Stainless steel piping

Piping and Plant Design
Academy

Stainless Steel Piping

Amir Razmi
2017

021214 Design Guidelines 1/24/03 9:08 AM Page 1

CONTENTS
lntroduction ............................................1
ldentification of Stainless Steel ...............1
Guidelines for Selection..........................5
Corrosion Resistance..............................5
Material Selection .............................5
Mechanical & Physical Properties..........9
Austenitic ..........................................9
Ferritic ...............................................9
Martensitic ......................................11
Precipitation Hardening..................12
Properties..............................................14
Thermal Stability....................................14
Low-Temperature Mechanical
Properties........................................16
Heat Transfer Properties.......................17
Sizes, Shapes, and Finishes.................18
Fabrication ............................................18
Hot Forming ..........................................18
Cold Forming ........................................25
Machining .............................................27
Joining...................................................28
Welding...........................................28
Soldering.........................................29
Brazing............................................29
Fastening ........................................29
Surface Protection & Cleaning .............30
Appendix A
Corrosion Characteristics...............31
Appendix B
Figures............................................35
References ...........................................52
The Specialty Steel lndustry of North
America (SSINA) and the individual
companies it represents have made
every effort to ensure that the information
presented in this handbook is technically
correct. However, neither the SSlNA nor
its member companies warrants the
accuracy of the information contained in
this handbook or its suitability for any
general and specific use, and assumes
no liability or responsibility of any kind in
connection with the use of this information.
The reader is advised that the material
contained herein should not be used or
relied on for any specific or general
applications without first securing
competent advice.
11-02-18

1
INTRODUCTION
Stainless steels are iron-base alloys containing 10.5% or more
chromium. They have been used for many industrial, architectural,
chemical, and consumer applications for over a half century. Currently
there are being marketed a number of stainless steels originally
recognized by the American lron and Steel lnstitute (AISI) as standard
alloys. Also commercially available are proprietary stainless steels
with special characteristics. (See Appendix A.)
With so many stainless steels from which to choose, designers
should have a ready source of information on the characteristics and
capabilities of these useful alloys. To fill this need, the Committee of
Stainless Steel Producers initially prepared this booklet. The data
was reviewed and updated by the Specialty Steel lndustry of North
America (SSINA). Written especially for design engineers, it presents
an overview of a broad range of stainless steels — both standard and
proprietary — their compositions, their properties, their fabrication,
and their use. More detailed information on the standard grades,
with special emphasis on the manufacture, finish designations and
dimensional and weight tolerances of the product forms in which
they are marketed, is contained in the lron and Steel Society of the
AlME (the American lnstitute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum
Engineers) “Steel Products Manual — Stainless and Heat Resisting
Steels.” The AlME undertook the publication, updating and sale of
this manual after the AlSl discontinued publication in 1986.
Reference is often made to stainless steel in the singular sense as
if it were one material. Actually there are well over 100 stainless steel
alloys. Three general classifications are used to identify stainless
steels. They are: 1. Metallurgical Structure; 2. The AlSl numbering
system: namely 200, 300, and 400 Series numbers; 3. The Unified
Numbering System, which was developed by American Society for
Testing Materials (ASTM) and Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)
to apply to all commerical metals and alloys.
There are also a number of grades known by common names that
resemble AlSl designations and these are recognized by ASTM.
These common names, which are neither trademarks nor closely
associated with a single producer, are shown and identified in the
tables. These common (non-AISI) names also appear in the ASTM
specification. Nearly all stainless steels used in North America have
UNS designations.
On the following pages there is a description of these classifications.
Tables 1-5 list stainless steels according to metallurgical structure:
austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, precipitation hardening, and duplex.
3050 K Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20007
TEL: (202) 342-8630 or (800) 982-0355
FAX: (202) 342-8631
http://www.ssina.com

2
Austenitic stainless steels (Table 1)
containing chromium and nickel are
identified as 300 Series types. Alloys
containing chromium, nickel and
manganese are identified as 200 Series
types. The stainless steels in the austenitic
group have different compositions and
properties, but many common character-
istics. They can be hardened by cold
working, but not by heat treatment. In the
annealed condition, all are essentially
nonmagnetic, although some may
become slightly magnetic by cold
working. They have excellent corrosion
resistance, unusually good formability,
and increase in strength as a result of
cold work.
Type 304 (sometimes referred to as
18-8 stainless) is the most widely used
alloy of the austenitic group. It has a
nominal composition of 18% chromium
and 8% nickel.
Ferritic stainless steels (Table 2) are
straight-chromium 400 Series types that
cannot be hardened by heat treatment,
and only moderately hardened by cold
working. They are magnetic, have good
ductility and resistance to corrosion and
oxidation. Type 430 is the general-purpose
stainless of the ferritic group.
Martensitic stainless steels (Table 3)
are straight-chromium 400 Series types
that are hardenable by heat treatment.
They are magnetic. They resist corrosion
in mild environments. They have fairly
good ductility, and some can be heat
treated to tensile strengths exceeding
200,000 psi (1379 MPa).
Type 410 is the general-purpose alloy
of the martensitic group.
Precipitation-hardening stainless
steels (Table 4) are chromium-nickel
types, some containing other alloying
elements, such as copper or aluminum.
They can be hardened by solution
treating and aging to high strength.
Duplex stainless steels (Table 5) have
an annealed structure which is typically
about equal parts of austenite and ferrite.
Although not formally defined, it is
generally accepted that the lesser phase
will be at least 30% by volume.
Duplex stainless steels offer several
advantages over the common austenitic
stainless steels. The duplex grades are
highly resistant to chloride stress
corrosion cracking, have excellent pitting
and crevice corrosion resistance and
exhibit about twice the yield strength as
conventional grades. Type 329 and 2205
are typical alloys.
With respect to the Unified Numbering
System, the UNS designations are
shown alongside each AlSl type number,
in Tables 1-5, except for four stainless
steels (see Table 4) for which UNS
designations only are listed.
Table 1
AUSTENITIC
STAINLESS STEELS
Equivalent Equivalent
TYPE UNS TYPE UNS
201 S20100 310 S31000
202 S20200 310S S31008
205 S20500 314 S31400
301 S30100 316 S31600
302 S30200 316L S31603
302B S30215 316F S31620
303 S30300 316N S31651
303Se S30323 317 S31700
304 S30400 317L S31703
304L S30403 317LMN S31726
302HQ S30430 321 S32100
304N S30451 330 NO8330
305 S30500 347 S34700
308 S30800 348 S34800
309 S30900 384 S38400
309S S30908
Table 3
MARTENSITIC
STAINLESS STEELS
TYPE UNS TYPE UNS
403 S40300 420F S42020
410 S41000 422 S42200
414 S41400 431 S43100
416 S41600 440A S44002
416Se S41623 440B S44003
420 S42000 440C S44004
Table 4
PRECIPITATION HARDENING
STAINLESS STEELS
UNS UNS
S13800 S17400
S15500 S17700
Table 5
DUPLEX
STAINLESS STEELS
Type/Name UNS
329 S32900
2205 S31803
2205 (hi N) S32205
Table 2
FERRITIC STAINLESS STEELS
TYPE UNS TYPE UNS
405 S40500 430FSe S43023
409 S40900 434 S43400
429 S42900 436 S43600
430 S43000 442 S44200
430F S43020 446 S44600

3
AUSTENITIC
304
General
Purpose
202
N & Mn
partially
replaces
Ni
302B
Si added
to increase
scaling
resistance
205
N & Mn
partially
replaces
Ni
201
N & Mn
partially
replaces
Ni
317
More
Mo & Cr
added for
better
corrosion
resistance
316
Mo added
to increase
corrosion
resistance
309S
309S
CR & Ni
increased
for high
temperature
308
Higher
CR & Ni
used
primarily
for welding
302
Higher C
for increased
strength
305
Ni increased
to lower
work
hardening
303
S added
to improve
machining
301
Cr & Ni
lowered to
increase
work
hardening
317L
C reduced
for
welding
316L
C reduced
for
welding
310S
310S
Same as
309 only
more so
347
Cb
added
to prevent
carbide
precip..
321
Ti added
to prevent
carbide
precip.
304L
C reduced
even
further
384
More Ni
to lower
work
hardening
303Se
Se added
for better
machined
surfaces
317LMN
Mo added
N added
316N
N added
to
increase
strength
314
Si increased
for highest
heat
resistance
348
Ta & Co
restricted
for nuclear
applications
304N
N added
to increase
strength
S30430
Cu added
to improve
cold
working
316F
S & P
increased
to improve
machining
330
Ni added
to resist
carburization
& thermal
shock
Al — Aluminum P — Phosphorus
C — Carbon S — Sulfur
Cr — Chromium Se — Selenium
Cb — Columbium Si — Silicon
Co — Cobalt Ta — Tantalum
Cu — Copper Ti — Titanium
Mn — Manganese V — Vanadium
Mo — Molybdenum W — Tungsten
N — Nitrogen SCC — Stress - Corrosion
Ni — Nickel Cracking

4
FERRITIC
430
General
Purpose
446
Cr
increased
to improve
scaling
resistance
442
Cr
increased
to improve
scaling
resistance
429
Slightly
Less Cr
for better
weldability
405
Lower Cr
AI added
to prevent
hardening
when colled
from elevated
temperatures
409
Lower Cr
Primarily
used for
automotive
exhaust
430F
P & S
added for
improved
machining
434
Mo added
for improved
corrosion
resistance
in auto trim
430F Se
Se added
for better
machined
surfaces
436
Mo. Cb added
for corrosion
& heat
resistance &
improved
roping
MARTENSITIC
410
General
Purpose
431
Cr increased
Ni added
for corrosion
resistance
Good
Mechan.
Properties
414
Ni added
for better
corrosion
resistance
403
Select
quality
for turbines
and highly
stressed
parts
420
Increased
C to
improve
mechanical
properties
416
P & S
increased
to improve
machining
440C
C increased
for highest
hardness
Cr increased
for corrosion
resistance
422
Strength &
toughness to
1200F via
addition of
Mo, V, W
416 Se
Se added
for better
machined
surface
440B
C decreased
slightly to
improve
toughness
420F
P & S
increased
to improve
machining
440A
Same as
440B only
more so
Al — Aluminum P — Phosphorus
C — Carbon S — Sulfur
Cr — Chromium Se — Selenium
Cb — Columbium Si — Silicon
Co — Cobalt Ta — Tantalum
Cu — Copper Ti — Titanium
Mn — Manganese V — Vanadium
Mo — Molybdenum W — Tungsten
N — Nitrogen SCC — Stress - Corrosion
Ni — Nickel Cracking

5
GUIDELINES FOR SELECTION
Stainless steels are engineering
materials with good corrosion resistance,
strength, and fabrication characteristics.
They can readily meet a wide range of
design criteria — load, service life, low
maintenance, etc. Selecting the proper
stainless steel essentially means
weighing four elements. In order of
importance, they are:
1. Corrosion or Heat Resistance —
the primary reason for specifying
stainless. The specifier needs to know
the nature of the environment and the
degree of corrosion or heat resistance
required.
2. Mechanical Properties — with
particular emphasis on strength at room,
elevated, or low temperature. Generally
speaking, the combination of corrosion
resistance and strength is the basis for
selection.
3. Fabrication Operations — and
how the product is to be made is a third-
level consideration. This includes forging,
machining, forming, welding, etc.
4. Total Cost — in considering total
cost, it is appropriate to consider not only
material and production costs, but the
life cycle cost including the cost-saving
benefits of a maintenance-free product
having a long life expectancy.
CORROSION RESISTANCE
Chromium is the alloying element that
imparts to stainless steels their corrosion-
resistance qualities by combining with
oxygen to form a thin, invisible chromium-
oxide protective film on the surface.
(Figure 1. Figures are shown in Appendix
B.) Because the passive film is such an
important factor, there are precautions
which must be observed in designing
stainless steel equipment, in
manufacturing the equipment, and in
operation and use of the equipment, to
avoid destroying or disturbing the film.
In the event that the protective (passive)
film is disturbed or even destroyed, it
will, in the presence of oxygen in the
environment, reform and continue to give
maximum protection.
The protective film is stable and
protective in normal atmospheric or mild
aqueous environments, but can be
improved by higher chromium, and by
molybdenum, nickel, and other alloying
elements. Chromium improves film
stability; molybdenum and chromium
increase resistance to chloride
penetration; and nickel improves film
resistance in some acid environments.
Material Selection
Many variables characterize a
corrosive environment — i.e. chemicals
and their concentration, atmospheric
conditions, temperature, time — so it is
difficult to select which alloy to use
without knowing the exact nature of the
environment, However, there are
guidelines:
Type 304 serves a wide range of
applications. It withstands ordinary
rusting in architecture, it is resistant to
food processing environments (except
possibly for high-temperature conditions
involving high acid and chloride
contents), it resists organic chemicals,
dyestuffs, and a wide variety of inorganic
chemicals. Type 304 L (low carbon)
resists nitric acid well and sulfuric acids
at moderate temperature and
concentrations. It is used extensively for
storage of liquified gases, equipment for
use at cryogenic temperatures (304N),
appliances and other consumer
products, kitchen equipment, hospital
equipment, transportation, and waste-
water treatment.
Type 316 contains slightly more nickel
than Type 304, and 2-3% molybdenum
giving it better resistance to corrosion
than Type 304, especially in chloride
environments that tend to cause pitting.
Type 316 was developed for use in
sulfite pulp mills because it resists
sulfuric acid compounds. Its use has
been broadened, however, to handling
many chemicals in the process
industries.
Type 317 contains 3-4% molybdenum
(higher levels are also available in this
series) and more chromium than Type
316 for even better resistance to pitting
and crevice corrosion.
Type 430 has lower alloy content than
Type 304 and is used for highly polished
trim applications in mild atmospheres. It
is also used in nitric acid and food
processing.
Type 410 has the lowest alloy content
of the three general-purpose stainless
steels and is selected for highly stressed
parts needing the combination of
strength and corrosion resistance, such
as fasteners. Type 410 resists corrosion
in mild atmospheres, steam, and many
mild chemical environments.
2205 may have advantages over Type
304 and 316 since it is highly resistant to
chloride stress corrosion cracking and is
about twice as strong.
Table 6 lists the relative corrosion
resistance of the AlSl standard numbered
stainless steels in seven broad categories
of corrosive environments. Table 7 details
more specific environments in which
various grades are used, such as acids,
bases, organics, and pharmaceuticals.
The above comments on the suitability
of stainless steels in various environments
are based on a long history of successful
application, but they are intended only as
guidelines. Small differences in chemical
content and temperature, such as might
occur during processing, can affect
corrosion rates. The magnitude can be
considerable, as suggested by Figures 2
and 3. Figure 2 shows small quantities of
hydrofluoric and sulfuric acids having a
serious effect on Type 316 stainless steel
in an environment of 25% phosphoric
acid, and Figure 3 shows effects of
temperature on Types 304 and 316 in
very concentrated sulfuric acid.
Service tests are most reliable in
determining optimum material, and
ASTM G 4 is a recommended practice
for carrying out such tests. Tests should
cover conditions both during operation
and shutdown. For instance, sulfuric,
sulfurous and polythionic acid conden-
sates formed in some processes during
shutdowns may be more corrosive than
the process stream itself. Tests should
be conducted under the worst operating
conditions anticipated.
Several standard reference volumes
discuss corrosion and corrosion control,
including Uhlig’s Corrosion Handbook;
LaQue and Copsons’ Corrosion Resistance
Of Metals and Alloys; Fontana and
Greens’ Corrosion Engineering; A Guide
to Corrosion Resistance by Climax
Molybdenum Company; the Corrosion
Data Survey by the National Association
of Corrosion Engineers; and the ASM
Metals Handbook. Corrosion data,
specifications, and recommended
practices relating to stainless steels are
also issued by ASTM. Stainless steels
resist corrosion in a broad range of
conditions, but they are not immune to
every environment. For example, stainless
steels perform poorly in reducing
environments, such as 50% sulfuric
and hydrochloric acids at elevated
temperatures. The corrosive attack
experienced is a breakdown of the
protective film over the entire metal surface.
Such misapplications of stainless
steels are rare and are usually avoided.
The types of attack which are more likely
to be of concern are pitting, crevice
attack, stress corrosion cracking, and
intergranular corrosion, which are
discussed in Appendix A.

6
Table 6
Relative Corrosion Resistance of AISI Stainless Steels (1)
Mild Atmos- Atmospheric Chemical
TYPE UNS pheric and –––––––––––––––––––––––– ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Number Number Fresh Water Industrial Marine Miild Oxidizing Reducing
201 (S20100) x x x x x
202 (S20200) x x x x x
205 (S20500) x x x x x
301 (S30100) x x x x x
302 (S30200) x x x x x
302B (S30215) x x x x x
303 (S30300) x x x
303 Se (S30323) x x x x
304 (S30400) x x x x x
304L (S30403) x x x x x
(S30430) x x x x x
304N (S30451) x x x x x
305 (S30500) x x x x x
308 (S30800) x x x x x
309 (S30900) x x x x x
309S (S30908) x x x x x
310 (S31000) x x x x x
310S (S31008) x x x x x
314 (S31400) x x x x x
316 (S31600) x x x x x x
316F (S31620) x x x x x x
316L (S31603) x x x x x x
316N (S31651) x x x x x x
317 (S31700) x x x x x x
317L (S31703) x x x x x
321 (S32100) x x x x x
329 (S32900) x x x x x x
330 (N08330) x x x x x x
347 (S34700) x x x x x
348 (S34800) x x x x x
384 (S38400) x x x x x
403 (S40300) x x
405 (S40500) x x
409 (S40900) x x
410 (S41000) x x
414 (S41400) x x
416 (S41600) x
416 Se (S41623) x
420 (S42000) x
420F (S42020) x
422 (S42200) x
429 (S42900) x x x x
430 (S43000) x x x x
430F (S43020) x x x
430F Se (S43023) x x x
431 (S43100) x x x x
434 (S43400) x x x x x
436 (S43600) x x x x x
440A (S44002) x x
440B (S44003) x
440C (S44004) x
442 (S44200) x x x x
446 (S44600) x x x x x
(S13800) x x x x
(S15500) x x x x x
(S17400) x x x x x
(S17700) x x x x x
* The “X” notations indicate that a specific stainless steel type may be considered
as resistant to the corrosive environment categories.
This list is suggested as a guideline only and does not suggest or imply a
warranty on the part of the Specialty Steel Industry of the United States or any of
the member companies. When selecting a stainless steel for any corrosive
environment, it is always best to consult with a corrosion engineer and, if possible,
conduct tests in the environment involved under actual operating conditions.

7
Table 7
Where Different Grades Are Used (15)
Environment Grades Environment Grades
Acids
Hydrochloric acid Stainless generally is not recommended except when solutions are very dilute and at room temperature.
“Mixed acids” There is usually no appreciable attack on Type 304 or 316 as long as sufficient nitric acid is present.
Nitric acid Type 304L or 430 is used.
Phosphoric acid Type 304 is satisfactory for storing cold phosphoric acid up to 85% and for handling concentrations up to 5% in some unit
processes of manufacture. Type 316 is more resistant and is generally used for storing and manufacture if the fluorine
content is not too high. Type 317 is somewhat more resistant then Type 316. At concentrations up to 85%, the metal
temperature should not exceed 212 F (100 C) with Type 316 and slightly higher with Type 317. Oxidizing ions inhibit
attack and other inhibitors such as arsenic may be added.
Sulfuric acid Type 304 can be used at room temperature for concentrations over 80%. Type 316 can be used in contact with sulfuric
acid up to 10% at temperatures up to 120 F (50 C), if the solutions are aerated; the attack is greater in airfree solutions.
Type 317 may be used at temperatures as high as 150 F (65 C) with up to 5% concentration. The presence of other
materials may markedly change the corrosion rate. As little as 500 to 2000 ppm of cupric ions make it possible to use
Type 304 in hot solutions of moderate concentration. Other additives may have the opposite effect.
Sulfurous acid Type 304 may be subject to pitting, particularly if some sulfuric acid is present. Type 316 is usable at moderate
concentrations and temperatures.
Bases
Ammonium hydroxide, Steels in the 300 series generally have good corrosion resistance at virtually all concentrations and temperatures in
sodium hydroxide, weak bases, such as ammonium hydroxide. In stronger bases, such as sodium hydroxide, there may be some attack,
caustic solutions cracking or etching in more concentrated solutions and at higher temperatures. Commercial purity caustic solutions may
contain chlorides, which will accentuate any attack and may cause pitting of Type 316 as well Type 304.
Organics
Acetic acid Acetic acid is seldom pure in chemical plants but generally includes numerous and varied minor constituents. Type 304 is
used for a wide variety of equipment including stills, base heaters, holding tanks, heat exchangers, pipelines, valves and
pumps for concentrations up to 99% at temperatures up to about 120 F (50 C). Type 304 is also satisfactory for contact
with 100% acetic acid vapors, and — if small amounts of turbidity or color pickup can be tolerated — for room
temperature storage of glacial acetic acid. Types 316 and 317 have the broadest range of usefulness, especially if formic
acid is also present or if solutions are unaerated. Type 316 is used for fractionating equipment, for 30 to 99%
concentrations where Type 304 cannot be used, for storage vessels, pumps and process equipment handling glacial
acetic acid, which would be discolored by Type 304. Type 316 is likewise applicable for parts having temperatures above
120 F (50 C), for dilute vapors and high pressures. Type 317 has somewhat greater corrosion resistance than Type 316
under severely corrosive conditions. None of the stainless steels has adequate corrosion resistance to glacial acetic acid
at the boiling temperature or at superheated vapor temperatures.
Aldehydes Type 304 is generally satisfactory.
Amines Type 316 is usually preferred to Type 304.
Cellulose acetate Type 304 is satisfactory for low temperatures, but Type 316 or Type 317 is needed for high temperatures.
Citric, formic and Type 304 is generally acceptable at moderate temperatures, but Type 316 is resistant to all concentrations at
tartaric acids temperatures up to boiling.
Esters From the corrosion standpoint, esters are comparable with organic acids.
Fatty acids Up at about 300 F (150 C), Type 304 is resistant to fats and fatty acids, but Type 316 is needed at 300 to 500 F (150 to
260 C) and Type 317 at higher temperatures.
Paint vehicles Type 316 may be needed if exact color and lack of contamination are important.
Phthalic anhydride Type 316 is usually used for reactors, fractionating columns, traps, baffles, caps and piping.
Soaps Type 304 is used for parts such as spray towers, but Type 316 may be preferred for spray nozzles and flake-drying belts
to miniimize offcolor products.
Synthetic detergents Type 316 is used for preheat, piping, pumps and reactors in catalytic hydrogenation of fatty acids to give salts of
sulfonated high molecular alcohols.
Tall oil (pump and Type 304 has only limited usage in tall-oil distillation service. High-rosin-acid streams can be handled by Type 316L
paper industry) with a minimum molybdenum content of 2.75%. Type 316 can also be used in the more corrosive high-fatty acid streams
at temperatures up to 475F (245 C), but Type 317 will probably be required at higher temperatures.
Tar Tar distillation equipment is almost all Type 316 because coal tar has a high chloride content; Type 304 does not
have adequate resistance to pitting.
Urea Type 316L is generally required.
Pharmaceuticals Type 316 is usually selected for all parts in contact with the product because of its inherent corrosion resistance and
greater assurance of product purity.

8
0.10 (min)

9
MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES (Room Temperature)
Austenitic Stainless Steels
The austenitic stainless steels cannot
be hardened by heat treatment but can
be strengthened by cold work, and thus
they exhibit a wide range of mechanical
properties. At room temperature,
austenitic stainless steels exhibit yield
strengths between 30 and 200 ksi (207-
1379 MPa), depending on composition
and amount of cold work. They also
exhibit good ductility and toughness
even at high strengths, and this good
ductility and toughness is retained at
cryogenic temperatures. The chemical
compositions and nominal mechanical
properties of annealed austenitic
stainless steels are given in Table 8.
The difference in effect of cold work of
Types 301 and 304 is indicated by the
stress strain diagrams in Figure 11.
Carbon and nitrogen contents affect
yield strength, as shown by the
differences among Types 304, 304L,
and 304N. The effect of manganese and
nitrogen on strength can be seen by
comparing Types 301 and 302 against
Types 201 and 202.
Figures 12, 13, 14, and 15 illustrate
other effects of small composition
changes. For example, at a given
amount of cold work, Types 202 and 301
exhibit higher yield and tensile strengths
than Types 305 and 310.
Austenitic stainless steels which can
be cold worked to high tensile and yield
strengths, while retaining good ductility
and toughness, meet a wide range of
design criteria. For example, sheet and
strip of austenitic steels — usually Types
301 and 201 — are produced in the
following tempers:
In structural applications, the
toughness and fatigue strength of these
steels are important. At room
temperature in the annealed condition,
the austenitic steels exhibit Charpy
V-notch energy absorption values in
excess of 100 ft.-lb. The effect of cold
rolling Type 301 on toughness is
illustrated in Figure 16. This shows Type
301 to have good toughness even after
cold rolling to high tensile strengths.
Fatigue or endurance limits (in bending)
of austenitic stainless steels in the
annealed condition shown in Table 9 are
about one-half the tensile strength.
New Design Specification
Until recently, design engineers
wanting to use austenitic stainless steels
structurally had to improvise due to the
lack of an appropriate design specification.
The familiar American lnstitute for Steel
Construction and AlSl design specifications
for carbon steel design do not apply to
the design of stainless steel members
because of differences in strength
properties, modulus of elasticity, and the
shape of the stress strain curve. Figure
17 shows that there is no well-defined
yield point for stainless steel.
Now the American Society of Civil
Engineers (ASCE), in conjunction with
the SSINA, has prepared a standard
(ANSI/ASCE-8-90) “Specification for the
Design of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel
Structural Members.” This standard
covers four types of austenitic stainless
steel, specifically Types 201, 301, 304
and 316, and three types of ferritic
stainless steels (See Ferritic section
below). This standard requires the use of
structural quality stainless steel as
defined in general by the provisions of
the American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) specifications.
Some of the physical properties of
austenitic stainless steels are similar to
those of the martensitic and ferritic
stainless steels. The modulus of elasticity,
for example, is 28 x 106
psi (193 GPa)
and density is 0.29 Ib. per cu. in. (8060
Kg/m3
). The physical properties of
annealed Type 304 are shown in Table 10.
Ferritic Stainless Steels
Ferritic stainless steels contain approxi-
mately 12% chromium (and up). The
chemical composition of the standard
grades are shown in Table 11 along with
nominal mechanical properties. Also
several proprietary grades (see Appendix
A) have achieved relatively wide
commercial acceptance.
Three ferritic stainless steels, namely
Types 409, 430 and 439 are included in
the ASCE “Specification for the Design of
Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Structural
Members.” Designers should be aware
of two notations in this specification:
(1) The maximum thickness for Type
409 ferritic stainless used in the standard
is limited to 0.15 inches.
(2) The maximum thickness for Type 430
and 439 ferritic stainless steels is limited
to 0.125 inches.
This is in recognition of concerns for
the ductile to brittle transition
temperature of the ferritic stainless steels
in structural application. It should be
noted that these alloys have been used
in plate thickness for other applications.
Generally, toughness in the annealed
condition decreases as the chromium
content increases. Molybdenum tends
to increase ductility, whereas carbon
tends to decrease ductility. Ferritic
stainless steels can be used for structural
applications (as noted above), as well as
such traditional applications as kitchen
sinks, and automotive, appliance, and
luggage trim, which require good
resistance to corrosion and bright, highly
polished finishes.
When compared to low-carbon steels,
such as SAE 1010, the standard numbered
AlSl ferritic stainless steels, (such as
Type 430) exhibit somewhat higher yield
and tensile strengths, and low elongations.
Thus, they are not as formable as the
low-carbon steels. The proprietary ferritic
stainless steels, on the other hand, with
lower carbon levels have improved
ductility and formability comparable with
that of low-carbon steels. Because of the
higher strength levels, the ferritic stainless
steels require slightly more power to form.
Micro cleanliness is important to good
formability of the ferritic types because
inclusions can act as initiation sites for
cracks during forming.
Type 405 stainless is used where the
annealed mechanical properties and
corrosion resistance of Type 410 are
satisfactory but when better weldability is
desired. Type 430 is used for formed
products, such as sinks and decorative
trim. Physical properties of Type 430 are
shown in Table 10. Types 434 and 436
are used when better corrosion
resistance is required and for relatively
severe stretching.
For fasteners and other machined parts,
Types 430F and 430F Se are often used,
the latter being specified when forming is
required in addition to machining.
Types 442 and 446 are heat resisting
grades.
Type 409, which has the lowest
chromium content of the stainless steels,
is widely used for automotive exhaust
systems.
Tensile Yield
Strength Strength
Temper Minimum Minimum
ksi MPa ksi MPa
1/4-Hard 125 862 75 517
1/2-Hard 150 1034 110 758
3/4-Hard 175 1207 135 931
Full-Hard 185 1276 140 965
Table 9
TYPICAL ENDURANCE LIMITS OF
ANNEALED CHROMIUM-NICKEL
STAINLESS STEEL SHEET (2)
AISI Endurance
Type limit, ksi MPa
301 35 241
302 34 234
303 35 241
304 35 241
316 39 269
321 38 262
347 39 269

10
5.5

11
Martensitic Stainless Steels
The martensitic grades are so named
because when heated above their critical
temperature (1600F or 870C) and cooled
rapidly, a metallurgical structure known as
martensite is obtained. In the hardened
condition the steel has very high strength
and hardness, but to obtain optimum
corrosion resistance, ductility, and impact
strength, the steel is given a stress-
relieving or tempering treatment (usually
in the range 300-700F (149-371C)).
Tables 12, 13 and 14 give the chemical
compositions and mechanical properties
of martensitic grades in the annealed and
hardened conditions.
The martensitic stainless steels fall into
two main groups that are associated with
two ranges of mechanical properties:
low-carbon compositions with a maximum
hardness of about Rockwell C45 and the
higher-carbon compositions, which can
be hardened up to Rockwell C60. (The
maximum hardness of both groups in the
annealed condition is about Rockwell
C24.) The dividing line between the two
groups is a carbon content of
approximately 0.15%.
In the low-carbon class are Types 410,
416 (a free-machining grade) and 403 (a
“turbine-quality” grade). The properties,
performance, heat treatment, and
fabrication of these three stainless steels
are similar except for the better
machinability of Type 416.
On the high-carbon side are Types
440A, B, and C.
Types 420, 414, and 431, however,
do not fit into either category. Type 420
has a minimum carbon content of 0.15%
and is usually produced to a carbon
specification of 0.3-0.4%. While it will not
harden to such high values as the 440
types, it can be tempered without
substantial loss in corrosion resistance.
Hence, a combination of hardness and
adequate ductility (suitable for cutlery or
plastic molds) is attained.
Types 414 and 431 contain 1.25 —
2.50% nickel, which is enough to increase
hardenability, but not enough to make
them austenitic at ambient temperature.
The addition of nickel serves two purposes:
(1) it improves corrosion resistance
because it permits a higher chromium
content, and (2) it enhances toughness.
Martensitic stainless steels are subject
to temper embrittlement and should not
be heat treated or used in the range of
800 to 1050F (427-566C) if toughness is
important. The effect of tempering in this
range is shown by the graph in Figure
18. Tempering is usually performed
above this temperature range.
lmpact tests on martensitic grades
show that toughness tends to decrease
with increasing hardness. High-strength
(high-carbon) Type 440A exhibits lower
toughness than Type 410. Nickel
increases toughness, and Type 414 has
a higher level of toughness than Type
410 at the same strength level.
Martensitic grades exhibit a ductile-
brittle transition temperature at which
notch ductility drops very suddenly. The
transition temperature is near room
temperature, and at low temperature
about -300F (-184C) they become very
brittle, as shown by the data in Figure 19.
This effect depends on composition,
heat treatment, and other variables.
Clearly, if notch ductility is critical at
room temperature or below, and the
steel is to be used in the hardened
condition, careful evaluation is required.
If the material is to be used much below
room temperature, the chances are that
quenched-and-tempered Type 410 will
not be satisfactory. While its notch ductility
is better in the annealed condition down
to -100F (-73C), another type of stainless
steel is probably more appropriate.
The fatigue properties of the
martensitic stainless steels depend on
heat treatment and design. A notch in a
structure or the effect of a corrosive
environment can do more to reduce
fatigue limit than alloy content or heat
treatment.
Figure 20 gives fatigue data for Type
403 turbine quality stainless at three
test temperatures. The samples were
smooth and polished, and the
atmosphere was air.
Another important property is abrasion
or wear resistance. Generally, the harder
the material, the more resistance to
abrasion it exhibits. In applications where
corrosion occurs, however, such as in
coal handling operations, this general
rule may not hold, because the oxide film
is continuously removed, resulting in a
high apparent abrasion/corrosion rate.
Other mechanical properties of
martensitic stainless steels, such as
compressive yield shear strength, are
generally similar to those of carbon and
alloy steels at the same strength level.
Room-temperature physical properties
of Type 410 are shown in Table 10. The
property of most interest is modulus of
elasticity. The moduli of the martensitic
stainless steels (29 x 106
psi) (200 GPa)
are slightly less than the modulus of
carbon steel (30 x 106
psi) (207 GPa) but
are markedly higher than the moduli of
other engineering materials, such as
aluminum (10 x 106
psi) (67 GPa).
The densities of the martensitic
stainless steels (about 0.28 Ib. per cu.
in.) (7780 Kg/m3
) are slightly lower than
those of the carbon and alloy steels. As
a result, they have excellent vibration
damping capacity.
The martensitic stainless steels are
generally selected for moderate resistance
to corrosion, relatively high strength, and
good fatigue properties after suitable heat
treatment. Type 410 is used for fasteners,
machinery parts and press plates. If
greater hardenability or higher toughness
is required, Type 414 may be used, and
for better machinability, Types 416 or
416 Se are used. Springs, flatware, knife
blades, and hand tools are often made
from Type 420, while Type 431 is frequently
used for aircraft parts requiring high yield
strength and resistance to shock. Cutlery
consumes most of Types 440A and B,
whereas Type 440C is frequently used for
valve parts requiring good wear resistance.
High-carbon martensitic stainless
steels are generally not recommended
for welded applications, although Type
410 can be welded with relative ease.
Hardening heat treatments should follow
forming operations because of the poor
forming qualities of the hardened steels.

12
Precipitation Hardening
Stainless Steels
The principle of precipitation hardening
is that a supercooled solid solution
(solution annealed material) changes its
metallurgical structure on aging. The
principal advantage is that products can
be fabricated in the annealed condition
and then strengthened by a relatively
low-temperature 900-1150F (482-620C)
treatment, minimizing the problems
associated with high-temperature
treatments. Strength levels of up to
260 ksi (1793 MPa) (tensile) can be
achieved — exceeding even those of
the martensitic stainless steels — while
corrosion resistance is usually superior
— nearly equal to that of Type 304
stainless. Ductility is similar to
corresponding martensitic grades at the
same strength level. Table 15 shows the
chemical composition and the nominal
mechanical properties of four AlSl
standard precipitation hardening
stainless steels in solution treated and
age hardened conditions.
Precipitation hardening stainless
steels have high strength, relatively good
ductility, and good corrosion resistance
at moderate temperatures. They are
utilized for aerospace structural
components, fuel tanks, landing gear
covers, pump parts, shafting, bolts,
saws, knives, and flexible bellows-type
expansion joints.
Physical properties of UNS S13800 are
shown in Table 10.

13

Stainless Steel
Tube and Fittings
Photography courtesy of Outokumpu, Arcelor and New Zealand Tube Mills.
StainlessSteel
TubeandFittings5

www.atlassteels.com.auPrinted July 2010
1
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Stainless steel tube and fittings
Stainless steel tube is typically specified by OD (outside diameter), WT
(wall thickness), grade, condition and surface finish.
It is resistant to many forms of corrosion, has hygienic sterile properties, high
quality aesthetic appeal and exceptional strength.
Tube is manufactured in round, square and rectangular sections in a variety of wall
thicknesses and usually by the processes of longitudinal welding, hot and cold drawing
(seamless) or spiral welding.
Finishes or appearance range from unpolished to highly polished. Unpolished has a
2B mill finish, standard polished is a finely grit polished finish and there is a finer buffed
finish giving close to a mirror appearance. Finishes are selected to suit application and
aesthetic appeal.
Stainless steel tube can be joined by welding, which facilitates rigidity in construction,
or by the use of mechanical fittings which enables dismantling for hygienic cleaning.
Tube is usually annealed if extensive forming and bending is required, such as for
bending or expanding. The tubular products system incorporates a comprehensive range
of stainless steel fittings in the form of elbows, tees, reducers and flanges in various
sizes, wall thickness, grades and finishes to suit tube dimensions and tolerances.
As-welded (AW) tube
Decorative & Structural Tube – This tubing is produced direct off the continuous tube
welding mill, using cold rolled stainless steel strip made to ASTM standards, with tube
produced to commercial limits of straightness in standard or specific customer lengths.
AW tube has a higher yield point than annealed tube and is generally used for structural
and decorative applications in mildly corrosive conditions. It is not suitable for
applications requiring significant flaring, expanding or bending, nor for pressure
applications. AW tube is also available with rebate slots for support of architectural glass
panels.
Manufacturing specification: ASTM A554.
Food Quality Tube – As-welded food quality tube is stocked by Atlas Steels. This tube at the
point of manufacture goes through a process where the internal weld bead is rolled. The result
is an improved internal finish along the weld, reducing the chance of a crevice where liquid or
food product may be trapped. This assists with ‘clean in place’ (CIP) environment food and
beverage process lines or other applications such as the pharmaceutical industry. Further
assurance of reliability of food tube comes from the 100% weld NDT mandatory for this
product.
Manufacturing specification: AS 1528.
As-welded annealed (AWA) tube
This tube is produced by the same process as AW tube but is annealed to relieve stresses
and improve ductility. Bright annealing is carried out in a controlled-atmosphere furnace,
so that no oxide or scale is formed on the surface.
Annealing both increases the corrosion resistance and softens the tube which allows
severe manipulation such as bending, expanding and forming.
Manufacturing specification: ASTM A269
ATLAS STEELS – PRODUCT REFERENCE MANUAL
SECTION 5: STAINLESS STEEL TUBE AND FITTINGS

2
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Cold worked annealed (CWA) tube
This tube is typically destined for heat exchanger applications and is produced in
a similar way to AWA product except that the internal bead is rolled flush with
the inside tube surface prior to annealing. Because of the critical end use this tube
undergoes extensive testing as part of the manufacturing process.
Manufacturing specification: ASTM A249M.
Cold drawn seamless (CDS) tube
This tube is produced by drawing from hollow billets. It is usually supplied in the
annealed and pickled condition and used where service conditions involve high pressure
and corrosive conditions and where good surface finish and close tolerances are
required, e.g. heat exchanger and condenser tubing, instrumentation tubing and some
refinery applications.
Manufacturing specification: ASTM A269 for general service. ASTM A213M for heat
exchanger service and A268 for Ferritic and Martensitic tubes.
Spiral welded tube
This tube is produced by the helical forming and automatic welding of a continuous strip
of stainless steel.
Typical applications include water and pulp in paper mills, product and effluent lines in
chemical processing, water lines for brewing, dust fume extraction, furnace and boiler
flues, stormwater down-pipes in high-rise applications and ventilation ducts and
condensation lines for airconditioning.
Manufacturing specification: generally to ASTM A778, except for mechanical
properties.
Grades:
Austenitic: 304, 304L, 316, 316L, 321.
Ferritic: 409.
Duplex: 2205.

Productrange,dimensions,theoreticalweightsandmethodofmanufacturing
ODoftube
mminches
Weight
(kg/m)
Wall
thickness
(mm)
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
304316304316304316304/304L316/316L2205
Aswelded(AW)Asweldedannealed(AWA)Colddrawnseamless(CDS)Coldworkedannealed(CWA)
4.763
/160.500.05
0.700.07
0.900.09
6.351
/40.500.07
0.700.10
0.900.12
1.200.15
1.600.19
7.945
/160.500.09
0.700.13
0.900.16
1.200.20
1.600.25
9.523
/80.500.11
0.700.15
0.900.19
1.200.25
1.600.32
12.701
/20.500.15
0.700.21
0.900.26
1.200.34
1.600.44
2.000.53
Stainless steel round tube – Specifications refer p1-2
3
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ColdWorkedAnnealed(CWA)
Tubein304/304L,316/316L,2205isavailableonindentonly.
TubefinishesTubeisstockedinthreedifferentfinishes:unpolished,320gritpolishedand600grithighlypolished.
Foodgrade(FD)Markedas‘FD’indicatesanadditionalstockrangeoftubesuitableforuseinafoodprocessingoperation.
Thetubeisweldbeadremovedinternally.

ODoftube
mminches
Weight
(kg/m)
Wall
thickness
(mm)
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
304316304316304316304/304L316/316L2205
15.885
/80.500.19
0.700.27
0.900.34
1.200.43
1.600.56
2.000.69
19.053
/40.500.23
0.700.32
0.900.41
1.200.53
1.600.69
2.000.84
3.251.27
22.227
/80.900.48
1.200.62
1.600.81
25.4010.500.31
0.700.43
0.900.55
1.200.72
1.600.94
2.001.15
2.601.49
3.201.78
4
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ODoftube
mminches
Weight
(kg/m)
Wall
thickness
(mm)
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
304316304316304316304/304L316/316L2205
28.5811
/81.200.82
1.601.08
31.7511
/40.900.69
1.200.90
1.601.19
2.001.47
2.601.89
3.202.29
34.9213
/80.900.77
1.201.01
38.1011
/20.900.83
1.201.09
1.601.44
2.001.78
2.602.28
3.202.80
44.4513
/40.900.98
1.201.28
1.601.69
2.002.09
2.602.68
3.203.25
5
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FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
63.5021
/21.201.84
1.602.44
2.003.03
2.603.90
3.204.76
76.2031.202.22
1.602.94
2.003.66
2.604.72
3.205.76
88.9031
/21.603.44
2.004.29
2.605.53
3.206.76
101.6041.603.95
2.004.91
2.606.35
3.207.76
ODoftube
mminches
Weight
(kg/m)
Wall
thickness
(mm)
FDFD
304316304316304316304/304L316/316L2205
50.8020.901.12
1.201.47
1.601.94
2.002.41
2.603.09
3.203.76
6
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Stockrange,dimensions,theoreticalweightsandmethodofmanufacturing
ODoftube
mminches
Weight
(kg/m)
Wall
thickness
(mm)
FD
FD
FD
FD
304316304316304316304/304L316/316L2205
127.051.604.95
2.006.16
2.607.98
3.209.77
152.461.605.95
2.007.42
2.609.60
3.2011.84
203.281.607.95
2.009.92
TubefinishesTubeisstockedinthreedifferentfinishes:unpolished,320gritpolishedand600grit(highlypolished).
SlottedTube
Tubeswith15x15mmrebatedslotsareavailableforsupportofarchitecturalglasspanels.
Configurations:singleslot,doubleat90º,doubleat180º
Grades:304,316
Finishes:320#,600#
Sizes:50.8,63.5,76.2mm
7
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Stainless steel square tube – Specifications refer p1-2
Mostly stocked in 304, more common sizes in both 304 and 316. Finish: polished for all stock.
12.70
15.88
19.05
22.22
25.40
31.75
38.10
50.80
63.50
76.20
101.6
152.4
1
/2
5
/8
3
/4
7
/8
1
11
/4
11
/2
2
21
/2
3
4
6
0.33
0.40
0.54
0.57
0.67
0.69
0.83
1.12
0.45
0.55
0.73
0.80
0.93
1.23
1.42
1.90
0.56
0.70
0.96
1.02
1.22
1.60
1.85
2.46
3.16
1.49
2.02
2.33
3.13
3.92
4.80
6.46
3.03
3.79
4.54
6.06
mm
Dimensions
inches 0.9
Wall thickness (mm)
1.2 1.6 2.0 2.5
Product size range and weight (kg/m)
25
40
50
60
80
100
150
1.50
2.45
3.08
3.71
4.99
6.40
2.22
3.76
4.47
5.67
6.87
9.23
14.06
4.81
5.96
7.22
9.82
12.40
18.62
mm
Dimensions
2
Wall thickness (mm)
3 4 5
7.41
8.90
12.40
15.38
22.40
Stainless steel structural square tube – Specifications refer p1-2
Mostly stocked in 304, more common sizes in both 304 and 316. Finish: polished for all stock.
Note: “Polished” finish of square and rectangular tube is grit abrasive finished in the longitudinal direction.
8
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Grade 304 and 316 stainless steel spiral welded tube – Speciﬁcations refer p1-2
76.20
101.6
127.0
152.4
203.2
254.0
304.8
355.6
406.4
457.2
508.0
558.8
609.6
762.0
1016.0
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
30
40
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.10
8.10
10.10
12.10
14.10
16.10
18.20
20.20
22.20
3.80
5.00
6.30
7.60
10.10
12.60
15.10
17.70
20.20
22.70
25.20
27.70
30.30
37.80
6.30
7.90
9.50
12.60
15.80
18.90
22.10
25.20
28.40
31.50
34.70
37.80
47.30
9.50
11.40
15.10
18.90
22.70
26.50
30.30
34.10
37.80
41.60
45.40
56.80
75.70
13.20
17.70
22.10
26.50
30.90
35.30
39.70
44.10
48.60
53.00
66.20
88.30
20.20
25.20
30.30
35.30
40.40
45.40
50.50
55.50
60.50
75.70
100.90
mm
Dimensions (OD)
inches 1.6 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Wall thickness (mm)
Grade 304 stainless steel rectangular tube – Speciﬁcations refer p1-2. Finish: polished.
Setical Weights (kg) Rectangular hollow
Dimensions
mm inches
Dimensions
(mm)
25.40 x 12.70
31.75 x 12.70
38.10 x 25.40
50.80 x 25.40
50.80 x 38.10
63.50 x 38.10
76.20 x 25.40
76.20 x 38.10
76.20 x 50.80
101.6 x 50.80
152.4 x 76.20
152.4 x 101.6
203.2 x 101.6
1 x 1
/2
11
/4 x 1
/2
11
/2 x 1
2 x 1
2 x 11
/2
21
/2 x 11
/2
3 x 1
3 x 11
/2
3 x 2
4 x 2
6 x 3
6 x 4
8 x 4
0.9
0.54
0.60
1.2
0.72
0.79
1.00
1.41
1.64
1.6
0.94
1.04
1.60
1.85
2.18
2.52
2.66
2.99
2
1.28
2.02
2.34
2.70
3.14
3.39
3.67
3.80
4.60
Wall thickness (mm) Wall thickness (mm)
40 x 25
50 x 25
50 x 40
60 x 40
80 x 40
80 x 50
100 x 50
150 x 80
150 x 100
200 x 100
3
2.85
3.46
4.12
4.65
5.43
5.93
6.95
11.25
12.26
14.06
4
5.96
7.22
8.50
9.09
15.05
16.35
18.62
5
8.90
10.63
11.24
18.80
20.40
22.40
Rectangular tube
9
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Tees – Two common processes of manufacturing are welded or pulled tees. To maintain
product quality and consistency welded tees are stocked as opposed to pulled tees.
Tees are stocked in two forms; equal or reducing. An equal tee has all three branches of
the tee equal in diameter. A reducing tee has a reduced diameter of tube on the branch
section of the tee.
As tube fittings are often used in the food industry and hygiene is important many of
these fittings are stocked in a polished finish.
Tube fittings
Complementing our stock of round tube is a range of tube fittings. The more common
tube fittings include bends, tees, reducing tees, eccentric and concentric reducers, BSM
unions and tube clamps.
Tube bends – Bends are generally stocked as 45, 90 or 180 degree. Three common
manufacturing processes are pulled bends (cold drawn bend), pressed bends and lobster
back bends. The process of manufacturing often relates to the diameter of the tube and
the thickness of material used. Up to and including 152.4mm the bends are generally
pulled, by far the most commonly supplied bends. Pressed bends can be from 101.6 to
305mm OD. Lobster back bends are generally supplied in diameters 101.6mm and
above and these bends are used generally to suit spiral welded tube.
To maintain a level of quality and consistency Atlas stocks pulled bends with an
extended leg. The importance of this style of bend ensures each end of the bend is
finished off true and accurate. The extended leg gives the ability to maintain the original
circularity of the tube and a precise 45 or 90 degree radius measured from across the
end face of the bends.
10
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45 degree 90 degree
Equal tee Reducing tee
180 degree

Stainless steel butt welding tube ﬁttings
Commonly stocked as 304 and 316. Finish: polished or unpolished.
Dimensions
OD
Bends
45 degree
9.52
12.70
19.05
25.40
31.75
38.10
50.80
63.50
76.20
101.6
127.0
152.4
203.2
254.0
3
/8
1
/2
3
/4
1
11
/4
11
/2
5
21
/2
3
4
5
6
8
10
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.12
0.18
0.27
0.48
0.75
1.09
1.94
2.90
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.15
0.23
0.33
0.60
0.94
1.36
2.42
3.49
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.15
0.23
0.34
0.60
0.95
1.36
2.42
3.50
Product size range and weight (kg)
Wall thickness (mm)
1.6 2 1.6mm inches
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.04
0.07
0.10
0.18
0.29
0.42
0.75
1.17
1.7
3.02
4.50
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.05
0.08
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.45
0.80
1.26
1.81
3.23
4.70
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.06
0.09
0.13
0.24
0.38
0.56
1.00
1.57
2.26
4.03
5.05
0.03
0.05
0.08
0.13
0.20
0.30
0.50
0.80
1.10
1.60
1.80
2.80
3.50
4.30
0.04
0.05
0.09
0.15
0.25
0.38
0.65
1.10
1.50
2.30
3.80
5.40
8.40
9.90
Wall thickness (mm) Wall thickness (mm) Wall thickness (mm)
2 1.6 2 1.6 2
Bends
90 degree
Bends
180 degree
Equal
tee
Usual stock range is 1.6mm wall thickness up to 127mm diameter, and 2.0mm wall thickness for large sizes.
11
S5

Stainless steel reducing tube ﬁttings
Commonly stocked as 316. Finish: polished.
Dimensions
OD
Con
reducer
Ecc
reducer
Reducing
tees
19.05
25.40
25.40
31.75
31.75
38.10
38.10
38.10
38.10
50.80
50.80
50.80
50.80
50.80
63.50
63.50
63.50
76.20
76.20
76.20
12.70
12.70
19.05
12.70
25.40
12.70
19.05
25.40
31.75
12.70
19.05
25.40
31.75
38.10
25.40
38.10
50.80
25.40
31.75
38.10
0.02
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.02
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.08
0.13
0.13
0.20
0.20
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.80
0.80
0.80
1.10
1.10
1.10
Wall thickness (mm)
1.6 1.6 1.6mm mm
Dimensions
OD
Con
reducer
Ecc
reducer
Reducing
tees
76.20
76.20
101.6
101.6
101.6
101.6
101.6
127.0
127.0
127.0
127.0
152.4
152.4
152.4
152.4
152.4
203.2
203.2
203.2
50.80
63.50
25.40
38.10
50.80
63.50
76.20
50.80
63.50
76.20
101.6
50.80
63.50
76.20
101.6
127.0
101.6
127.0
152.4
0.25
0.25
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
1.60
1.60
1.60
0.25
0.25
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.10
1.10
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
2.80
2.80
2.80
2.80
2.80
3.50
3.50
3.50
Wall thickness (mm)
1.6 1.6 1.6mm mm
Stainless steel plain tube clamps
Stainless steel feet and plastic inserts
Plastic inserts to suit square tube 25.40, 31.75, 38.10 –
Stainless steel feet machine adjust tread with base 50mm or 63.5mm.
(inches) 1 11
/4 11
/2 2 21
/2 3 31
/2 4 5 6 8
(mm) 25.40 31.75 38.10 50.80 63.50 76.20 88.90 101.6 127.0 152.4 203.2
Product size range and weight (kg)
12
S5
Con reducer Ecc reducer Interlocking clamp Foot 25 x 50mm Foot 65mm dia.

RJT (Ring Joint Type) – often referred to as a standard union comprises an
‘O’ ring style gasket. This leaves a small crevice internally where the liner
and male part of the union overlap, this is not suitable for permanent CIP.
CIP (Australian style) – developed from a RJT union, features a gasket
giving the desirable characteristics for CIP installation. The gasket fills the
crevice between the liner and male part of the union.
Note: Temperature rating of EPDM “E” gasket material is -51ºC to 148ºC.
CIPFF – the FF stands for ‘Flat Face’ and refers to a BSM modified union
supporting CIP installations. The gasket is moulded completely filling the
crevice between the liner and male part and allows a small lip to give a
flush finish on the ID of the fitting. The liner and male parts of this union
have been modified creating a flat face style sealed with a flat face gasket.
A flat faced liner and male part used in a CIPFF union are shaped differently
to that used in an RJT or CIP union.
BSM unions
British Standard Milk (BSM) stainless steel unions were designed specifically for tube
installation in the dairy industry, but they are now commonly used in food and beverage
processing and the pharmaceutical industries where crevice-free hygienic conditions are
required. A commonly used term is ‘CIP’ which comes from the phrase Clean In Place.
Liner
Gasket
Male Part
Nut
Liner
Gasket
Male Part
Nut
Liner
Gasket
Male Part
Nut
13
S5

BSM unions
A range of spanners and valves (ball and butterﬂy) is also available to match nominal
tube dimensions.
Union (complete) RJT, CIP and CIPFF
(mm) 25.40 38.10 50.80 63.50 76.20 101.6 152.4
1 11
/2 2 21
/2 3 4 6
0.41 0.45 0.61 0.71 1.01 1.41 1.71
(inches)
Weight (kg)
Liners – Grade 316 RJT, CIP and CIPFF
(mm) 25.40 38.10 50.80 63.50 76.20 101.6 152.4
1 11
/2 2 21
/2 3 4 6
0.10 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50
(inches)
Weight (kg)
Male parts – Grade 316 RJT, CIP and CIPFF
(mm) 25.40 38.10 50.80 63.50 76.20 101.6 152.4
1 11
/2 2 21
/2 3 4 6
0.10 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50
(inches)
Weight (kg)
Gaskets – EPDM rubber – RJT, CIP and CIPFF
(mm) 25.40 38.10 50.80 63.50 76.20 101.6 152.4
1 11
/2 2 21
/2 3 4 6
0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(inches)
Weight (kg)
Blank caps – Grade 316
(mm) 25.40 38.10 50.80 63.50 76.20 101.6 152.4
1 11
/2 2 21
/2 3 4 6
0.10 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.40 0.60
(inches)
Weight (kg)
Blank nuts – Grade 304
(mm) 25.40 38.10 50.80 63.50 76.20 101.6 152.4
1 11
/2 2 21
/2 3 4 6
0.20 0.20 0.30 0.30 0.40 0.60 0.70
(inches)
Weight (kg)
Hex nut – Grade 304
(mm) 25.40 38.10 50.80 63.50 76.20 101.6 152.4
1 11
/2 2 21
/2 3 4 6
0.20 0.20 0.30 0.30 0.40 0.60 0.70
(inches)
Weight (kg)
14
S5

Tri-clamp Unions Complete
(mm) 25.40 38.10 50.80 63.50 76.20 101.6 152.4
1 11
/2 2 21
/2 3 4 6
0.4 0.4 0.7 1.1 1.1 1.5 2.4
(inches)
Weight (kg)
Tri-clamp Ferrule – 316
(mm) 25.40 38.10 50.80 63.50 76.20 101.6 152.4
1 11
/2 2 21
/2 3 4 6
0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.7
(inches)
Weight (kg)
Tri-clamp Gaskets – EPDM rubber
(mm) 25.40 38.10 50.80 63.50 76.20 101.6 152.4
1 11
/2 2 21
/2 3 4 6
0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(inches)
Weight (kg)
Tri-clamp Clamp – 316
(mm) 25.40 38.10 50.80 63.50 76.20 101.6 152.4
1 11
/2 2 21
/2 3 4 6
0.2 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.7 1.0
(inches)
Weight (kg)
Tri-clamp Cap – 316
(mm) 25.40 38.10 50.80 63.50 76.20 101.6
1 11
/2 2 21
/2 3 4
0.1 0.1 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.40
(inches)
Weight (kg)
A tri-clamp is used to eliminate the need for a threaded joining system,
employing a hinged clamp instead. The joint is common in CIP installation
where the seal fills the crevice completely.
A range of spanners and valves (ball and butterfly) is also available to
match nominal tube dimensions.
Tri-clamp stainless steel tube fittings
Note: Temperature rating of EPDM “E” gasket material is -51ºC to 148ºC.
15
S5
Ferrule union

Stainless Steels
Welding Guide

STAINLESS STEELS
PROPERTIES –
HOW TO WELD THEM
WHERE TO USE THEM
A description of the physical and mechanical properties of a
variety of commercial stainless steels. Recommendations on the
applications of each type and how to arc weld each including
filler materials.
By
Damian Kotecki, PhD
Technical Director, Stainless and High Alloy
Product Development
and
Frank Armao
Senior Application Engineer
Copyright © 2003
by The Lincoln Electric Company
All Rights Reserved
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction ........................ 2
2.0 Types of Stainless Steels... 2
2.1 Ferrite Promoters
2.2 Austenite Promoters
2.3 Neutral Effect
3.0 Weldability of Stainless
Steels ....................................2
3.1 Ferritic Stainless Steels
3.2 Martensitic Stainless
Steels
3.3 Austenitic Stainless
Steels
3.3.1 Sensitization
3.3.2 Hot Cracking
3.4 Precipitation Hardening
Stainless Steels
3.5 Duplex Stainless Steels
4.0 Physical Properties .......... 10
5.0 Mechanical Properties ..... 10
6.0 Selection of a Stainless
Steel....................................12
7.0 Design for Welding
Stainless Steels..................14
8.0 Selection of Filler Metals ...14
9.0 Selection of a Welding
Process...............................18
9.1 Shielded Metal Arc
Welding
9.2 Submerged Arc Welding
9.3 Gas Metal Arc Welding
9.4 Flux Cored Arc Welding
9.5 Gas Tungsten Arc
Welding
10.0 Procedures for Welding
Stainless Steels..................21
10.1 Welding with the Shielded
Metal Arc Process
10.2 Welding with the
Submerged Arc Process
10.3 Welding with the Gas
Metal Arc Process
10.4 Welding with the Gas
Tungsten Arc Process
Sources of Additional
Information
Safety in Welding

2
WELDING OF STAINLESS STEELS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Stainless steels are defined as iron
base alloys which contain at least
10.5% chromium. The thin but
dense chromium oxide film which
forms on the surface of a stainless
steel provides corrosion resistance
and prevents further oxidation. There
are five types of stainless steels
depending on the other alloying
additions present, and they range
from fully austenitic to fully ferritic.
2.0
TYPES OF
STAINLESS STEELS
Austenitic stainless steels include
the 200 and 300 series of which
type 304 is the most common. The
primary alloying additions are
chromium and nickel. Ferritic
stainless steels are non-hardenable
Fe-Cr alloys. Types 405, 409, 430,
422 and 446 are representative of
this group. Martensitic stainless
steels are similar in composition to
the ferritic group but contain higher
carbon and lower chromium to
permit hardening by heat treatment.
Types 403, 410, 416 and 420 are
representative of this group. Duplex
stainless steels are supplied with a
microstructure of approximately equal
amounts of ferrite and austenite.
They contain roughly 24% chromium
and 5% nickel. Their numbering
system is not included in the 200,
300 or 400 groups. Precipitation
hardening stainless steels contain
alloying additions such as aluminum
which allow them to be hardened by
a solution and aging heat treatment.
They are further classified into sub
groups as martensitic, semiaustenitic
and austenitic precipitation hardening
stainless steels. They are identified
as the 600-series of stainless steels
(e.g., 630, 631, 660).
The alloying elements which appear
in stainless steels are classed as
ferrite promoters and austenite
promoters and are listed below.
2.1
FERRITE PROMOTERS
Chromium – provides basic
corrosion resistance.
Molybdenum – provides high
temperature strength and increases
corrosion resistance.
Niobium (Columbium), Titanium –
strong carbide formers.
2.2
AUSTENITE PROMOTERS
Nickel – provides high temperature
strength and ductility.
Carbon – carbide former,
strengthener.
Nitrogen – increases strength,
reduces toughness.
2.3
NEUTRAL EFFECT
• Regarding Austenite & Ferrite
Manganese – sulfide former
Silicon – wetting agent
Sulfur and Selenium – improve
machinability, cause hot cracking
in welds.
3.0
WELDABILITY
OF STAINLESS
STEELS
Most stainless steels are considered
to have good weldability and may be
welded by several welding processes
including the arc welding processes,
resistance welding, electron and
laser beam welding, friction welding
and brazing. For any of these
processes, joint surfaces and any
filler metal must be clean.
The coefficient of thermal expansion
for the austenitic types is 50%
greater than that of carbon steel and
this must be considered to minimize
distortion. The low thermal and
electrical conductivity of austenitic
stainless steel is generally helpful in
welding. Less welding heat is
required to make a weld because the
heat is not conducted away from a
joint as rapidly as in carbon steel. In
resistance welding, lower current can
be used because resistivity is higher.
Stainless steels which require special
welding procedures are discussed in
later sections.
3.1
FERRITIC
STAINLESS STEELS
The ferritic stainless steels contain
10.5 to 30% Cr, up to 0.20% C and
sometimes ferrite promoters Al, Nb
(Cb), Ti and Mo. They are ferritic at
all temperatures, do not transform to
austenite and therefore, are not
hardenable by heat treatment. This
group includes the more common
types 405, 409, 430, 442 and 446.
Table I lists the nominal composition

UNS Composition - Percent *
Type Number C Mn Si Cr Ni P S Other
405 S40500 0.08 1.00 1.00 11.5-14.5 0.04 0.03 0.10-0.30 Al
409 S40900 0.08 1.00 1.00 10.5-11.75 0.045 0.045 6 x %C min. TI
429 S42900 0.12 1.00 1.00 14.0-16.0 0.04 0.03
430 S43000 0.12 1.00 1.00 16.0-18.0 0.04 0.03
430F** S43020 0.12 1.25 1.00 16.0-18.0 0.06 0.15 min. 0.06 Mo
430FSe** S43023 0.12 1.25 1.00 16.0-18.0 0.06 0.06 0.15 min. Se
430Ti S43036 0.10 1.00 1.00 16.0-19.5 0.75 0.04 0.03 5 x %C - Ti min.
434 S43400 0.12 1.00 1.00 16.0-18.0 0.04 0.03 0.75-1.25 Mo
436 S43600 0.12 1.00 1.00 16.0-18.0 0.04 0.03 0.75-1.25 Mo;
5 x %C min.
Nb(Cb) + Ta
442 S44200 0.20 1.00 1.00 18.0-23.0 0.04 0.03
444 S44400 0.025 1.00 1.00 17.5-19.5 1.00 0.04 0.03 1.75-2.5 Mo, 0.035 N
0.2 + 4 (%C + %N);
(Ti +Nb(Cb) )
446 S44600 0.20 1.50 1.00 23.0-27.0 0.04 0.03 0.25 N
18-2FM** S18200 0.08 2.50 1.00 17.5-19.5 0.04 0.15 min.
18SR 0.04 0.3 1.00 18.0 2.0 Al; 0.4 Ti
26-1 S44625 0.01 0.40 0.40 25.0-27.5 0.50 0.02 0.02 0.75-1.5 Mo; 0.015N;
(E-Brite) 0.2 Cu; 0.5 (Ni+Cu)
26-1Ti S44626 0.06 0.75 0.75 25.0-27.0 0.5 0.04 0.02 0.75-1.5 Mo; 0.04 N;
0.2 Cu; 0.2-1.0 Ti
29-4 S44700 0.01 0.30 0.20 28.0-30.0 0.15 0.025 0.02 3.5-4.2 Mo
29-4-2 S44800 0.01 0.30 0.20 28.0-30.0 2.0-2.5 0.025 0.02 3.5-4.2 Mo
Monit S44635 0.25 1.00 0.75 24.5-26.0 3.5-4.5 0.04 0.03 3.5-4.5 Mo;
0.3-0.6 (Ti + Nb(Cb) )
Sea-cure/ S44660 0.025 1.00 0.75 25.0-27.0 1.5-3.5 0.04 0.03 2.5-3.5 Mo;
Sc-1 0.2 + 4 (%C + %N)
(Ti + Nb(Cb) )
of a number of standard and several
non-standard ferritic stainless steels.
They are characterized by weld and
HAZ grain growth which can result in
low toughness of welds.
To weld the ferritic stainless steels,
filler metals should be used which
match or exceed the Cr level of the
base alloy. Type 409 is available as
metal cored wire and Type 430 is
available in all forms. Austenitic
Types 309 and 312 may be used for
dissimilar joints. To minimize grain
growth, weld heat input should be
minimized, Preheat should be limited
to 300-450°F and used only for the
higher carbon ferritic stainless steels
(e.g., 430, 434, 442 and 446). Many
of the highly alloyed ferritic stainless
steels are only available in sheet and
tube forms and are usually welded
by GTA without filler metal.
3.2
MARTENSITIC
STAINLESS STEELS
The martensitic stainless steels
contain 11 to 18% Cr, up to 1.20% C
and small amounts of Mn and Ni
and, sometimes, Mo. These steels
will transform to austenite on heating
and, therefore, can be hardened by
formation of martensite on cooling.
This group includes Types 403, 410,
414, 416, 420, 422, 431 and 440.
Both standard and non-standard
martensitic stainless steels are listed
in Table II. They have a tendency
toward weld cracking on cooling
when hard brittle martensite is
formed.
Chromium and carbon content of the
filler metal should generally match
these elements in the base metal.
Type 410 filler is available as covered
electrode, solid wire and cored wire
and can be used to weld types 402,
410, 414 and 420 steels. Type
410NiMo filler metal can also be
used. When it is necessary to match
the carbon in Type 420 steel, Type
420 filler, which is available as solid
wire and cored wire, should be used.
Types 308, 309 and 310 austenitic
filler metals can be used to weld the
martensitic steels to themselves or to
other steels where good as-
deposited toughness is required.
Preheating and interpass temperature
in the 400 to 600°F (204 to 316°C)
range is recommended for most
3
*Single values are maximum values. (From ASM Metals Handbook, Ninth Edition, Volume 3)
TABLE I — Nominal Compositions of Ferritic Stainless Steels
**These grades are generally
considered to be unweldable.

martensitic stainless steels. Steels
with over 0.20% C often require a
post weld heat treatment to soften
and toughen the weld.
3.3
AUSTENITIC STAINLESS
STEEL
The austenitic stainless steels contain
16-26% Cr, 8-24% Ni + Mn, up to
0.40% C and small amounts of a few
other elements such as Mo, Ti, Nb
(Cb) and Ta. The balance between
the Cr and Ni + Mn is normally
adjusted to provide a microstructure
of 90-100% austenite. These alloys
are characterized by good strength
and high toughness over a wide
temperature range and oxidation
resistance to over 1000°F (538°C).
This group includes Types 302, 304,
310, 316, 321 and 347. Nominal
composition of these and other
austenitic stainless steels are listed in
Table III. Filler metals for these
alloys should generally match the
base metal but for most alloys,
provide a microstructure with some
ferrite to avoid hot cracking as will be
discussed further. To achieve this,
Type 308 is used for Type 302 and
304 and Type 347 for Type 321. The
others should be welded with
matching filler. Type 347 can also be
welded with Type 308H filler. These
filler materials are available as coated
electrodes, solid bare wire and cored
wire. Type 321 is available on a
limited basis as solid and cored wire.
Two problems are associated with
welds in the austenitic stainless
steels: 1) sensitization of the weld
heat affected zone, and 2) hot
cracking of weld metal.
3.3.1 SENSITIZATION:
Sensitization leads to intergranular
corrosion in the heat affected zone as
shown in Figure 1. Sensitization is
caused by chromium carbide
formation and precipitation at grain
boundaries in the heat affected zone
when heated in the 800 to 1600°F
(427 to 871°C) temperature range.
Since most carbon is found near
grain boundaries, chromium carbide
formation removes some chromium
from solution near the grain
boundaries, thereby reducing the
corrosion resistance of these local
areas. This problem can be
remedied by using low carbon base
material and filler material to reduce
the amount of carbon available to
combine with chromium. Welds
should be made without preheat and
with minimum heat input to shorten
the time in the sensitization
temperature range.
The degree of carbide precipitation
increases with:
1. Higher carbon content (for
example, because 301 and 302
grades have a maximum carbon
content of 0.15% they are more
susceptible to carbon precipitation
than grade 304 which has a
maximum carbon content of only
0.08%).
2. Time at the critical mid-range
temperatures – a few seconds at
1200°F (649°C) can do more
damage than several minutes at
850°F (454°C) or 1450°F (788°C).
Welding naturally produces a
temperature gradient in the steel. It
ranges from melting temperature at
the weld to room temperature some
4
403 S40300 0.15 1.00 0.50 11.5-13.0 0.04 0.03
410 S41000 0.15 1.00 1.00 11.5-13.0 0.04 0.03
410Cb S41040 0.18 1.00 1.00 11.5-13.5 0.04 0.03 0.05-0.3 Nb(Cb)
410S S41008 0.08 1.00 1.00 11.5-13.5 0.6 0.04 0.03
414 S41400 0.15 1.00 1.00 11.5-13.5 1.25-2.50 0.04 0.03
414L 0.06 0.50 0.15 12.5-13.0 2.5-3.0 0.04 0.03 0.5 Mo; 0.03 Al
416 S41600 0.15 1.25 1.00 12.0-14.0 0.04 0.03 0.6 Mo
416Se** S41623 0.15 1.25 1.00 12.0-14.0 0.06 0.06 0.15 min. Se
416 Plus X** S41610 0.15 1.5-2.5 1.00 12.0-14.0 0.06 0.15 min. 0.6 Mo
420 S42000 0.15 min. 1.00 1.00 12.0-14.0 0.04 0.03
420F** S42020 0.15 min. 1.25 1.00 12.0-14.0 0.06 0.15 min. 0.6 Mo
422 S42200 0.20-0.25 1.00 0.75 11.0-13.0 0.5-1.0 0.025 0.025 0.75-1.25 Mo;
0.75-1.25 W;
0.15-0.3 V
431 S43100 0.20 1.00 1.00 15.0-17.0 1.25-2.50 0.04 0.03
440A S44002 0.60-0.75 1.00 1.00 16.0-18.0 0.04 0.03 0.75 Mo
440B S44003 0.75-0.95 1.00 1.00 16.0-18.0 0.04 0.03 0.75 Mo
440C S44004 0.95-1.20 1.00 1.00 16.0-18.0 0.04 0.03 0.75 Mo
TABLE II — Nominal Compositions of Martensitic Stainless Steels

5
distance from the weld. A narrow
zone on each side of the weld
remains in the sensitizing
temperature range for sufficient time
for precipitation to occur. If used in
severely corrosive conditions, lines of
damaging corrosion appear
alongside each weld.
Control of Carbide Precipitation
The amount of carbide precipitation
is reduced by promoting rapid
cooling. Fortunately, the copper chill
bars, skip welding and other
techniques needed to control
distortion in sheet metal (see pg 34)
help reduce carbide precipitation.
Annealing the weldment at 1900°F
(1038°C) or higher, followed by water
quench, eliminates carbide
precipitation, but this is an expensive
and often impractical procedure.
Therefore, when weldments operate
in severe corrosive applications or
within the sensitizing temperature
range, either ELC or stablilized
grades are needed.
Another remedy is to use stabilized
stainless steel base metal and filler
materials which contain elements
that will react with carbon, leaving all
the chromium in solution to provide
corrosion resistance. Type 321 con-
tains titanium and Type 347 contains
niobium (columbium) and tantalum,
all of which are stronger carbide
formers than chromium.
ELC – Extra Low Carbon –
Grades (304L, 308L)
The 0.04% maximum carbon
content of ELC grades helps
eliminate damaging carbide
precipitation caused by welding.
These grades are most often used
for weldments which operate in
severe corrosive conditions at
temperatures under 800°F (427°C).
ELC steels are generally welded with
the ELC electrode, AWS E308L-XX.
Although the stabilized electrodes
AWS E347-XX produce welds of
equal resistance to carbide
precipitation and similar mechanical
properties, the ELC electrode welds
tend to be less crack sensitive on
heavy sections and have better low
temperature notch toughness.
The low carbon content in ELC
grades leaves more chromium to
provide resistance to intergranular
corrosion.
Stabilized Grades (321, 347, 348)
Stabilized grades contain small
amounts of titanium (321), niobium
(columbium) (347), or a combination
of niobium and tantalum (347, 348).
These elements have a stronger
affinity for carbon then does
chromium, so they combine with the
carbon leaving the chromium to
provide corrosion resistance.
These grades are most often used in
severe corrosive conditions when
service temperatures reach the
sensitizing range. They are welded
with the niobium stabilized
electrodes, AWS E347-XX.
Type 321 electrodes are not
generally made because titanium is
lost in the arc. AWS E347-XX is
usually quite satisfactory for joining
type 321 base metal.
Molybdenum Grades
(316, 316L, 317, 317L, D319)
Molybdenum in stainless steel
increases the localized corrosion
resistance to many chemicals. These
steels are particularly effective in
combatting pitting corrosion. Their
most frequent use is in industrial
FIGURE 1

201 S20100 0.15 5.5-7.5 1.00 16.0-18.0 3.5-5.5 0.06 0.03 0.25 N
202 S20200 0.15 7.5-10.0 1.00 17.0-19.0 4.0-6.0 0.06 0.03 0.25 N
205 S20500 0.12-0.25 14.0-15.5 1.00 16.5-18.0 1.0-1.75 0.06 0.03 0.32-0.40 N
216 S21600 0.08 7.5-9.0 1.00 17.5-22.0 5.0-7.0 0.045 0.03 2.0-3.0 Mo; 0.25-0.5 N
301 S30100 0.15 2.00 1.00 16.0-18.0 6.0-8.0 0.045 0.03
302 S30200 0.15 2.00 1.00 17.0-19.0 8.0-10.0 0.045 0.03
302B S30215 0.15 2.00 2.0-3.0 17.0-19.0 8.0-10.0 0.045 0.03
303** S30300 0.15 2.00 1.00 17.0-19.0 8.0-10.0 0.20 0.15 min. 0.6 Mo
303Se** S30323 0.15 2.00 1.00 17.0-19.0 8.0-10.0 0.20 0.06 0.15 min. Se
304 S30400 0.08 2.00 1.00 18.0-20.0 8.0-10.5 0.045 0.03
304H S30409 0.04-0.10 2.00 1.00 18.0-20.0 8.0-10.5 0.045 0.03
304L S30403 0.03 2.00 1.00 18.0-20.0 8.0-12.0 0.045 0.03
304LN S30453 0.03 2.00 1.00 18.0-20.0 8.0-10.5 0.045 0.03 0.10-0.15 N
S30430 S30430 0.08 2.00 1.00 17.0-19.0 8.0-10.0 0.045 0.03 3.0-4.0 Cu
304N S30451 0.08 2.00 1.00 18.0-20.0 8.0-10.5 0.045 0.03 0.10-0.16 N
304HN S30452 0.04-0.10 2.00 1.00 18.0-20.0 8.0-10.5 0.045 0.03 0.10-0.16 N
305 S30500 0.12 2.00 1.00 17.0-19.0 10.5-13.0 0.045 0.03
308 S30800 0.08 2.00 1.00 19.0-21.0 10.0-12.0 0.045 0.03
308L 0.03 2.00 1.00 19.0-21.0 10.0-12.0 0.045 0.03
309 S30900 0.20 2.00 1.00 22.0-24.0 12.0-15.0 0.045 0.03
309S S30908 0.08 2.00 1.00 22.0-24.0 12.0-15.0 0.045 0.03
309S Cb S30940 0.08 2.00 1.00 22.0-24.0 12.0-15.0 0.045 0.03 8 x %C - Nb(Cb)
309 Cb + Ta 0.08 2.00 1.00 22.0-24.0 12.0-15.0 0.045 0.03 8 x %C (Nb(Cb) + Ta)
310 S31000 0.25 2.00 1.50 24.0-26.0 19.0-22.0 0.045 0.03
310S S31008 0.08 2.00 1.50 24.0-26.0 19.0-22.0 0.045 0.03
312 0.15 2.00 1.00 30.0 nom. 9.0 nom. 0.045 0.03
254SMo S31254 0.020 1.00 0.80 19.5-20.5 17.50-18.5 0.03 0.010 6.00-6.50Mo; 0.18-0.22N;
Cu=0.5-1.00
314 S31400 0.25 2.00 1.5-3.0 23.0-26.0 19.0-22.0 0.045 0.03
316 S31600 0.08 2.00 1.00 16.0-18.0 10.0-14.0 0.045 0.03 2.0-3.0 Mo
316F** S31620 0.08 2.00 1.00 16.0-18.0 10.0-14.0 0.20 0.10 min. 1.75-2.5 Mo
316H S31609 0.04-0.10 2.00 1.00 16.0-18.0 10.0-14.0 0.045 0.03 2.0-3.0 Mo
316L S31603 0.03 2.00 1.00 16.0-18.0 10.0-14.0 0.045 0.03 2.0-3.0 Mo
316LN S31653 0.03 2.00 1.00 16.0-18.0 10.0-14.0 0.045 0.03 2.0-3.0 Mo; 0.10-0.30 N
316N S31651 0.08 2.00 1.00 16.0-18.0 10.0-14.0 0.045 0.03 2.0-3.0 Mo; 0.10-0.16 N
317 S31700 0.08 2.00 1.00 18.0-20.0 11.0-15.0 0.045 0.03 3.0-4.0 Mo
317L S31703 0.03 2.00 1.00 18.0-20.0 11.0-15.0 0.045 0.03 3.0-4.0 Mo
317M S31725 0.03 2.00 1.00 18.0-20.0 12.0-16.0 0.045 0.03 4.0-5.0 Mo
321 S32100 0.08 2.00 1.00 17.0-19.0 9.0-12.0 0.045 0.03 5 x %C min. Ti
321H S32109 0.04-0.10 2.00 1.00 17.0-19.0 9.0-12.0 0.045 0.03 5 x %C min. Ti
329 S32900 0.10 2.00 1.00 25.0-30.0 3.0-6.0 0.045 0.03 1.0-2.0 Mo
330 N08330 0.08 2.00 0.75-1.5 17.0-20.0 34.0-37.0 0.04 0.03
AL6-XN N80367 0.030 2.00 1.00 20.0-22.0 23.5-25.5 0.04 0.03 6.00-7.00Mo; 0.18-0.25N;
Cu=0.75
330HC 0.40 1.50 1.25 19.0 nom. 35.0 nom.
332 0.04 1.00 0.50 21.5 nom. 32.0 nom. 0.045 0.03
347 S34700 0.08 2.00 1.00 17.0-19.0 9.0-13.0 0.045 0.03 10 x %C min. Nb(Cb) +Ta
347H S34709 0.04-0.10 2.00 1.00 17.0-19.0 9.0-13.0 0.045 0.03 10 x %C min. Nb(Cb) + Ta
348 S34800 0.08 2.00 1.00 17.0-19.0 9.0-13.0 0.045 0.03 0.2 Cu; 10 x %C min. Nb(Cb) + Ta(c)
348H S34809 0.04-0.10 2.00 1.00 17.0-19.0 9.0-13.0 0.045 0.03 0.2 Cu; 10 x %C min. Nb(Cb) + Ta
384 S38400 0.08 2.00 1.00 15.0-17.0 17.0-19.0 0.045 0.03
Nitronic 32 S24100 0.10 12.0 0.50 18.0 1.6 0.35 N
Nitronic 33 S24000 0.06 13.0 0.5 18.0 3.0 0.30 N
Nitronic 40 S21900 0.08 8.0-10.0 1.00 18.0-20.0 5.0-7.0 0.06 0.03 0.15-0.40 N
Nitronic 50 S20910 0.06 4.0-6.0 1.00 20.5-23.5 11.5-13.5 0.04 0.03 1.5-3.0 Mo; 0.2-0.4 N;
0.1-0.3 Cb; 0.1-0.3 V
Nitronic 60 S21800 0.10 7.0-9.0 3.5-4.5 16.0-18.0 8.0-9.0 0.04 0.03 1.5-3.0 Mo; 0.2-0.4 N;
TABLE III — Nominal Compositions of Austenitic Stainless Steels
6

7
cracks will appear as the weld cools
and shrinkage stresses develop.
Hot cracking can be prevented by
adjusting the composition of the
base material and filler material to
obtain a microstructure with a small
amount of ferrite in the austenite
matrix. The ferrite provides ferrite-
austenite grain boundaries which are
able to control the sulfur and
phosphorous compounds so they do
not permit hot cracking. This
problem could be avoided by
reducing the S and P to very low
amounts, but this would increase
significantly the cost of making the
steel.
Normally a ferrite level of 4 FN
minimum is recommended to avoid
hot cracking. Ferrite is best
determined by measurement with a
magnetic instrument calibrated to
AWS A4.2 or ISO 8249. It can also
be estimated from the composition of
the base material and filler material
with the use of any of several consti-
tution diagrams. The oldest of these
is the 1948 Schaeffler Diagram. The
Cr equivalent (% Cr + % Mo + 1.5 x
% Si + 0.5 x % Cb) is plotted on
E310-XX welds on heavy plate tend
to be more crack sensitive than
E309-XX weld metals.
Free Machining Grades
(303, 303Se)
Production welding of these grades
is not recommended because the
sulfur or selenium and phosphorus
cause severe porosity and hot short
cracking.
If welding is necessary, special E312-
XX or E309-XX electrodes are
recommended because their high
ferrite reduces cracking tendencies.
Use techniques that reduce
admixture of base metal into the
weld metal and produce convex
bead shapes.
3.3.2 HOT CRACKING:
Hot cracking is caused by low
melting materials such as metallic
compounds of sulfur and
phosphorous which tend to penetrate
grain boundaries. When these
compounds are present in the weld
or heat affected zone, they will
penetrate grain boundaries and
processing equipment. 316 and
316L are welded with AWS E316L-
XX electrodes.
316L and 317L are ELC grades that
must be welded with ELC type
electrodes to maintain resistance to
carbide precipitation. 317 and 317L
are generally welded with E317 or
E317L electrodes respectively. They
can be welded with AWS E316-XX
electrode, but the welds are slightly
lower in molybdenum content than
the base metal with a corresponding
lower corrosion resistance.
When hot oxidizing acids are
encountered in service, E316,
E316L, E317 or E317L welds may
have poor corrosion resistance in the
as-welded condition. In such cases,
E309 or E309Cb electrodes may be
better. As an alternative, the following
heat treatment will restore corrosion
resistance to the weld:
1. For 316 or 317 – full anneal at
1950-2050°F (1066-1121°C).
2. For 316L and 317L – stress relieve
at 1600°F (871°C).
High Temperature Grades
(302B, 304H, 309,
309S, 310, 310S)
These high alloy grades
maintain strength at high
temperatures and have
good scaling resistance.
They are primarily used
in industrial equipment at
high service
temperatures –
sometimes over 2000°F
(1093°C).
AWS E310-XX
electrodes are needed to
match the high
temperature properties
and scaling resistance of
grades 310 and 310S.
302B and 309 grades
are generally welded
with E309-XX
electrodes. 304H is
generally welded with
E308H-XX electrodes.
E310-XX electrodes can
be used on light plate.
Creq = Cr + Mo + 0.7Cb
Nieq=Ni+35C+20N+0.25Cu
FIGURE 2 — New 1992 WRC diagram including solidification mode boundaries.
(Updated from T.A. Siewert, C.N. McCowan and D.L. Olson – Welding Journal,
December 1988 by D.J. Kotecki and T.A. Siewert - Welding Journal, May 1992.)

8
the horizontal axis and the nickel
equivalent (% Ni + 30 x % C + 0.5 x
% Mn) on the vertical axis. Despite
long use, the Schaeffler Diagram is
now outdated because it does not
consider nitrogen effects and
because it has not proven possible to
establish agreement among several
measurers as to the ferrite percent in
a given weld metal.
An improvement on the Schaeffler
Diagram is the 1973 WRC-DeLong
Diagram, which can be used to
estimate ferrite level. The main
differences are that the DeLong
Diagram includes nitrogen (N) in the
Ni equivalent (% Ni + 30 x % C x 30
x % N + 0.5 x % Mn) and shows
Ferrite Numbers in addition to
“percent ferrite.” Ferrite Numbers at
low levels may approximate “percent
ferrite.” The most recent diagram,
the WRC-1992 Diagram, Figure 2, is
considered to be the most accurate
predicting diagram at present. The
WRC-1992 Diagram has replaced the
WRC-DeLong Diagram in the ASME
Code with publication of the 1994-95
Winter Addendum. Its Ni equivalent
(% Ni + 35 x % C + 20 x % N + 0.25
Cu) and Cr equivalent (% Cr + % Mo
+ 0.7 x % Cb) differ from those of
Schaeffler and WRC-DeLong.
Ferrite Number may be estimated by
drawing a horizontal line across the
diagram from the nickel equivalent
number and a vertical line from the
chromium equivalent number. The
Ferrite Number is indicated by the
diagonal line which passes through
the intersection of the horizontal and
vertical lines.
Predictions by the WRC-1992 and
WRC-DeLong Diagrams for common
grades like 308 are similar, but the
WRC-1992 diagram generally is more
accurate for higher alloy and less
common grades like high manganese
austenitic or duplex ferritic-austenitic
stainless steels.
Ferrite Number can be measured
directly on weld deposits from the
magnetic properties of the ferrite.
Several instruments are available
commercially, including the Magne
Gage, the Severn Gage, the
Inspector Gage and the Ferritescope
which can be calibrated to AWS A4.2
or ISO 8249 and provide readings in
Ferrite Number.
The amount of ferrite normally should
not be greater than necessary to
prevent hot cracking with some
margin of safety. The presence of
ferrite can reduce corrosion
resistance in certain media and
excess ferrite can impair ductility and
toughness.
3.4
PRECIPITATION HARDENING
STAINLESS STEELS
There are three categories of precipi-
tation hardening stainless steels –
martensitic, semiaustenitic and
austenitic.
The martensitic stainless steels can
be hardened by quenching from the
austenitizing temperature [around
1900°F (1038°C)] then aging
between 900 to 1150°F (482 to
621°C). Since these steels contain
less than 0.07% carbon, the marten-
Precipitation-Hardening Types
PH 13-8 Mo S13800 0.05 0.10 0.10 12.25-13.25 7.5-8.5 0.01 0.008 2.0-2.5 Mo;
0.90-1.35 Al; 0.01 N
15-5 PH S15500 0.07 1.00 1.00 14.0-15.5 3.5-5.5 0.04 0.03 2.5-4.5 Cu;
0.15-0.45 Nb(Cb) + Ta
17-4 PH S17400 0.07 1.00 1.00 15.5-17.5 3.0-5.0 0.04 0.03 630 3.0-5.0 Cu;
0.15-0.45 Nb(Cb) + Ta
17-7 PH S17700 0.09 1.00 1.00 16.0-18.0 6.5-7.75 0.04 0.03 631 0.75-1.15 Al
PH 15-7 Mo S15700 0.09 1.00 1.00 14.0-16.0 6.5-7.75 0.04 0.03 2.0-3.0 Mo; 0.75-1.5 Al
17-10 P 0.07 0.75 0.50 17.0 10.5 0.28
A286 S66286 0.08 2.00 1.00 13.5-16.0 24.0-27.0 0.040 0.030 660 1.0-1.5 Mo; 2 Ti; 0.3 V
AM350 S35000 0.07-0.11 0.5-1.25 0.50 16.0-17.0 4.0-5.0 0.04 0.03 2.5-3.25 Mo; 0.07-0.13 N
AM355 S35500 0.10-0.15 0.5-1.25 0.50 15.0-16.0 4.0-5.0 0.04 0.03 2.5-3.25 Mo
AM363 0.04 0.15 0.05 11.0 4.0 0.25 Ti
Custom 450 S45000 0.05 1.00 1.00 14.0-16.0 5.0-7.0 0.03 0.03 1.25-1.75 Cu; 0.5-1.0 Mo
8 x %C - Nb(Cb)
Custom 455 S45500 0.05 0.50 0.50 11.0-12.5 7.5-9.5 0.04 0.03 0.5 Mo; 1.5-2.5 Cu;
0.8-1.4 Ti; 0.1-0.5 Nb(Cb)
Stainless W S17600 0.08 1.00 1.00 16.0-17.5 6.0-7.5 0.04 0.03 0.4 Al; 0.4-1.2 Ti
Duplex Types
2205 S32205 0.03 2.0 1.0 22.0 5.5 0.03 0.02 3.0 Mo; 0.18 N
2304 S32304 0.03 2.5 1.0 23.0 4.0 0.1 N
255 0.04 1.5 1.0 25.5 5.5 3.0 Mo; 0.17 N; 2.0 Cu
NU744LN 0.067 1.7 0.44 21.6 4.9 2.4 Mo; 0.10 N; 0.2 Cu
2507 S32750 0.03 1.2 0.8 25 5.5 0.035 0.020 4 Mo; 0.28 N
TABLE IV — Nominal Compositions of Precipitation Hardening and Duplex Stainless Steels
*Single values are maximum values. (From ASM Metals Handbook, Ninth Edition, Volume 3) and ASTM A638
ASTM
A
GRADE

9
site is not very hard and the main
hardening is obtained from the aging
(precipitation) reaction. Examples of
this group are 17-4PH, 15-5PH and
PH13-8Mo. Nominal compositions
of precipitation hardening stainless
steels are listed in Table IV.
The semiaustenitic stainless steels
will not transform to martensite when
cooled from the austenitizing temper-
ature because the martensite
transformation temperature is below
room temperature. These steels
must be given a conditioning
treatment which consists of heating
in the range of 1350 to 1750°F (732
to 954°C) to precipitate carbon
and/or alloy elements as carbides or
intermetallic compounds. This
removes alloy elements from solution,
thereby destabilizing the austenite,
which raises the martensite
transformation temperature so that a
martensite structure will be obtained
on cooling to room temperature.
Aging the steel between 850 and
1100°F (454 to 593°C) will stress
relieve and temper the martensite to
increase toughness, ductility, hard-
ness and corrosion resistance.
Examples of this group are 17-7PH,
PH 15-7 Mo and AM 350.
The austenitic precipitation hardening
stainless steels remain austenitic after
quenching from the solutioning
temperature even after substantial
amounts of cold work. They are
hardened only by the aging reaction.
This would include solution treating
between 1800 and 2050°F (982 to
1121°C), oil or water quenching and
aging at 1300 to 1350°F (704 to
732°C) for up to 24 hours.
Examples of these steels include
A286 and 17-10P.
If maximum strength is required in
martensitic and semiaustenitic pre-
cipitation hardening stainless steels,
matching or nearly matching filler
metal should be used and the com-
ponent, before welding, should be in
the annealed or solution annealed
condition. Often, Type 630 filler
metal, which is nearly identical with
17-4PH base metal, is used for
martensitic and semiaustenitic PH
stainlesses. After welding, a
complete solution heat treatment
plus an aging treatment is preferred.
If the post weld solution treatment is
not feasible, the components should
be solution treated before welding
then aged after welding. Thick
sections of highly restrained parts
are sometimes welded in the
overaged condition. These would
require a full heat treatment after
welding to attain maximum strength.
The austenitic precipitation hardening
stainless steels are the most difficult
to weld because of hot cracking.
Welding should preferably be done
with the parts in the solution treated
condition, under minimum restraint
and with minimum heat input. Nickel
base alloy filler metals of the NiCrFe
type or conventional austenitic stain-
less steel type are often preferred.
3.5
DUPLEX STAINLESS STEELS
Duplex Ferritic – Austenitic
Stainless Steels
Duplex stainless steels solidify as
100% ferrite, but about half of the
ferrite transforms to austenite during
cooling through temperatures above
approx. 1900°F (1040°C). This
behavior is accomplished by
increasing Cr and decreasing Ni as
compared to austenitic grades.
Nitrogen is deliberately added to
speed up the rate of austenite
formation during cooling. Duplex
stainless steels are ferromagnetic.
They combine higher strength than
austenitic stainless steels with
fabrication properties similar to
austenitics, and with resistance to
chloride stress corrosion cracking of
ferritic stainless steels. The most
common grade is 2205 (UNS
S32205), consisting of 22%Cr, 5%Ni,
3%Mo and 0.15%N.
Austenitic Ferritic Martensitic Precipitation
Property Types Types Types Hardening Types
Elastic Modulus; 106 psi 28.3 29.0 29.0 29.0
GPa 195 200 200 200
Density; lb./in.3 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.28
g/cm3 8.0 7.8 7.8 7.8
Coeff. of Therm. Expansion: µin./in. °F 9.2 5.8 5.7 6.0
µm/m °C 16.6 10.4 10.3 10.8
Thermal. Conduct.; Btu/hrft. °F 9.1 14.5 14.0 12.9
w/mk 15.7 25.1 24.2 22.3
Specific Heat; Btu/lb. °F 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11
J/k °K 500 460 460 460
Electrical Resistivity, µΩcm 74 61 61 80
Magnetic Permeability 1.02 600-1,100 700-1000 95
Melting Range °F 2,500-2,650 2,600-2,790 2,600-2,790 2,560-2,625
°C 1,375-1,450 1,425-1,530 1,425-1,530 1,400-1,440
TABLE V — Physical Properties of Groups of Stainless Steels

10
4.0
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
Average physical properties for each
of the main groups of stainless steel
are listed in Table V. This includes
elastic modulus, density, coefficient
of thermal expansion, thermal con-
ductivity, specific heat, electrical
resistivity, magnetic permeability and
melting range. These values should
be close enough for most engineer-
ing purposes. If more precise data is
required for a particular type of
stainless steel, it can be found in the
ASM Metals Handbook, Ninth
Edition, Volume 3.
5.0
MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
Nominal mechanical properties of
austenitic and ferritic stainless steels
in the annealed condition are listed in
Table VI and Table VII respectively.
The austenitic stainless steels
generally have higher tensile
strengths and elongation than the
ferritic stainless steels but lower yield
strengths. Reduction in area is
about the same for both groups.
Nominal mechanical properties of
martensitic stainless steels in both
the annealed and tempered condition
are listed in Table VIII. The
tempered condition involves heating
to austenitize, cooling to form
martensite and reheating to the
indicated temperature to increase
toughness. Table IX lists the
mechanical properties of the precipi-
tation hardening stainless steels as
solution annealed and after aging
treatments at the temperature
indicated. Properties of three duplex
stainless steels are included.
Tensile Strength 0.2% Yield Strength Elong. R.A. Hardness
Type Condition Ksi MPa Ksi MPa % % Rockwell
201 Anneal 115 793 55 379 55 B90
201 Full Hard 185 1275 140 965 4 C41
202 Anneal 105 724 55 379 55 B90
301 Anneal 110 758 40 276 60 B85
301 Full Hard 185 1275 140 965 8 C41
302 Anneal 90 620 37 255 55 65 B82
302B Anneal 95 655 40 276 50 65 B85
303 Anneal 90 620 35 241 50 55 B84
304 Anneal 85 586 35 241 55 65 B80
304L Anneal 80 552 30 207 55 65 B76
304N Anneal 85 586 35 241 30
304LN Anneal 80 552 30 207
305 Anneal 85 586 37 255 55 70 B82
308 Anneal 85 586 35 241 55 65 B80
308L Anneal 80 551 30 207 55 65 B76
309 Anneal 90 620 40 276 45 65 B85
310 Anneal 95 655 40 276 45 65 B87
312 Anneal 95 655 20
314 Anneal 100 689 50 345 45 60 B87
316 Anneal 85 586 35 241 55 70 B80
316L Anneal 78 538 30 207 55 65 B76
316F Anneal 85 586 35 241 55 70 B80
317 Anneal 90 620 40 276 50 55 B85
317L Anneal 85 586 35 241 50 55 B80
321 Anneal 87 599 35 241 55 65 B80
347/348 Anneal 92 634 35 241 50 65 B84
329 Anneal 105 724 80 552 25 50 B98
330 Anneal 80 550 35 241 30 B80
330HC Anneal 85 586 42 290 45 65
332 Anneal 80 552 35 241 45 70
384 Anneal 80 550
(From ASM Metals Handbook, 8th Edition, Volume 1; and 9th Edition, Volume 3 and ASTM standards)
TABLE VI — Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steels

11
405 Anneal 70 480 40 275 30 60 B80
409 Anneal 65 450 35 240 25 B75M
429 Anneal 71 490 45 310 30 65 B88M
430 Anneal 75 515 45 310 30 60 B82
430F Anneal 80 550 55 380 25 60 B86
430Ti Anneal 75 515 45 310 30 65
434 Anneal 77 530 53 365 23 B83M
436 Anneal 77 530 53 365 23 B83M
442 Anneal 80 550 45 310 25 50 B85
444 Anneal 60 415 40 275 20 B95M
446 Anneal 80 550 50 345 23 50 B86
26-1EBrite Anneal 65 450 40 275 22 B90M
26-1Ti Anneal 68 470 45 310 20 B95M
29-4 Anneal 80 550 60 415 20 B98M
29-4-2 Anneal 80 550 60 415 20 B98M
18SR Anneal 90 620 65 450 25 B90
Monit Anneal 94 650 80 550 20 B100M
Sea-cure/SC-1 Anneal 80 550 55 380 20 B100M
M = Maximum (From ASM Metals Handbook, 8th Edition, Volume 1; and 9th Edition, Volume 3)
403 Anneal 75 517 40 276 30 65 B82
403 *Temp. 800°F 195 1344 150 1034 17 55 C41
410 Anneal 75 517 40 276 30 65 B82
410 *Temp. 800°F 195 1344 150 1034 17 55 C41
410S Anneal 60 414 30 207 22 B95M
410Cb Anneal 70 483 40 276 13 45
410Cb *Temp. (Int.) 125 862 100 689 13 45
414 Anneal 120 827 95 655 17 55 C22
414 *Temp. 800°F 200 1379 150 1034 16 58 C43
414L Anneal 115 793 80 552 20 60
416 Plus X Anneal 75 517 40 276 30 60
420 Anneal 95 655 50 345 25 55 B92
420 *Temp. 600°F 230 1586 195 1344 8 25 C50
422 Temp., Int. 140 965 110 758 13 30
431 Anneal 125 862 95 655 20 60 C24
431 *Temp. 800°F 205 1413 155 1069 15 60 C43
440A Anneal 105 724 60 414 20 45 B95
440A *Temp. 600°F 260 1793 240 1655 5 20 C51
440B Anneal 107 738 62 427 18 35 B96
440B *Temp. 600°F 280 1931 270 1862 3 15 C55
440C Anneal 110 758 65 448 13 25 B97
440C *Temp. 600°F 285 1965 275 1896 2 10 C57
*Tempered after austentizing and cooling to room temperature.
M = Maximum (600°F = 315°C)
Int. = Intermediate temper hot finished (800°F = 427°C)
(From ASM Metals Handbook, 8th Edition, Volume 1; and 9th Edition, Volume 3)
TABLE VII — Nominal Mechanical Properties of Ferritic Stainless Steels
TABLE VIII — Nominal Mechanical Properties of Martensitic Stainless Steels

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