V. MARY FLORET PhD 1st ENTOMOLOGY

1. Research Supervisor
Dr. S. Manickavasagam
Professor
Advisory committee members
Dr. Arivudainambi Professor,
Department of Entomology
Dr. Arumugam Shakila,
Professor,
Research scholar
V.Mary floret

2. Traditional storage structure
Improved storage structures
Modern storage structures
Warehousing of food grains in
India
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3. • Food grain production increases @ 2%
• Population growth 1%.
• Total grain production 2017-18 --- 277.49 MT
• 60- 70% stored at home (Indigenous storage structures)
• Rest enters scientific storage system.
• Post harvest losses 10-12% (unscientific storage).
• Annual storage losses 14 MT Rs 7,000 cr.
10/23/2019
3Storage structures Dhaliwal et al., 2018

4. Harvesting Transport Storage Preprocessing Processing
& Packaging
Shattering
Molds
Birds
Spillage
Breakage
Insects
Mites
Rodents
Mould
Sprouting
Moisture migration
Broken
grains
Excessive
polishing
Microbes
Quality loss
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Source: IGSRI, 2019

5. 10/23/2019 5Storage structures
Dhaliwal et al., 2018

6. • Produce must be thoroughly cleaned & graded
PRODUCT SAFE MOISTURE CONTENT (%)
Cereals: maize flour 11.5
Maize shelled 13.5
Millet 16.0
Rice (milled) 13.0
Rice 15.0
Sorghum 13.5
Wheat 13.5
Wheat flour 12.0
Pulses: broad bean, cow pea 15.0 10/23/2019
6Storage structures
Source: IGSRI, 2019

7. In India there are three levels of storage.
1.) Farmers- large number/ small capacity.
2.) processing units – Small number/
medium capacity
3.) Government – Large quantity to store
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9
7Storage structures
Dhaliwal et al., 2018

8. •Grain is generally stored either in bags/ in
bulk.
Traditional storage structure
Improved storage structure
Modern storage structure
Farm Silos
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8Storage structures
Source: IGSRI, 2019

9. • Beginning in the early 6th century
Storage structures 10/23/2019
9
A painted wooden model of a
granary from Egypt around
2200BC
pyramids are made, with many chambers that are
hermetically sealed
www.google.com

10. 10/23/2019 10Storage structures

11. 10/23/2019 11Storage structures

12. • Traditional indoor structures (Capacity 100-1000kg) (Kanaja -
Bamboo structure)
Split bamboo woven in
the form of cylinder wide
base & narrow mouth.
plastered with mud and
cow dung.
Capacity- 5 quintals.
Life 4-5 yrs. Wt loss
due to insect attack 5
% Paddy & 15%
Sorghum
Paddy
Wheat
sorghum
10/23/201
9 12Storage structures Source: IGSRI,2019
AD: ≥TENSILE STRENGTH, FIRE RESISTANCE.
HIGH TEMP WITHSTAND 4000˚C

13. •
Local wood is painted
black. At the top, 30cm x
20 cm inlet and at the
bottom 30 cm x15cm
outlet is provided
Capacity – 10 q
Ad: reusable,
ecofriendly,
stakable.
15- 20 yrs. Neither
air tight or moisture
proof.
Pulses
seeds &
small qty
of grains.
10/23/2019
13Storage structures
Source: IGSRI, 2019

14. • Clay straw and
cow dung in
3:3:1 .
• Structures made
and sundried
and burnt in fire
• 5-10 q
• Remarks:
• 8-10yrs.
• During rainy
season develop
cracks, moisture
obsorbtion, insect
mould infestation.
10/23/201
9 14Storage structures
Source: IGSRI, 2019

15. Room made with
burnt clay bricks and
door.
-Thickness 40-50cm.
-At the top 50x 50 cm
inlet and at bottom 15
x15 cm outlet is
provided.
25-30 q
Remarks: 25-30 yrs.
High cost, not insect
proof and moisture
proof.
10/23/2019
15Storage structures
Source: IGSRI, 2019

16. Made of bamboo
strips,
circular/hexagonal
shape plastering
with mud, roof
made of loose
straw raised
platform.
After filling pit grain
covered with straw
and stone finlly with
mud.
C: 100-200 q
R: safe against
insects loss of seed
viability , handling
difficulties.
Cereals
Underground structures/ Gummi
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9
16Storage structures
Source: IGSRI, 2019

17. A. Padddy straw
• Make: Paddy
straw is wound in
the form of rope to
varying diameter
• Commodity stored:
Paddy, cereals &
pulses
• Capacity: 30-100
quintals
• Remarks: Not
insect & Rat proof.
B. Stem of vitex
and pigeon pea
stalks
• Make : Stem
wound like a bin
and both sides are
plasterd with mud
and cow dung.
• Commodity
stored: Paddy &
cereals.
• 1-2 Q
• Temporary
C. Bottle gourd
shells
• Empty shells are
used.
• Paddy gourd
seeds
• 2-5 kg
• Only small
quantity of seed
lots.
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Source: IGSRI, 2019

18. 10/23/2019 18Storage structures

19. • Central Institute of Agriculture
Engineering (CIAE).
• Bins 520 mm dia and 900 mm
height.
• Store 1.5 q of wheat /1.2q of
Bengal gram.
• Capacity: 150 kg
• Water proofing product
• Insulator
10/23/2019 19Storage structures Source: IGSRI, 2019

20. • Circular bins 2, 5, 7.2 and 10 q
capacities and have potential to
meet requirements of even large
farmers.
• Galvanized iron / aluminium
sheets-
• Capacity: 200-1000kg.
• Indian Grain Storage Institute.
10/23/201
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20Storage structures Source: IGSRI, 2019
Rust free and
corrosion

21. •40 mm thick stone slabs
with dimensions of 680 x
1200 mm with square
cross-section.
•Inlet and outlet are made
of asbestos.
•Bin capacity of 3.8 q.
10/23/2019 21Storage structures
Source: IGSRI, 2019

22. 10/23/2019 22Storage structures Dhaliwal et al.,
2018
Earth/ sun-dried
bricks
•Rectangular, mud bin.
•C: 1-3T
•Polyethylene film 700gauge
•Widely adopted - India.

23. • Two walls of bamboo with polythene lining in between
and have varying capacities.
• Bins suitable for short – duration storage adopted by
small and marginal farmers.
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9
23
Storage structures Source: IGSRI, 2019

24. • 7q capacity (paddy) made of 16 burnt rings
jointed by mud plaster; cement mortar and
cow dung coatings one after another.
• Outlet provided for discharge of the grain.
• Top covered with mild steel lid.
• low cost and good performance
• Useful for small and marginal farmers who
do not store produce for longer duration.
10/23/2019
24Storage structures Source: IGSRI, 2019

25. • Made of steel, Aluminium R.C.C.
• Fire and moisture proof.
• Long durability.
• Capacity ; 1 to 10 tonnes.
• Steel and aluminium bins - circular .
• Capacity 500 to 4000 T.
• Facilities for loading and unloading .
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Storage structures
Source: IGSRI, 2019

26. •Made from green
bamboo splits into
suitable sizes.
• Tunnel, outlet flap valve
and complete stand -
fabricated in a workshop.
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Storage structures
Source: IGSRI, 2019

27.  “CAP” Cover And Plinth, short temporary storage
Open short term storage, FCI
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Storage structures Dhaliwal et al., 2018
Wooden dunnage
LDPE sheets (Low Density
Poly ethelene sheet)
Raised plinth 0.6 m from ground)

28. Capacity: Sheets 3m high held
vertically along one edge & edges of
other sheets, overlaped and bolted
each other.
Circle with 2-4 m dia, completed
with many sheets.
Commodity stored: Various types
of grains
Capacity: vary
Remarks: Temporary
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28Storage structures
Dhaliwal et al., 2018
M.S / G.I Sheets

29. • Storing and preservation on scientific lines in
godowns till issued to consumer.
• Bags cannot be just dumped inside the godown,
• Proper stacking ensures free access to the stocks in
all parts of the godown
• Inspection helps in effective disinfestation work.
•
10/23/2019 29Storage structures
Source: IGSRI, 2019

30. 10/23/2019 30Storage structures

31. • Conventional godowns (shed) designed for bagged storage,
• SILO- tall tower/pit on farm used to store grain.
• Grain, coal, cement, carbon black, woodchips, food products and sawdust.
Shallow bin
Squat silos come under
shallow bins.
Squat silo has a wall
height to diameter ratio
0.5 or even less.
Deep bin
Vertical silos
come under this
category.
10/23/2019 31Storage structures
Singh et al., 2016

32. •Rein forced concrete silos.
•Prestressed concrete silos.
•Aluminium sheet.
•Fibre Reinforced Polymer Silos.
•Concrete block silos
•In India mild steel bins and RCC bins quit
common
10/23/2019 32Storage structures
Singh et al., 2016

33. • Flat bottom silos
• Hopper bottom silos
• Bag silos
• Stainless steel silos
• Bunker silos
• Bolted & welded steel silos
• Elevated silos
• Tower silos
• Transportable silos
• Lipp silo
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www.google.co.in

34. 10/23/2019
34Storage structures
Average moisture content below 12.5

35. 10/23/2019 35Storage structures
www.google.co.in

36. Hopper bottom silos: 10 -1500T
Hopper Angle: 45 or 60 degrees
No need of sweep augurs.
Monitorig Device, Discharge Gates
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www.google.co.in

37. SMOOTH WALL SILOS
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www.google.co.in
Designed to store grain, pellets, soya, dust/by-products
Galvanised steel ,
BOLTED STEEL SILO
C 200-250 t
Galvanized panals

38. 10/23/2019 38Storage structures
www.google.co.in
Corrugated steel plates
Man power alone
No machinaries /cranes
Most common silo, cylindrical
10 to 90 ft in diameter and 30 to 275 ft in height.
Made masonry, wood /metal.
Mechanical loader or a large capacity of blower
rerquired.
Discharged with air slides /augers. Silos can be
unloaded into rail cars, trucks or conveyors.

39. Made in areas where soil is deep and water table is low
10/23/2019 39Storage structures
www.google.co.in
 Defensive military fortification designed protect valued
materials (Bombs, other attacks)
Used extensively world war I, II and cold war
 Trench bunker- Small structure. Low volume storage, low
investment

40. 10/23/2019 40Storage structures
www.google.co.in
Galvanized base & Zincalume walls & roof

41. • Durable: One time investment – Long term storage.
• Corrosion Resistant: withstand corrosion
• Thermal reflective: Reflect solar heat to reduce heat
radiations inside silo
• Aerated: induce cooling Natural Air Drying
• Good condition monitoringEquipment: Temparature
sensing cables with software
• Closed loop fumigation system with tablet dispensers.
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Is: 73-2014

42. • Types of failures
• Complete structural collape
• Cracks in concrete walls
• Dents in steel shells
• Failures due to desigh errors
• Construction errors (-Poor workmanship, Chnages in
design)
• Improper maintainance
10/23/201
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42Storage structures Singh et al., 2016

43. INDIA
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Fiber glass – build roof
Structure of warehouse made by steel

44. Bag storage
• Warehousing (house-type structures)
• Permanent plinths (outdoor storage with bags) stacked on plinths and
covered by tarpaulins)
Bulk storage
• Concrete silos- steel silos
• Bag silos-bunker silo
• Bag-cum-bulk-standard warehouse with grain stored in bulk within
bag walls.
10/23/2019 44Storage structures Is: 73-2014

45. • Grain packed in jute bags stacked in warehouses.
• Most popular storage system in India (followed by FCI, CWC, State
warehousing corporations)
• Capacities have been estimated basis of 22 bags high stacks of 50 kg
capacity each.
10/23/2019 45Storage structures Singh et al., 2016

46. 10/23/2019 46Storage structures
Different types of staking

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48. Type of godown Capacity in MT Internal dimensions in metres
Length Breadth
Small 1000 35.5 18
2500 97.19 14.48
Large 5000 129.74 21.34
10/23/2019 48Storage structures
Singh et al., 2016

49. • 55% Aluminium-zinc alloy coated sheet steel (better know as GALVALUME).
• Steel sheet 914mm wide (tolerance ± 2mm) having minimum thickness 1mm (+/- 0.02
mm), minimum yield strength of 350 Mpa, alloy coated (55% aluminium, 43.5% zinc
and 1.5% silicon) on both sides is recommended for roofing.
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51.  Food corporation of India
Central Warehousing
Corporation
State Warehousing Corporation
Grain marketing Co-0peratives
State government agencies
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Is: 73-2014

52. BAGS VS BULK STORAGE
Bags Bulk
Mechanization – partly Fully mechanized
Slow handling Rapid handling
Considerable spillage Little spillage
Low capital cost High capital cost
High operating cost Low operation cost
Easy inspection Inspection more difficult
Fumigation not effective Fumigation very effective
10/23/2019 52Storage structures
Is: 73-2014

53. BULK STORAGE OF GRAINS
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Is: 73-2014

54. BULK CARRIER TRAIN
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SILO BAG
www.googlee.co.in

55. TOP LOADING BOTTOM
DISCHARGE WAGONS
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Sweep Augers
Horizontal and
inclined movement
Vertical lifting of grains

56. Storage structures 10/23/2019 56
Controlled Atmospheric Storage
Modified atmospheric package

57. Storage structures 10/23/2019 57
High Density Polythene Bag

58. TAKE HOME MESSAGE
Storage structures 10/23/2019 58
TRADITIONAL IMPROVED
MODERN

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