayo ng lungsod, papunta sa barrio, papunta sa
ibang rehiyon basta’t hindi aalis sa loob ng sarili nitong bansa
katulad na lang ng Pilipinas.
• Pandarayuhanrg Panlabas o immigration-
Ang pandarayuhan panlabas ay ang pandarayuhan kung saan
lumilipat ang mandarayo papaalis sa sarili nitong bansa. Hindi lilipat
sa lungsod, sa barrio, sa lalawigan o sa anumamg rehiyon. Ang
mandaryo ay aalis talaga sa sariling bansa at pupunta sa kalapit o
kalayong bansa.
III. Dahilan ng Pandarayuhan
Pagkakataong maghanap buhay at guminhawa sa estado ng buhay-
Ang mga taong may nakikitang opurtinidad upang makaraos sa
buhay na nakagisnan ang nangunguna sa pandarayuhan ng ating
kababayan. Ito ay dahil gusto na nila mairaos ang kani- kanilang
pamilya. Sila ay lumilipat pagkat tingin nilang mas maginhawa ang

9. buhay sa ibang lugar.
Pagkakataong makapag-aral-
Ang mga scholarship, pangarap at dekalidad ng paaralan ay
isa rin sa mga nagiging dahilan ng pandarayuhan. Ang scholarship kasi
ay isang magandang oportunidad sa mga pamilyang may mga anak pang
nag- aaral. Dahil madalas na malalayo ang mga paaralang may
scholarship program naging madalas na desisyon ang pagsama ng buong
pamilya sa anak nito.
Kapayapaan at katahimikan sa kapaligiran-
Ang mga taong hindi tahimik na namumuhay ay madalas
mandarayuhan. Lalong-lalo na sa Mindanao. Kadalasan kasi sa mga
lugar na ganito nangyayari ang mga kaguluhan sa gitna ng awayan ng
militar at ng mga rebelde o NPA (No Permanent Adress) na nagiging
sanhi ng pagkakaipit ng ating mga kababayang muslim sa gulo.
Likas na sakuna o kalamidad-
Sa mga kalamidad tulad ng bagyo, baha, pagputok ng bulkan,
malalakas na alon ng dagat at pagguho ng lupa hindi maiiwasang
magkaroon ng problema ang iba sa ating pamilyang pilipino. Maaari ka-
sing magkasakit at masawi ang ilan sa kanilang miyembro sa tahanan at
pamilya kung kaya’t lumilipat sila sa lugar na mas mataas upang hindi
bahain at dahil pa sa ibang rason.
IV. Epekto ng Mga Pandarayuhang Nagaganap

10. Mabuting Epekto:
•Kung ang pandarayuhang gaganapin ay pandarayuhang panloob,
mababawasan ang bilang ng populasyon sa isang lugar o bayan ngunit
hindi naman mababawasan ang populasyon sa buong bansa.
• Ang lugar na lilipatan ng mandarayo ay maaaring lilinis pagkat mas
marami na ang magtutulungan dahil lumaki na ang populasyon nito.
Kung mayroon ngang mga magagandang epekto, meron namang hindi.
Masamang epekto:
• Kung ang pandarayuhang gaganapin ay pandarayuhang panlabas,
mababawasan ang bilang ng populasyon sa bansang iiwanan ng
mandarayo ngunit madadagdagan naman ang populasyon ng bansang
pupuntahan nito.
•Ang lugar na lilipatan ng mandarayo ay maaaring rumumi pagkat mas
madami pang maaaring magtapon ng basura kung saan- saan.
V. Pagsasalaysay:
Ang alin man sa dalawang uri ng pandarayuhan ay may kanya-
kanyang epekto sa lugar na iiwan at pupuntahan ng mandarayo.

11. Pagpapahalaga at Paniniwala ng mga Pilipino
Isa sa mga nagbubuklod sa mga Pilipino ay ang mga
magkakatulad nilang pagpapahalaga. Magkakapareho ang mga pag-
uugaling kinalakihan nila, na karaniwang naaayon sa kultura ng mga
Pilipino.
Ang mga pagpapahalaga ng mga Pilipino ay ang mga
sumusunod:
Ang mga paniniwalang Pilipino ay ang mga sumusunod:
Paniniwala sa demokrasya
Paniniwala sa kalayaan
Paniniwala sa talino at kakayahan ng tao
Paniniwala sa pagtutulungan
Paniniwala sa wikang nagbuklod sa bansa
Ilang tradisyonal na pagpapahalaga ng mga Pilipino ang mga
sumusunod:
Pakikisama
Bayanihan
Hospitalidad
Bahala na
Utang na loob
Pagiging magalang
Ang mahigpit na pagsasama
han ng mag-anak
Ugaling ningas-kugon
Pagkakabuklod-buklod ng mag-anak
Pagpapahalaga sa buhay ng tao
Pagpapahalaga sa kapangyarihan
Pagtanaw ng utang na loob
Pagdadamayan
Pagtanggap ng panauhin
Pagkamakabayan
Pagpapahalaga sa edukasyon
Pagpapahalaga sa disiplina
Pagpapahalagasakarapatangpantao, Diyos,
kontitusyon ng bansa
Pagpapahalaga sa pasya ng nakararami
Pagpapahalaga sa karapatan ng iba
Pagpapahalaga sa matalino at likas na kakayahan
Pagpapahalaga sa kalusugan
Pagpapahalaga sa sarili
Pagpapahalaga sa gawaing marangal
Pagpapahalaga sa pagkakaiba ng iba/kaibahan ng tao

12. MATH FACTS
Renaming Fractions and Vice Versa
I. Words to help you learn the topic easier.
RENAME DECIMAL POINT
DECIMAL FRACTION
II. Exploring math through words.
• “Rename” means to change
• “Fractions “means part of a whole.
• “Decimal” means a fraction whose denominator is a power of ten and
whose numerator is expressed by figures placed to the right of a
decimal point.
• Decimal point separates the whole number to the decimal number.
III. Looking forward to an example.
Let’s start with a simple example:
numerator
6 =
10
denominator
When the denominator is at the power of ten, you will just copy the
numerator and put it before the decimal point in the right decimal
place. To do that, count the number of 0 or just read the denominator.
According on how you have read it, transfer it to a decimal place that
you can read the same.
6
10 Denominator is read as ten that is why when you
transfer it to the decimal place it is in tenth place.
Decimal Place Chart
When this example is renamed it
becomes 0.6
One zero in the denominator Tenths decimal place
Two zeroes in the denominator Hundredths decimal place
Three zeroes in denominator Thousandths decimal place

13. Another example.
0.9
decimal number decimal place the decimal number is on the
tenths
place.
IV. Renaming improper fraction:
364
100
Another example:
3104 3104/100= 31.04
100
204 204/ 100= 2.04
100
228 228/100= 2.28
100
When this example is renamed it
becomes 9/10
In this situation, divide the bigger number ( which is
the numerator) by the smaller number ( which is the
denominator.)
For all problems like these just follow the rules.

14. PEMDAS
P in PEMDAS means parenthesis, E means exponents, M
means multiplication, D means division, A means addition, S means
subtraction.
In doing an operation we should follow PEMDAS. If there is a
paranthesis and other equations then answer first the equation in the
pharenthesis. If there are more than 1 parenthesis then answer first
the most center equation/parenthesis. Brackets and parenthesis have
the same use.
When you have answered the equation in the parenthesis
answer or simplify the the term with exponent next.
After the exponents answer the equations that uses the
operation of multiplication or division. Wondering why division is
included? In using PEMDAS you should answer the first
equation that uses multiplication or division. For example: 25/5·(x or
*)12. You would think that you would multiply 5 and 12 first right? Well, it
is wrong. You should answer first the equation 25/5. So the answer is 60.
Solution: 25/5=5·12=60.
In encountering two equations that uses the operations
addition and subtraction, and the first equation uses subtraction you
should do what i typed on the 5th fact. Answer the subtraction first
before the addition. Are you wondering right now why these happened
while in the acronym PEMDAS some equations are on the first letters
while they can exchange(places and the order when they would be
answered)? My opinion is that the acronym will change every time you
answer problems that have different arrangement so they made the
letters M, D, A and S in a temporary position or it is hard to pronounce
if it is PEDMSA.
Speakers of British English often use "BODMAS" instead,
which stands for "Brackets, Orders, Division and Multiplication, and
Addition and Subtraction". Since "brackets" are the same as
parentheses and "orders" are the same as exponents, the two
acronyms mean the same thing.
We use PEMDAS to prevent confusion in solving problems if
there are more than one operation on how to solve it.

15. SCIENCE FACTS
Circulatory System
I. Knowing the circulatory system better.
Words that may help you connect to the circulatory system:
BLOOD CIRCULATION
HEART CELLS VESSELS
II. How does the circulatory system works?
Ways of blood in the circulatory system
• Blood goes into three paths, the blood vessels: the arteries, capillaries
is and the veins.
- Veins carries blood towards the heart
- Arteries carries blood away from the heart
- Capillaries connects the arterioles ( of arteries) and venules
( of veins)and where gas exchange happens.
Facts about Blood and the Circulatory System
• Circulatory system is connected to digestive system and other systems
of the body like excretory system.
• This system was alike from the word “circulation” that means
movement to and fro over and over again in a closed system.
• Blood will be sent to different parts of our body to deliver the nutrients
it has collected.
• Take this noted: The blood does not only collect nutrients along its way,
it can also collect waste products. These wastes will also be delivered
to the place they are designated.
• Blood’s composition: 90% fluidity and 10% wastes, antibody and
hormones.
• In our blood specifically in the red blood cells , we have a protein called
hemoglobin. Each hemoglobin protein contains 4 iron atoms that bind
to oxygen. This is how oxygen is carried round our blood stream. Iron
is what makes our blood red.

16. III. Heart is the center of the circulatory system. Learn more about the
heart!!
• Heart have 4 chambers for different uses, usually when it starts to
pump these 4 chambers will be the passage or pumper of blood
heading away and even moving forward to the heart.
• 2 chambers are the ventricles: the right and the left
• The right ventricles pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through
the pulmonary artery.
• After the deoxygenated blood become oxygenated it goes back to the
heart (certain part: left atrium to the left ventricle) through the
pulmonary vein so it can be delivered to the body by passing on the
Aorta.
• 2 chambers above are the atrium: the right and the left
- The right atrium becomes the passage where the deoxygenated
blood goes to the right ventricle
- The left atrium will receive the oxygenated blood from the
pulmonary vein then goes to the left ventricle to be pumped and
be deoxygenated.
• Pumped oxygenated blood goes back to the heart in the right atrium
to the right ventricle as a deoxygenated blood by superior and inferior
vena cava.
• When blood is deoxygenated that mean it has no oxygen and
nutrients to feed up the cells of
IV. Focusing on Cells
• Circulatory system has cellular parts.
• Those cellular parts are platelets, red blood cells and white blood
cells.
– Platelets are the one responsible for healing of wounds
– Red blood cells carries oxygen and contains hemoglobin (
needed for transport oxygen)
– White blood cells are the fighter of germs in our body.

17. V. Diseases of the Circulatory system.
• Arteriosclerosis- fatty deposits in the arteries causes the walls to
stiffen and thicken. This can block the blood flow that can lead to heart
attack or stroke. Symptoms are chest pain, pain in the leg, arm or any
part, shortness of breath, fatigue, confusion and muscles weakens.
• Hypertension- known as high blood pressure that causes the heart to
work harder and can lead to heart attack. No symptoms can be
applied because hypertension are usually silent.
• Rheumatic Fever- attack valves that controls the blood flows through
the heart. Incomplete development of the heart may result to
congenital heart disorder. fever. Symptoms are painful tender joints in
the ankles, knees, elbows, and wrists, pain in one joint that moves to
another joint, red, hot, swollen joints, small nodules (bumps) under the
skin that don't hurt, chest pain, rapid fluttering or pounding chest
palpitations and fatigue.
• Stroke- when the brain cannot get enough oxygen because the blood
supply is blocked, brain cells die. This causes a certain part of the
body to freeze. Symptoms are face droop or numbness, speech
difficulties and weakness of muscle on one side.
• Heart failure- severe failure of the heart to function properly, especially
as a cause of death. Symptoms are Shortness of breath (dyspnea)
when you exert yourself or when you lie down, fatigue and weakness,
swelling (edema) in your legs, ankles and feet, rapid or irregular
heartbeat, reduced ability to exercise, persistent cough or wheezing
with white or pink blood-tinged phlegm.
VI. Secrets for having a healthy circulatory system.
1. Engage in physical activity.
2. Quit smoking and using tobacco.
3. Balanced diet.
4. Avoid drinking alcoholic drinks.

18. The Ecosystem
Ecology is the science that deals with the relationship and
interaction of living things with other living things with non-living things
and environment.
Ecology comes from the Greek words:
Οἶκος means "house"
-λογία means "study of“
Ecosystem is the interaction between biotic and abiotic
components or physical component in a given place.
Biotic components are the living things. The biotic components
are composed by producers, consumers, and decomposers.
Consumers or heterotrophs/ other feeders obtain
nutrients from producers or other organisms. Consumers can
be classified into three groups which are:
* Herbivores – Herbivores eats plants and does not
feed on meat.
* Carnivores – Carnivores eats the meat of herbivores
and other carnivores.
* Omnivores – Omnivores eat both plants and meat of
animals.
Decomposers get nutrients from dead organic matter
like fallen leaves and bodies of dead animals. Bacteria and
fungi are decomposers.
Abiotic components are non-living components of an ecosystem
such as water, minerals, sunlight, air, climate and soil. It is needed by
living things in order to survive. It also determines the survival, growth
and the adaptation of the living organisms.

19. Water – For drinking and other uses, all living organisms need water to
survive. People need approximately 2.0 – 3.0 liters of water everyday.
Water covers about 70% of the earths’s surface. It is abundant in
many parts of the world, such as in tropical forests, and scarce in
other parts, such as in deserts.
Light - Without light, plants will not be able to produce food.
During the process of a photosynthesis, plants that contain clorophyll (
a green pigment) convert light into chemical energy in the form of
food.
Air – Nitrogen is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere
(78%), followed by oxygen (21%) and carbon monoxide (0.03%).
Plants, animals and other living things need oxygen from the air, and
plants need carbon dioxide. Nitrogen is needed to fertilize the soil.
Temperature – Temperature changes affect many life
processes in both plants and animals. It sets a limit where an
organism can survive. Temperature also sets off natural process in the
non-living world which in turn affect living things. The weather
changes, water cycle, weathering of a rock and soil and certain
chemical reactions are examples of natural processes triggered by
temperature.
Organisms must cope with the changes in temperature in order
to survive. Coping sometimes means entering a period of inactivity
called the dormant stage. Hibernation and estivation are examples
of animal inactivity. Hibernation takes place during winter and
estivation during summer. Some animals cope with temperature
changes by moving out of the place or area. Bird Migration is an
example. Another example is the sex of the crocodile. It is
determined by the temperature at which the egg is incubated.
Soil – Plants get the necessary nutrients they need from the
minerals in the soil. The soil most appropriate for plants is classifieds
as loam. Most organisms need a substrate or surface on which to live.
Soil provides the substrate for many organisms.
Relationship among organisms is called symbiosis. There are
four kinds of symbiosis.
Mutualism is the relationship of two organisms that
benefits from each other. An example are plants and humans. Human

20. gives off carbon dioxide which are used by plants to make food
while plants give off oxygen that are needed by humans.
Commensalism is a relationship in which only one of
two organisms is benefited while the other one is not, but no
harm comes to it. An example is barnacles and an oyster. The
barnacles attach themselves to the shell of an oyster and are
able to filter food from the surrounding water without harming
the oyster. They are not carried along by currents and tides.
Parasitism is the relationship between two organisms
where one (the parasite) obtains food from the other (the host),
thus reducing the host’s available food. The parasite benefits
the disadvantage of the host. An example is a pig and a
tapeworm. The host pig loses nutrients to the tapeworm and is
subject to various diseases, and the tapeworm benefits.
Predation is the relationship in which one animal preys
on another. In predation, the prey is usually a smaller animal
than the predator. An example is a lion eating a deer. The
lion is the predator and the deer is the prey.
Competition happens when two animals compete for
the same resource . There are two types of competion. These
are:
Interspecific competition – when two animals of
different species compete with each other for the same
resource.
Intraspecific Competition – when two animals of
same species compete with each other for the same resource.

21. A food chain is the sequence of who eats whom in a biological
community (an ecosystem) to obtain nutrition. A food chain starts with
the primary energy source, usually the sun or boiling-hot deep sea
vents.
Food web is a system of interlocking and inter - dependent food
chains.
Human activities, nature and overpopulation interrupts the
ecosystem. Human activities that interrupts the ecosystem are mining,
intensive farming, intensive fishing and not disposing garbage properly.
Flooding, earthquake, volcanic eruption and others are activities of
nature that interrupts the ecosystem while overpopulation causes
habitat loss and climate change (but there are now
programs/campaigns to help conserve and preserve the ecosystem
and the environment).

22. The transfer of energy from one organism to another is not
100% efficient. The amount of energy available at each successive level
is called trophic level. It becomes progressively less. For example, the
chicken (look again at the picture) consumed 1000 units of plant
materials, but only 10% or 100 units of the stored energy in plants are
used up when the chicken respires and makes tissues. When the boy
eats the chicken, only about 10% or 10 units of energy stored in chicken
tissues are utilized for his respiration, growth and maintenance.
In an ecosystem, the primary consumers, or herbivores, eat
plants. The herbivores have much less energy available to them than
the plants originally produced in photosynthesis. Only 10% of the
energy obtained by plants is available for herbivores’ growth of new
tissues, locomotion, and other activities. With all these animal
activities, the energy is converted to heat.
The secondary consumers, the carnivores, obtain energy
from herbivores. The energy here is much less than that taken in by
the herbivores. The pyramid next page illustrates this transfer of
energy in the ecosystem.