4- Revision >> Concepts of occlusion for 4th year Students.

CONCEPTS OF COMPLETE DENTURE
OCCLUSION
Dr. Amal Fathy Kaddah
Professor of Prosthodontic,
Faculty of Dentistry,
Cairo University

Everything is okay in
the end
If it's not okay,
then it's not the end

• The stomatognathic system
• What 'occlusion' is and why it is important
• Definitions.
• The significance of 'ideal occlusion‘
• Difference between natural and artificial Occ.
• Mandibular Movements.
• Articulators and Facebows.
• Balanced Occlusion and Factors affecting Balanced O.
• Concepts of occlusion (Balanced and Non balanced Occlusion).
• Recording of Occlusion for removable prosthodontics.
• Occlusal correction for Removable Prosthesis.
• Occlusion and implant restorations (Loading protocols)
Occlusion Outline

It is an important factor for
maintaining the stability of
complete dentures, with the least
amount of trauma to the
supporting tissues.

Is the Resistance of Denture to Tipping
(Rocking, torsional forces) during function.

The static relationship between the incising or
masticating surfaces of the maxillary and
mandibular teeth, after jaw movement has
stopped and tooth contacts are identified.

The contact relationship
between the occlusal surfaces
of teeth during function.
It is the DYNAMIC contacts
relationship of the teeth as the
mandible moved to and from
eccentric relation.

Excursive Movements
Protrusive

Excursive Movements
Laterotrusive and Mediotrusive
Non-working Side
(Mediotrusive)
Working Side
(Laterotrusive)
LEFT MANDIBULAR EXCURSION

The most retruded relation of the mandible to the
maxillae when the condyles are in the most posterior
unstrained position in the glenoid fossae from which
lateral movement can be made, (within hinge movement).
(GPT) 2005

Dawson has defined this position as the
rearmost, uppermost, midmost (RUM)
position of the condyle in the fossa at
which the medial pole of the condyle disc
assembly is braced against the bony wall
of the eminentia.

Whatever is the definition of centric relation it is reproducible, stable and
functional position.
The rearmost, uppermost, midmost (RUM)
position of the condyle in the fossa
The most posterior unstrained
position in the glenoid fossae
In the uppermost and rearmost
position in the glenoid fossae
In the anterior-superior position
against the articular eminences

It is the most closed complete interdigitation of
mandibular and maxillary teeth irrespective of condylar
centricity.

The occlusion of opposing teeth
when the mandible is in centric
relation, This may or may not
coincide with the centric relation
in natural dentition
GPT 9

• In 90% of individuals with full complement of
natural teeth, centric occlusion (maximum
intercuspation), does not coincide with
centric relation of the jaws.
• In most patients centric occlusion is located
anterior to the centric relation by 0.5-1.5 mm
measured in the horizontal plane.

An occlusion other than centric
occlusion
Protrusive occlusion
Lateral occlusion

This relation exists when the
jaws are in centric relation and
the teeth are in centric occlusion

Three - dimensional record,
Vertical relation,
Antero - posterior relation
and lateral relation,
i.e. to obtain a centric relation record
it is necessary to determine the
vertical dimension of occlusion.

In the edentulous patients, use the
posterior border position (c. relation)

Centric Occlusion made to
coincide with CR

In the edentulous patients, use the
posterior border position (centric
relation) which is repeatable,
reproducible and within the
functional range of movements.

For this reason, the relation of the
mandible to the maxilla should be
recorded in the most retruded
position (C.R) and centric
occlusion made to coincide with it

The occlusal surface of the teeth could be altered to allow
freedom of tooth movement in harmony with the rotation of
condyle. From centric relation) (CR) to habitual intercuspal
position (HIP).
Point centric
HIP CR

Anterior Contacts in “old” MI and
CRO after Correction

= Balance + Occlusion
• BALANCE = When forces act on a body in such
a way that no motion results, there is balance
or equilibrium.
• DENTAL OCCLUSION = Relationship between
the occlusal surface of the maxillary and
mandibular teeth when they are in contact.

•The Bilateral simultaneous contact of
the anterior and posterior teeth in
excursive movements. (GPT 9)

• There should be no interferences during
movement from centric position to
eccentric positions.
• The movements should be in harmony
with TMJ & neuromuscular control

Difference between Natural and Artificial Occlusion
Natural teeth Artificial teeth
Periodontal ligament support No Periodontal ligament
Function independently Function as group
Mal occlusion not problematic over year Mal occlusion causes drastic problem
Non vertical forces well tolerated Non vertical forces are damaging to supporting
tissues
Incising doesn’t affect posterior teeth Incising affects all teeth on the base
Second molar is favored position for mastication Heavy pressure of mastication in second molar
region; tilt base and shifts it on inclined surface.
Bilateral balance is rarely found and if present
considered as interference.
Bilateral balance is necessary for base stability
Proprioceptive impulses give feed back to avoid
prematurities and interferences . So a habitual
occlusion away from centric is established.
No feed back Proprioceptive impulses and denture
base rest in centric relation. Any prematurities in
this position will shift the denture base.

Types of artificial posterior teeth
1- Anatomic teeth
2- Modified or semi-anatomic
tooth
3- Non-anatomic tooth

Denture Occlusion Options
Anatomic
Semi-anatomic
Lingualized
(lingual contact)
Non-anatomic
(balancing ramp)
Non-anatomic

1- Anatomic teeth
• Simulate the natural tooth form.
• It has cusp height of varying degrees of
inclination that will intercuspate with an
opposing tooth of anatomic form.
• The standard anatomic tooth has inclines
of approximately 33o .

Cusp Angle: It is measured by the angle formed by the
mesiobuccal cuspal incline to the horizontal plan when
the long axis of the tooth is vertical to the plane
Cusp Angle Non-anatomic tooth

The palatal cusps of the
maxillary posterior teeth
and the buccal cusps of
the mandibular posterior
teeth.
SUPPORTING CUSPS
Centric Cusps – (Stamp Cusps)

Non-Centric Cusps
The buccal cusps of the
maxillary posterior teeth
and the lingual cusps of the
mandibular posterior teeth.
Help to determine the path of the supporting
cusps during lateral and protrusive movements.
Non-centric Cusps – (Guiding Cusps)

1- The presence of cusp inclines can cause
trauma, discomfort and instability to the
bases because of the horizontal
component of force that produced
during function.

2- The use of adjustable articulator is mandatory
3- Various eccentric records must be made for
articulator adjustments
4- Harmonious balanced occlusion is lost when
settling occurs
5- The bases need prompt and frequent relining to
keep the occlusion stable and balanced.

6- Mesiodistal interlocking will not permit
settling of the base without horizontal
force developing. That acting on thin
delicate mucosa and the underlying bone
creates shearing that are not well
tolerated

Sharp cusped teeth exert less vertical force for
penetration but produce more lateral force owing to the
inclined plane effect (horizontal component of force).
Flat teeth exert more vertical force but produce less
lateral force components

1. No lateral component can be generated with vertical
closing, i.e. achieve stability.
2. Freedom in centric occlusion( the mandible is not
locked
3. in centric relation due to that there is no cusp, and
the patient can move the jaw forward, and laterally.
4. It is used in Class II, and III jaw relations.

• Aesthetics: Appear dull and unnatural.
• Mastication: Decreases chewing efficiency.
• Encourages lateral movement – bruxism
• Christensen’s Phenomenon
• The anterior teeth can not be set in overbite, and
overjet, they have to be set in almost edge to edge.
• They can not be corrected by occlusal grinding
without impairing their efficiency.

1- The capacity of the ridges.
2- Inter-ridge distance.
3- The ridge relationship.
4. Esthetics.
5. Patient's age and neuromuscular coordination.
6. Previous denture-wearing experience.

Strong well-formed
resist horizontal force
1- The capacity of the ridges

A large interridge distance creates a long
lever arm through which horizontal forces
created by the inclines of cusps can act.
Therefore, this force can be controlled by
using flat teeth as the interridge distance
increases.
2- Interridge distance

Non-anatomic posterior teeth used
effectively to control the forces of
occlusion and to stabilize the denture
base supported by compromised weak
ridge in either class II or class III
ridge relationship
3- The ridge relationship

1- Provide maximum denture stability during functional and
parafunctional movements of the mandible
2- Help in distribution of the masticatory pressure over the
supporting tissues and reduce trauma to the underlying
tissues
3- Increased efficiency of mastication
4- Psychologically it is more comfortable to the patients who
enjoy comfort and satisfaction only when eccentric
balance is present

Balanced Occlusion is important to:
Prevent the denture movement during chewing,
produce efficient mastication and in turn help in
stabilizing the denture

Contraindications of balanced occlusion
Extreme cases of the following:
• Difficulty in obtaining repeatable centric record
(incoordination, jaw malrelations)
• Severe ridge resorption (lateral forces displace the
denture) may more easily be handled with a
monoplane scheme.

1) Lever balance
2) Occlusal balance

1- Lever balance
Dependent on tooth position as
related to its base

The greater the lever balance by
favorable tooth denture relationship
The greater the stability of the base
during mastication until the teeth contact

Lever balance the greater the stability
of the base
1. The larger ridge.
2. The closer the teeth to ridge.
3. The more lingualized occlusion.
4. The more centered the force of occlusion
anteroposteriorly and bucco-lingually

The better the Lever
balance the greater the
stability of the denture
base during mastication
until teeth contact.
1- Favorable tooth- to -ridge crest position
Inter bolus exit balance is compensated by
lever balance

Equilibrium of the base on its supporting structures when a
bolus of food is interposed between the teeth on one side
and a space exist between the teeth on the opposite side

a- The height of occlusal plane should be 1-2 mm. below the lip line
Aesthetic base.
Leverage action
Functional base
2- Determination of the height of the occlusal plane

b- The occlusal surface of the teeth should be below the
greatest convexity of the tongue.
This also improves the stability of lower denture.

Convenient and at a
level familiar to the
tongue to perform its
action easily and stop
food escaping to the
floor of the mouth..
The height of occlusal plane should be

Unilateral lever balance
Equilibrium of the base on its supporting
structures when a bolus of food is
interposed between the teeth on one
side and a space exist between the teeth
on the opposite side

To achieve the unilateral lever balance and this state of
equilibrium:
1. Placing the teeth over the ridge (so that the resultant
direction of force on the functioning side is over the
ridge or slightly lingual to it).
2. Denture base area covers as wide area on the ridge as
possible.
3. Placing the teeth as close to the ridge as other factors
will permit.
4. Using as narrow a buccolingual width occlusal food
table.

2- Occlusal balance
Is dependent on
tooth contact

2- Occlusal balance
1) Unilateral occlusal balance
(Group function) This is not followed for balanced occlusion of complete
denture It is more pertained to fixed partial dentures
2) Bilateral occlusal balance
3) Protrusive occlusal balance
4) Mutually protected occlusion
(Canine protected) This is not followed for complete denture

Bilateral balance in artificial teeth, is
necessary to stabilize the bases.
Centric occlusion
Balanced
eccentric
occlusion

Protrusive occlusal balance
• This type of balanced occlusion is present when
mandible moves in a forward direction and the occlusal
contacts are smooth and simultaneous anteriorly and
posteriorly.

 There should be at least 3 points of
contact on the occlusal plane two
located posteriorly and one anteriorly.
 The more the number of contacts the
better will be the balance.
 Absent in natural dentition.
Protrusive occlusal balance

‫تجبه‬ ‫فال‬ ‫السفيه‬ ‫نطق‬ ‫إذا‬
...
‫السكوت‬ ‫إجابته‬ ‫من‬ ‫فخير‬
‫عنـه‬ ‫جت‬ّ‫فـر‬ ‫كلمته‬ ‫فإن‬
...
‫كـمدا‬ ‫خليته‬ ‫وإن‬
‫يمـوت‬

1. Eliminate anterior interferences during posterior
functions.
2. Stability of occlusion in centric relation, and in an
area forward and lateral to it (long centric).
3. Stability of occlusal contacts for all eccentric
mandibular movements at the limit of functional
activity.

4. Control of horizontal force by cusp height reduction
according to the residual ridge shape and inter-arch space
5. Minimum occlusal stop areas for reduced pressure during
function (lingual contact occlusion)
6. Achieve the functional lever balance by tooth to ridge
relationship.
7. Cutting, penetrating and shearing efficiency of occlusal
surface.

Occlusion in complete denture must be
developed to function efficiently and with
the least amount of trauma to the
supporting tissues.

 Preservation of the remaining tissues
 Proper masticatory efficiency
 Enhancement of denture stability, retention
and support
 Enhancement of phonetics and esthetics
Objectives

Philosophies of Denture
Occlusion
• Many philosophies of arranging denture
occlusion
• No definitive scientific studies prove one
occlusal scheme clearly superior

Significance of Balanced Concepts
• Centric occlusion is the relation of the maxillary and
mandibular teeth when they are in maximum
intercuspation and the condyles are in centric relation.
• Normal individual makes masticatory tooth contact
nearly for 20 mins in one day compared to 20 hours of
total tooth contact during other functions. So, for these
hours of tooth contact, balanced occlusion is important
to maintain denture stability.

Balanced is necessary because
Maximum intercuspation exists
In the terminal
position of the
masticatory stroke
During
Swallowing

I- Concepts Of Occlusion In Centric Position
a. Concepts of balanced occlusion
II- Concepts Of Occlusion In Eccentric
Position:
b. Concepts of non-balanced occlusion

I-Concepts of Occlusion in Centric Position
1- Point centric.
2- Long centric.
3- Slide centric.
4- Power centric.
These are not followed
for complete denture
This concept does not performed
for artificial occlusion ????

1- Point centric
Anatomic teeth set in tight interdigitated centric
occlusion with an incisal overlap for esthetics
I-Concepts of Occlusion in Centric Position

The point centric concept is that in which
centric occlusion coincide with centric
relation, such occlusion is neither stable
nor physiologic. Both function and stability
of complete dentures are well served by
the freedom in centric concept
1- Point centric

It involves positioning of the teeth with
a compound curve running antero-
posteriorly and Wilson’s curve running
transversely (mediolaterally) to
simulate natural teeth.
1- Point centric

1- Curve of Spee (1890)
The anatomic curvature of the occlusal alignment of the
lower teeth beginning at the tip of the lower cuspid and
following the buccal cusps of the natural bicuspids and
molars continuing to the anterior border of the ramus

The buccal cusps of the lower
posterior teeth are slightly
higher than the lingual cusps,
and a line drawn through the
buccal and lingual cusps of the
teeth on the other side forms a
lateral curve called Curve of
Wilson
2- Curve of Wilson

A proposed ideal curve of occlusion..
the curve of occlusion in which each cusp and incisal edge of upper
and lower teeth of right and left sides touches or conforms to a
segment of the surface of a sphere eight inches in diameter its center
in the region of the Glabella

Curve of Monson:
• It is a combination of curve of Spee
and the curve of Wilson.
• Coronal and sagittal planes.
• Concave for the mandibular arch and
convex for the maxillary arch.
• in centric occlusion form a segment of
a sphere of 4 inches radius with the
center of the sphere at the glabella

The compensating curve of the
artificial occlusion corresponds to a
combination of these curves in
natural teeth. It is considered one
of the more important factors in
establishing balanced occlusion

Once CR is established, CO can be built
to coincide with it providing a broad
area of tooth contact in this position
(a so called "freedom in centric")
2- Freedom of centric
(Long centric)

• The continuous line denote maximal intercuspal position,
the shaded line denotes the positioned centric relation.

It is a relatively flat area having a length of 0.5-1mm created
between centric relation and maximum intercuspal position
on the occlusal surfaces of the teeth,
(from hinge position to habitual intercuspal position)
(Long centric)

Points to understand about long centric are:
2. This flat region, gives the mandible freedom to
close in centric or slightly anterior to it without any
anterior interference.
3. Long centric refers to freedom from centric, not
freedom in centric.
1. In long centric, the patient is given the opportunity to
move on a horizontal plane from centric relation to centric
occlusion without any changes in vertical dimension.

When cuspless teeth are used this freedom
exists automatically.
In both situations the anterior teeth are arranged
to allow this freedom of movement i.e. the
anterior teeth are not arranged in contact when
the jaws are in centric relation.
(Long centric)

The occlusal surface of the teeth could be altered
to allow freedom of tooth movement in harmony
with the rotation of condyle. (From hinge position
to habitual intercuspal position).

The coincidence of Centric Occlusion & Centric Relation (CO = CR), when there
is freedom for the mandible to move slightly forwards from that occlusion in the
same sagittal and horizontal plane (Freedom in Centric Occlusion).
“LONG” CENTRIC No Anterior Contacts

Through wear, caries, loss of teeth or poor dentistry,
sliding movement that the mandible makes as it moves from
retruded contact position to intercuspal position i.e. the
slide is often a combination of forward and lateral
movements, as well as vertical components
3- Slide in Centric (eccentric slide)
It is the difference between centric occlusion and (maximum
intercuspation) in natural dentition is called slide in centric. It is
usually of 0.5 – 2.0 mm. in 80% of population.

Point Centric
Slide in Centric
Freedom in centric

CONCEPTS OF ARTIFICIAL OCCLUSION

Balanced Centric occlusion
REMEMBER >> RULES
Whatever the concept

I- Concepts Of Occlusion In Centric Position.
a. Concepts of balanced occlusion
II- Concepts Of Occlusion In Eccentric
Position:
b. Concepts of non-balanced occlusion

• Anatomic, balanced
• Semi-anatomic,
balanced
• Non-anatomic,
balanced
• Lingualized balanced
Non-balanced occlusion
• Organic Occlusion
• Conventional monoplane
• Neutrocentric concept
• Lingualized non-balanced

• Anatomic, balanced
• Semi-anatomic,
balanced
• Non-anatomic, balanced
• Lingualized balanced

ADVANTAGES OF BALANCED OCCLUSION:
1 – Fenestration of food is easy.
2 – Resists the rotation of the denture base.
3 – Provides better esthetics.
4 – Acts as a guide for proper jaw closure.
DISADVANTAGES OF BALANCED OCCLUSION:
1 – More occlusal disharmony during setting which is difficult to adjust.
2 – Increases horizontal forces.
3 – Difficult to adapt to abnormal jaw relationship.
BALANCED OCCLUSION (Cusp occlusion)

Balanced occlusion in eccentric position is
usually associated with cusp form posterior
teeth, with the exception of organic
occlusion, that employs cusp form posterior
teeth that are not arranged to provide
protrusive and bilateral balance.
A-Concepts of Balanced Occlusion in
Eccentric Position

1. Spherical theory of occlusion.
2. Centralizing concept of occlusion.
3. Lingualized occlusion concept (Gysi):
French’s modified posteriors.
Max Pleasure’s scheme.
Payne’s modification.
Lingualized occlusion with cutter bar.
4. Linear occlusion concept.
5. Flat (0o) teeth arranged with balancing ramp or Compensating Curves
6. Dynamic occlusion (functional g. p.)
Occlusal Designs of Balanced Occlusion

Anatomic (≥ 30°) or
semi anatomic (< 30°) teeth are
arranged in point centric
occlusion.
It dictates that tooth contact be
multiple and in harmony with the
anatomic guides and functional
characteristics of each patient.
1- Spherical concept of occlusion

Positioning artificial anatomic posterior teeth to simulate
natural occlusion (Point centric). The teeth, must be
arranged with a compensating curve running
anteroposteriorly and mediolaterally
1- Spherical concept of occlusion

Balanced Non- Balanced
– Maxillary anatomic (33°)
– Mandibular Teeth
 Non-anatomic
(Portrait 0°)
If Shallow Condylar
Guidance
If Steep Condylar
Guidance
– Maxillary anatomic (33°)
– Mandibular Teeth
 Shallow Cusped
(Anatoline)
The Lingualized Occlusion

•Lingual bone resorption prevents
placing teeth within the neutral zone
•Maintaining teeth on the ridge
preserves lever balance
•Lingualized occlusion helps
centralization of force.
Neutral
zone
Bone
resorption

Set mandibular premolars &
1st molar:
• Level with occlusal plane
•Centered over ridge
Line indicating the crest of the ridge
The Lingualized Occlusion
Occlusal plane

A method to achieve bilateral balanced
occlusion with an attempt to maintain
the esthetic and food penetration
advantages of the maxillary anatomic
form while maintaining the mechanical
freedom of the mandibular semi-
anatomic and non- anatomic form
The Balanced Lingualized Occlusion

Max. lingual cusps
contact central
fossae/marginal ridge
~ 1mm space between
buccal cusps
No max. buccal cusp contacts in:

Centric Position
• In centric- simultaneous bilateral posterior contacts
(maxillary lingual cusp)

Reducing the efficiency of the buccal cusps, Vertical forces are
centralized on the mandibular teeth. thus directing the forces to
the lingual side of the lower ridge crest to encourage lever
stability of the lower denture.
P. C. L.O.

•Maxillary lingual cusp make
a point of contact
somewhere along the
mandibular central fossa.

Maxillary lingual cusps firmly
contact bilaterally simultaneously

In excursions-
 Anterior teeth are in
contact during excursions
Working Excursions
 Bilateral contacts of posterior (max. ling. cusp) so denture
does not displace/tip

Note the balancing contacts
Balancing Excursions

In lateral excursive movements clearance between the
maxillary and mandibular buccal cusps to increase lever
stability to the lower denture.

Theoretically, there should be less lateral displacement of the denture
and less lateral forces during function when using lingualized posterior
denture teeth.
Centric Occlusion
Conventional
Anatomic
Force
Lingualized
Biomechanical advantages of lingual contact occlusion

(A)Esthetic vertical overlap of the teeth can be
accommodated by considerable horizontal overlap between
the anterior teeth.
(B) With little horizontal overlap, the vertical overlap must be
reduced
Eliminate anterior interferences during posterior functions.

The maxillary lingual cusps act as the centric
holding cusps.
This give mortar and pestle type contact that
lingualizes the resultant force without moving the
teeth in relation to the ridge.
Cusped maxillary teeth
oppose mandibular semi-anatomic teeth

In lateral excursion The maxillary
buccal cusps are not in contact,
leaving only the maxillary lingual
cusps as the centric holding cusps,
which helps to stabilize the upper and lower dentures and
minimizes the number of tooth contacts (balancing position)
oppose mandibular non- anatomic teeth
Balancing
ramp

The anterior region there should be light contact during lateral excursion
In all lateral excursions you should observe at least three points of contact
bilaterally to maintain bilateral balance.
oppose mandibular non- anatomic teeth

Advantages of lingualized occlusion
1. Esthetics is maintained.
2. Efficiency is maintained.
3. Mechanical freedom of occlusion from the semi and non-anatomic
teeth form.
4. Mechanical stability due to centralized forces.
5. Bilateral balanced occlusion is readily obtained for a region
around centric relation.
6. No lateral forces due to one contact point.
7. Lingualized occlusion can be used with all morphologic ridge
contours.
8. Buccal cusp allows escapeway for the bolus of food.
.. Good penetration of the bolus.

3-Balance with non-anatomic teeth
1. Placing "balancing ramps" behind the lower second
molars.
2. Tilting the second molars to create an inclined plane.
3. Arranging teeth in a compensating curves.
4. Anti Monson curve.
5. Pleasure curve.

A- Zero Degree Teeth with Balancing Ramp
Setting up the teeth in a
flat plane and utilize a
balancing ramp just distal
to the second molar.

Monoplane with Balancing Ramps: Working,
Balancing and Protrusive balance can be obtained
with nonanatomic posterior teeth if balancing ramps
are employed. In all lateral excursions at least three
points of contact should be observed; if bilateral
balance is to be achieved
Monoplane with Balancing Ramps
Beumer J, DDS, MS and Michael Hamada DDS: 16. Occlusal Schemes -
Lingualized Occlusion Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, Biomaterials and
Hospital Dentistry UCLA School of Dentistry.

•Artificial tooth
•An acrylic ramp
•Non anatomic porcelain teeth
•Amalgam or gold balancing ramp
Types of balancing ramps
Sears advocated the use of second molar
ramp which is adjusted to provide
protrusive and lateral balance (three point
balanced occlusion),

Protrusive Balance Compensation in Monoplane Denture occlusion:
Second Molar Slant
b . Tilting the second molars

C- Zero Degree Teeth with a
Compensating Curve
Zero degree teeth can be set on
lateral and anteroposterior
curves harmonious with the
condylar inclination to attain
reasonable balance contacts in
lateral and protrusive positions.

The character of the supporting foundation
II- Concepts of Non-Balanced Occlusion
In Eccentric Position
Horizontal forces are unstabilizing and
potentially destructive to the supporting tissue.
Monoplane teeth are more adaptable for unusual jaw
relationships and permits the use of a simplified and
less time-consuming technique

Non-balanced occlusion concept
To accept the concept of non-balancing occlusion, the following
points should be accepted:
1. The mucosa resiliency makes it almost impossible to harmonize tooth arrangement
with mandibular movements in the eccentric relations and maintain this harmony.
2. The contact of the teeth during masticatory and non masticatory mandibular
movements takes place when the mandible is in centric relation to the maxilla.
3. The artificial teeth should not contact when the mandible is in eccentric relation to
the maxilla, whereas, horizontal and torquing forces are directed to the supporting
structures.
4. When the jaws are in centric relation, the contact of the teeth produces no
discomfort to the supporting tissues or the joints.

Note Christiansen’s
phenomenon, or the separation
between the posterior teeth in
the protrusive position. If the
patient presents with steep
condylar inclination the
posterior discrepancy in
excursion may become
significant.
Remember
condylar inclination

The steeper the condylar
inclination >> >> the greater the
posterior discrepancy in
excursion and >> >> The greater
the need for balance using
balancing ramps for cuspless
teeth, or ???>>> for cusped teeth?
Remember

RE A L EFF
Resiliency and Like (Life) effect

Sharry said that “It makes a little sense
to spend several hours in articulator
adjustment to construct a denture
which can not be differentiated from
dentures made in simple instrument.”

Advantages of non-balanced Occlusion
1. Simple technique.
2. No lateral forces.
3. Freedom of occlusion.
4. Used with compromised ridges.
5. Necessitates minimum adjustments.

1. Poor esthetics.
2. Poor masticatory efficiency.
3. No balancing contacts.
4. Restricted protrusion and incision.
5. Lateral chewing cycle.
Disadvantages of non-balanced
Occlusion

B-Monoplane Occlusal
Concept
A-Organic occlusal
Concept
Non- Cusped
1.Hardy’s (1942 )
2- Neutrocentric Concept of DeVan, (1954)
3.Philip Jones, 1972
4- Non- balanced Lingualized
Cusped
Canine protected
Occlusion
Non-balanced occlusion concept
Remember

Balanced
Non- Balanced
– Balancing ramps.
– Tilting the second molars
– Arranging teeth in a
compensating curves
If Shallow Condylar Guidance If Steep Condylar Guidance
Philip Jones, 1972
Hardy’s (1942 )
Remember
The Monoplane occlusion concept

A- Organic Occlusion
Stuart, Stallard in 1961 and Thomas in 1967
Concept that employs cusp
form posterior teeth that are
not arranged in protrusive or
lateral balance.
Organic concept of occlusion can not be
accepted, in constructing complete dentures

Which of the anterior teeth are best
suited to accept horizontal forces
in eccentric movements?
• Canines
Why?
– Longest and largest roots
– Best crown: root ratio
– Surrounded by dense compact bone compared to the medullary bone of
posterior teeth
– Due to sensory input, there is lower muscle activity when the canines
are in contact
• Therefore, the canines are the best teeth to be in contact during a
laterotrusive movement
• Arrangement is called canine guidance or canine rise occlusion

Canine Guidance
Not applied for denture
construction in most
studies
When the patient moves to the side during chewing there are only one
or two tooth contacts, then the denture bases will tip up and be very
difficult to control. If they do not tip because the ridge and /0r the
patient’s muscle control prevent this, they will steel move, but will
create pain, discomfort, and ulceration.

1. Flat occlusal surfaces against a flat plane. Position the
posterior mandibular teeth over the crest of the ridge.
2. Incisal guidance and the condylar inclinations are set at 0
degrees while the cuspless teeth are arranged.
3. If patient needs vertical overlap of the anterior teeth to
achieve esthetic, sufficient horizontal overlap is essential.
B-Monoplane Occlusion Concept

5. Avoid incising with their anterior teeth.
6. The posterior limit is the point at which the
mandibular ridge begins to curve upward.
7. if second or even third molars placed on this
slope. these teeth must not make contact with
their antagonist or antagonists.
1- Hardy’s Monoplane Occlusion Concepts (1942 )

8. Flat-cusped teeth are readily arranged to
accommodate a unilateral or a bilateral
cross-bite situation.
9. For arranging artificial teeth for class two
jaw relation: Space filler - an extra cuspid.
1- Monoplane Occlusion Concepts

1- Non- anatomic teeth with flat
occlusal surfaces set to a flat
occlusal plane
Centric occ.

Position the posterior mandibular teeth
over the crest of the ridge. they are set
to a flat plane and Since there is no
vertical overlap of the anterior teeth all
of the mandibular teeth are on the
plane of occlusion.

At balancing and protrusive positions there is separation of the
denture teeth in the posterior regions leading to tipping of the
dentures.
2- The patients should avoid incising with their
anterior teeth.
X

3. The maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth
are arranged without vertical overlap. Incisal
guidance as close to 0 degrees
4. If vertical overlap of the
anterior teeth to achieve
esthetic need, sufficient
horizontal overlap is
required

5. The condylar inclinations are set at 0
degrees while the cuspless teeth are
arranged.
1- Hardy’s Monoplane Occlusion Concepts (1942 )

 If second or even third molars
placed on this slope. these teeth
must not make contact with their
antagonist or antagonists.
a. Monoplane Occlusion
7. Avoid placing the teeth on inclined
planes. The posterior limit of the
lower posterior teeth is the point at
which the mandibular ridge begins to
curve upward.
Monoplane Occlusion
Philip Jones, 1972

8. The occlusal plane must fulfill certain
requirements:
b. It should be parallels to the
mean denture base foundation.
c. It should fall at the junction of
the upper, and the middle thirds
of the retromolar pads.
a. The occlusal plane evenly divides the space between
the maxillary, and mandibular ridge.

With this occlusal scheme the plane of occlusion should
be parallel to the denture foundation area.

9. This concept is more adaptable to class two
and class three malocclusions (For Cross-bite
patients).
More for Class II patients Magnitude of Horizontal Overlap (Overjet)

Magnitude of Horizontal Overlap (Overjet)
More for Class II
patients
Class I Class II
Beumer J, DDS, MS and Michael Hamada DDS: 16. Occlusal Schemes - Lingualized
Occlusion Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, Biomaterials and Hospital Dentistry
UCLA School of Dentistry.

10. The steeper the condylar inclination the greater the posterior
discrepancy in excursion and the greater the need for balancing ramps,
and so in this patient, balancing ramps were added to improve the
stability of the lower denture. (Philip Jones, 1972 )
Balancing Ramp Beumer J, DDS, MS and Michael Hamada DDS: 16. Occlusal Schemes -
Lingualized Occlusion Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, Biomaterials and
Hospital Dentistry UCLA School of Dentistry.

Advantages of monoplane occlusion:
1. Does not require meticulousness records.
2. By removing any inclines, No lateral component can be
generated with vertical closing, i.e. achieve stability.
3. Easier to adjust.
4. Freedom in centric occlusion ( the mandible is not locked
in centric relation as there is no cusp, and the patient can
move the jaw forward, and laterally.
5. It is used in Class II, and III jaw relations.

Disadvantages of monoplane occlusion:
1. Decreases chewing efficiency.
2. Esthetic is affected in both anterior, and premolar
regions.
3. The anterior teeth can not be set in overbite, and
overjet, they have to be set in almost edge to
edge.

Non-Balanced Lingualized Occlusion
Maxillary anatomic
opposing mandibular
non-anatomic

It is indicated when the patient places high priority on
esthetics but a non anatomic occlusal scheme is indicated by
oral conditions such as sever alveolar resorption, class II jaw
relation or displaceable supporting tissues.

Lack of mandibular cusp angles and no attempt to
balance the occlusion
No compensating curves
No overbite
Beumer J, DDS, MS and Michael Hamada DDS: 16. Occlusal Schemes - Lingualized Occlusion Division of
Advanced Prosthodontics, Biomaterials and Hospital Dentistry UCLA School of Dentistry.

A-P Length of Posterior Teeth
 Teeth should end prior to ascending portion of
ramus

• Maxillary lingual cusps contact
central groove/marginal ridge of
the opposing teeth

The horizontal
overlap prevents
biting of cheek &
lips
Horizontal
overlap

• All maxillary teeth, with exception of lateral incisors
and cuspids, should be on the plane of occlusion

REFERENCES
1. Arthur N.: Balancing ramps in non-anatomic complete denture , occlusion. JPD,1985;53:431-433.. JPD,1985;53:431-433.
2. Ash MM, Ramfjord S.: Occlusion. 4th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1995.
3. Basker RM., Davenport JC., Prosthetic treatment of the edentulous patient. Oxford: Blackwell, 2002.
4. Beck H.O.: Occlusion as related to complete removable prosthodontics JPD,1972;27:246-256.
5. Becker C.M., Swoop P.C.: Becker C.M., Swoop P.C.: Lingualized occlusion for removable prosthodontics. JPD, 1977;38:601-608..
6. Bernard Levin: Reevaluation of Hanaus Laws of Articulation and the Hanaus Quint Articulation. JPD,1978;39:254- 258.
7. Beumer J, DDS, MS and Michael Hamada DDS: 16. Occlusal Schemes - Lingualized Occlusion Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, Biomaterials and Hospital Dentistry UCLA School of
Dentistry.
8. Boucher CO. Prosthodontic Treatment for Edentulous Patients. 9th ed. Delhi: CBS Publishers; 1990. p. 119.
9. Brewer AA, Hudson DC. Application of miniaturised electronic devices to study of tooth contact in complete dentures, a progress report. J Prosthet Dent. 1961;11: 62–72.
10. Dawson, P.E.: Evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of occlusal problems. 2nd ed. St Louis: Mosby; 1988.
11. Dawson, P.E.: New definition for relating occlusion of varying conditions of the temporomandibular Joint. J. Prosthet. Dent; 74: 619, 1995.
12. Gibbs CH, Mahan PE, Lundeen HC, Brehnan K, Walsh EK, Holbrook WB. Occlusal forces during chewing and swallowing as measured by sound transmission. J Prosthet Dent. 1981;46:443–9.
13. Gregory R.P., Gerald H.L.: The Occlusal Spectrum and the Occlusal Spectrum and Complete Dentures.
14. Heartwell Charles M.: Sylabbus of complete dentures
15. http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/aSGuest18776-189861-balanced-occ-part-science-technology-ppt-powerpoint/
16. http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/rahul.ahirrao-1690965-balanced-occlusion-complete-denture/
17. http://www.ffofr.org/education/lectures/complete-dentures/occlusal-schemes-anatomic-and-semi-anatomic-occlusion/
18. Iwao Hayakawa: Principles and practices of complete dentures: creating the mental image of a denture, rapidshare.com, 27 Dec 2009.
19. Kaddah, A. F.: OCCLUSION IN PROSTHODONTICS, Varieties, Aberrations & Management. Dar El-Etehad. First Co. First ed. Cairo Egypt. 98/7071, 1998.
20. Lang BR. Complete denture occlusion. Dent Clin North Am. 2004;48:641–65. vi
21. Levin B. A reevaluation of Hanau's Laws of Articulation and the Hanau Quint. J Prosthet Dent. 1978;39:254–8.
22. Palmer CA. Gerodontic nutrition and dietary counseling for prosthodontic patients. Dent Clin North Am. 2003;47:355–71.
23. Rahn AO, Heartwell CM. Textbook of Complete Dentures. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger; 1993.
24. Rahn AO., Ivanhoe JR., Plummer KD., Textbook of complete dentures. 6th ed. People’s Medical Publishing House, CT, 2007.
25. Rangarajan V. , Gajapathi B. , Yogesh P. B. , Mohamed Ibrahim, Ganesh Kumar M. , R. , and Prasanna Karthik : Concepts of occlusion in prosthodontics: A literature review, part I, J Indian
Prosthodont Soc. 2015 Jul-Sep; 15(3): 200–205.
26. Sharry J.J.: Complete Denture Prosthodontics; 19621962
27. Sharry JJ. Complete Denture Prosthodontics. 3rd ed. St. Louis: Blaktison Publication; 1974.
28. Sheppard IM, Sheppard SM. Denture occlusion. J Prosthet Dent. 1968;20:307–18.
29. Swenson MG. Complete Dentures. 1st ed. St. Louis: C. V. Mosby Co; 1940. p. 382.
30. Textbook of prosthodontics,Jaypee,Jaypee Brothers Publishers, 2013.
31. The glossary of prosthodontic terms. J Prosthet Dent. 2005;94:10–92.
32. Trappozano V.R.: An experimental study of the testing of occlusal patterns on the same denture bases. JPD.1952; 440-457.440-457.
33. Winkler S. Essentials of Complete Denture Prosthodontics. 2nd ed. Delhi: AITBs Publishers; 2000.
34. Winkler, S.: Essentials of complete denture prosthodontics. 2nd ed., PSG Publishing. Co. Inc., 2005.
35. www.indiandentalacademy.com
36. Zarb GA, Bolender CL. Prosthodontic Treatment for Edentulous Patients. 12th ed. New Delhi: Mosby; 2004.
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4- Revision >> Concepts of occlusion for 4th year Students.

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