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Developmental Psychology Theoretical Perspectives (Feldman 4e)
1.
Copyright © 2018,
2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Discovering the Life Span Fourth Edition Chapter 1 Introduction Module 1.2 Theoretical Perspective on Lifespan Development
2.
Copyright © 2018,
2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Theoretical Perspectives •Psychodynamic •Behavioral •Cognitive Perspectives •The Humanistic •Contextual Approach •Evolutionary Perspectives
3.
Copyright © 2018,
2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Psychodynamic Approach – Focusing on the inner person Behavior is motivated by inner focus, memories, and conflicts of which a person has little awareness or control. • Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory • Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
4.
Copyright © 2018,
2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory • Suggests unconscious forces determine personality and behavior • Personality has three aspects: – Id (pleasure principle) – Ego (reality principle) – Superego (conscience) • Psychosexual development – Series of stages – pleasure, or gratification, is focused on a particular biological function and body part – Fixation might occur
5.
Copyright © 2018,
2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory • Focuses on changes in our under- standing of individuals, their interactions with others, and their standing as members of society • Series of stages –Each stage presents a crisis –No crisis is ever fully resolved –Erikson believed that development continued throughout the life span
6.
Copyright © 2018,
2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Psychodynamic Approach: Focusing on the Inner Person (6 of 6) •Assessing the Psychodynamic Perspective – Current research: ▪Supports unconscious influences behavior ▪Does not support that progress through stages determine adult personalities – Erikson’s view that development is lifelong is supported – Erikson focused on men more than women – Psychodynamic perspective provides good description of past behavior but imprecise predictions of future behavior
7.
Copyright © 2018,
2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Behavioral Perspective: Focusing on Observable Behavior The keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment. • Classical Conditioning • Operant Condition
8.
Copyright © 2018,
2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Behavioral Perspective in Contrast to the Psychodynamic Perspective •People do not pass through stages •Development occurs because of exposure to specific factors in the environment •Quantitative (concrete), not qualitative (inferred)
9.
Copyright © 2018,
2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Classical Conditioning • Type of learning in which an organism responds to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response – Little Albert, conditioned fear of a white rat
10.
Copyright © 2018,
2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Operant Conditioning • Learning a voluntary response based on whether or not the consequence is positive or negative. – B. F. Skinner and behavior modification – People must operate in their environments to produce a consequence or change in the environment. – People are instrumental in producing change in their environments.
11.
Copyright © 2018,
2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Social-Cognitive Learning Perspective •Learning through imitation and observation – Albert Bandura and the bobo doll •Assessing the Behavioral Perspective – The mind is a black box where nothing occurs inside. – Social-cognitive theory argues that mental activity sets people apart – Social-cognitive theory has come to predominate over classical and operant conditioning
12.
Copyright © 2018,
2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Cognitive Perspective: Examining the Roots of Understanding Focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world. • Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development • Information Processing Theory • Cognitive Neuroscience
13.
Copyright © 2018,
2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development – Proposed people move through fixed stages – In each stage, quantity and quality of information grows – Proposed thinking is arranged in schemes – Proposed growth of children’s understanding is due to: ▪Assimilation ▪Accommodation
14.
Copyright © 2018,
2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Information Processing Approaches –Seek to identify the ways individuals take in, use, and store information –Theory grew out of computer age ▪Assumption that complex behaviors can be broken into steps ▪Cognitive growth is more quantitative than qualitative ▪Aging results in better control in mental processing –Neo-Piagetian theory ▪Suggests development occurs in certain areas quickly ▪Places more focus on the impact of experience in cognitive development
15.
Copyright © 2018,
2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cognitive Neuroscience Approaches • Cognitive Neuroscientist – Look at cognitive development through brain processes – Seek to identify locations and functions in the brain for cognitive activities Neuroscientists found evidence that the brains of children with autism spectrum disorder are somewhat larger than those of children without the disorder. This finding might help identify cases of autism spectrum disorder early, allowing for more effective intervention and treatment.
16.
Copyright © 2018,
2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Humanistic Perspective: Concentrating on Uniquely Human Qualities Contends that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their behavior
17.
Copyright © 2018,
2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Humanistic Perspective: Concentrating on Uniquely Human Qualities • The ability and motivation to reach one’s full potential • Free will (the ability to make choices and make decisions) • Carl Rogers: a need for positive regard • Abraham Maslow: self-actualization
18.
Copyright © 2018,
2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
19.
Copyright © 2018,
2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Contextual Approach: Taking a Broad Approach to Development Considers relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds • Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Approach to Development • Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
20.
Copyright © 2018,
2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Approach to Development • Five levels of environment simultaneously influence individuals: – Microsystem – immediate environment – Mesosystem – connects aspects of microsystem – Exosystem – broad influences of local community – Macrosystem – larger cultural influences – Chronosystem - the passage of time
21.
Copyright © 2018,
2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Model
22.
Copyright © 2018,
2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory • Approach that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture ▪Argues children’s understanding of the world is due to interactions with others ▪Proposed culture must be taken in consideration ▪Focuses on reciprocal transactions
23.
Copyright © 2018,
2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Evolutionary Perspectives: Our Ancestors’ Contributions to Behavior Seeks to identify behavior in today’s humans that is a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors • Argues our genetic inheritance determines physical traits, personality traits, and social behaviors • Encompasses behavioral genetics, which studies the effects of heredity on behavior
24.
Copyright © 2018,
2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Why “Which Approach Is Right?” Is the Wrong Question LO 1.13 Explain the value of using multiple perspectives to describe human development. • Each perspective emphasizes a different aspect of development – Psychodynamic: Emotions, motivational conflicts, and unconscious determinants – Behavioral: Overt behavior – Cognitive and humanistic: What people think, not what they do – Contextual: Examines social and cultural influences – Evolutionary: Inherited biological factors • Each based on its own premise • Some developmentalists use eclectic approach
25.
Copyright © 2018,
2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Applying Lifespan Development What examples of human behavior have you seen that seem to have been inherited from our ancestors because they helped individuals survive and adapt more effectively? Why do you think they are inherited?