Vaccination is the administration of a vaccine to help the immune system develop protection from a disease.

1. Vaccines
Amandeep Singh
Assistant Professor
Department of Biotechnology
GSSDGS Khalsa College
Patiala, Punjab

2. Medication Vaccination
Treatment of the disease Prevention of the disease
Medicines Infected
Individual
Treatment
of Infection
Vaccines Healthy
Individual
Boost
Immunity
Polio

3. Vaccination
Vaccination is the administration of
a vaccine to help the immune system
develop protection from a disease.
Vaccine
Activated
Lymphocyte
Vaccine
Inactivated
Lymphocyte

4. Role of Vaccination
Collective immunity of a group of persons is known as Herd Immunity.

5. Vaccination Trials for Approval
Pre-Clinical Trials
Phase-I
20-80 People
Phase-II
>100 People
Phase-III
1000-10,000 or more People

6. Types of Immunity
Active
• Immune system of host is stimulated
Passive
• Immune system of host is NOT stimulated
• Antibodies in ready-made form are injected
Natural
First time infection
Immunity developed for
rest of the life
e.g. mumps, chickenpox
Artificial
Vaccines
Natural
Maternal antibodies to
fetus
e.g. Diptheria, tetanus,
mumps, rubella
Artificial
Anti-snake
venom antiserum

7. Active & Passive immunization
Property Passive Active
Duration of Immunity Short/Transient Long lasting
Memory development No Yes
Stimulation of immune system No Yes
Immunization agent Pre-formed antibodies Antigen
Booster Usually not given Yes
Chances of Complication More Less

8. Passive Immunization
Disadvantages
•Different Host
•No memory
•Transient protection
Indications
•When there is No Time for active immunization
•Immunodeficiency
•When disease is already present

9. Active Immunization
Host’s immune system is stimulated to develop immunity
Advantages
•Memory
•Immunity is of longer duration
Indications
•International Travelers
•Military personnel
•When no cure is available but vaccine is. e.g. hepatitis
•For eradication of disease (smallpox, polio)
•For people with reduced immunity (elderly)

10. Designing a Vaccine
Vaccine is a substance used to generate Active Immunity
Whole organism
Component
Product

11. Vaccine Sources
Spike Proteins
Inactivated/Dead Virus
Mutated RNA
Inside the body
Spike Proteins Antibody

12. Whole organism
Live Attenuated vaccines
Attenuation is done in different biological host.
Lose pathogenicity but retain immunogenicity.
Advantages
•No need for booster doses.
•Induce both humoral and cell mediated immune response.
Disadvantages
•Possibility of reverting back to virulent form
•Chances of contamination (grown in different host)
•Cannot be given to immunodeficient people
Example: BCG vaccine for treatment of Tuberculosis

13. Killed vaccines
Killed by Heat, Chemicals, Radiation
Disadvantages:
•Require multiple booster doses.
•Heat (not preferred): Kill epitope as well.
•Chemicals: Formaldehyde fail to kill all the viruses.
Example: Salk Polio Vaccine (Injectable) and Pertusis (whooping cough)
Whole organism

14. Purified Macromolecular Vaccines
3 Types
1. Inactivated exotoxins
2. Capsule polysaccharide
3. Recombinant surface antigens

15. Inactivated exotoxins
Toxin
Toxoid
Formaldehyde
Antibodies

16. Capsule polysaccharide
Capsule Polysaccharide
TH Cell B Cell
IgM
Polysaccharide Ag + Protein Carrier = Conjugate Vaccine

17. IL-4
DNA
Vaccine