key concepts about motivation

1. Motivation
Dr. Amjad Idries

2. Motivation theories
• Psychological process,
• Role of psychological contract

3. Satisfaction
• Satisfaction lead to motivation,
• Mental health,
• Productivity

4. Incentive
• Motivation linked to reward and
encouragement,
• Depends on:
–individuals valued the reward,
–identify the right reward,
–performance could be measured,

5. Fundamentals
• Individual’s expectations and beliefs,
• Depends on different needs within certain
order:
– Self-actualization,
– Esteem,
– Belongings,
– Safety,
– Physiological

6. Maslow theory – Hierarchy of needs
Known as content theory, needs in order are 9:
• Biological,
• Safety,
• Affiliation,
• Esteem,
• To know and understand,
• Aesthetic,
• Transcendence,
• Freedom for expression and enquiry,
• Self-actualization,

7. This theory built on:
• Need could not motivate unless the lower were
satisfied,
• When satisfied will not a motivator,
• Lack of satisfaction affect the mental health,
• Tendency to go up the hierarchy,
• Achieving self-actualization motivate for more.
However:
• It is vague, cannot predict behavior, its relevance
in different settings is not clear.

8. Lawler - Expectancy theory (cognitive)
• Motivators linked to their expected and
preferred outcomes from the action and
dynamic model,
• Consideration to psychological factors,

9. Job enrichment
• More responsibility,
• Promotion,
• Sense of achievements,
• Planning,
• Control of work,
• Matching tasks with skills,
• Direct contact with costumers,
• More autonomy,
• Transfer of authorities,

10. This theory built on:
• Persons take conscious and rational
decisions to what matters (more
subjectivity),
• Explain why there is differences,
• Help in measuring the individuals
motivation,
• Good performance lead to satisfaction,
• Consider the feedback loop,

11. However:
• Focus on the internal world,
• What if the work linked to more than one
thing,
• Very complex,
• Role of coercion and job insecurity
neglected,

12. Herzberg - Two-factor theory
• Focus on motivators and maintenance (pay,
supervision, security, rules),
• Considerations for job enrichment by
incorporating motivating factors into the job

13. Theory X
• Autocratic,
• People:
must be coerced,
need to be led,
self-centered,
resistant to change,
it consider the management as responsible for
production,
give directives,
• People need to be: rewarded, punished, controlled

14. Theory Y
• Humanistic and supportive approach,
• People:
 not passive but due to experience,
 have the capacity to achieve the goals if motivated,
• Management should organize and harmonize
the efforts,