Cholesterol Types of Cholesterol: HDL, LDL & VLDL Saturated Fat Unsaturated Fat Monounsaturated Fat Polyunsaturated Fat Trans Fat Fatty Acid

1. Group Task
Applied Nutrition
Prepared by
Ali Rahman (Sabir)
Student RNC
1st Year, 2nd Semester

2. Group Task Topic
1. Cholesterol
2. Types of Cholesterol: HDL, LDL & VLDL
3. Saturated Fat
4. Unsaturated Fat
5. Monounsaturated Fat
6. Polyunsaturated Fat
7. Trans Fat
8. Fatty Acid
11/14/2020Rufaida Nursing College
2

3. CHOLESTEROL
◦ Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that's found in all the cells in your body.
◦ Cholesterol is the most important sterol in human body.
◦ Its molecular formula is C27H45OH.
◦ It possesses “cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus”.
◦ It has an –OH group at C3.
◦ It has an unsaturated double bond between C5 and C6.
◦ It has two –CH3 groups at C10 and C13.
◦ It has an eight carbon side chain attached to C17.
11/14/2020Rufaida Nursing College
3

4. Cont.…
11/14/2020Rufaida Nursing College
4
Structure of Cholesterol Cholesterol crystals

5. Properties
◦ The name cholesterol is derived from the Greek word meaning solid bile.
◦ It occurs as a white or faintly yellow, almost odorless, pearly leaflets or granules.
◦ It is insoluble in water, sparingly soluble in alcohol and soluble in ether, chloroform, hot alcohol,
ethyl acetate and vegetable oils.
◦ It easily crystallizes from such solutions in colorless, rhombic plates with one or more characteristic
notches in the corner.
◦ It is not saponifiable.
◦ Its melting point is 147° to 150° C.
◦ Since it has an unsaturated bond, it can take up two halogen atoms.
11/14/2020Rufaida Nursing College
5

6. Source of Cholesterol
◦Exogenous:
◦ Dietary cholesterol, approximately 0.3 gm/day. Diet rich in cholesterol are butter, cream, milk, egg
yolk, meat, etc.
◦ A hen’s egg weighing 2 oz. gives 250 mg cholesterol
◦Endogenous:
◦ Synthesized in the body from acetyl CoA, approximately 1.0 gm/day.
◦Occurrence:
◦ It is widely present in body tissues.
◦ Cholesterol is found in largest amounts in normal human adults.
11/14/2020Rufaida Nursing College
6

7. Esterification of cholesterol
◦ Esterification occurs as follows:
◦ Some cholesterol esters are formed in tissues by the transfer of acyl groups from acyl-CoA to
cholesterol by acyl transferases.
◦ But most of the plasma cholesterol esters are produced in the plasma itself by the transfer of an
acyl group (mostly unsaturated acyl group) from the ®-position of lecithin to cholesterol with the
help of the enzyme lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT).
11/14/2020Rufaida Nursing College
7

8. Importance of Cholesterol
◦ Every cell in the body needs cholesterol, which helps the cell membranes form the
layers.
◦ These layers protect the contents of the cell by acting as the gatekeeper to what
things can enter or leave the cell.
◦ It is made by the liver and is also used by the liver to make bile, which helps you
digest foods.
◦ Cholesterol is also needed to make certain hormones and to produce vitamin D.
◦ Your liver makes enough cholesterol to meet your body’s needs for these
important functions.
11/14/2020Rufaida Nursing College
8

9. Types of Cholesterol: HDL, LDL & VLDL
◦ Cholesterol moves throughout the body carried by lipoproteins in the blood.
◦ These lipoproteins include;
◦ Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is one of the two main lipoproteins. LDL is often
called “the bad cholesterol.”
◦ High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is the other main lipoprotein. HDL is often called
“the good cholesterol.”
◦ Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) are particles in the blood that
carry triglycerides.
11/14/2020Rufaida Nursing College
9

10. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
◦ The low-density lipoprotein is called the bad cholesterol when we always hear
about how we should lower our cholesterol.
◦ However, LDL is “bad” because of what it does;
◦ LDL can build up on the walls of your arteries and make them narrower.
◦ The fatty deposits form plaque that lines your arteries and may cause blockages.
◦ This build-up is called atherosclerosis.
◦ Arteries are the blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood away from your heart to
all other organs in the body.
11/14/2020Rufaida Nursing College
10

11. High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
◦ HDL is called the “good cholesterol.”
◦ It is good because it carries away other kinds of cholesterol (including LDL), away from the arteries.
◦ It might help to think of HDL as a delivery truck, while thinking of LDL as a dump truck.
◦ HDL drops other types of cholesterol off at the liver and they are removed from the body.
◦ It is believed that higher levels of HDL reduce the risk for heart disease.
◦ Very Low-density lipoprotein:
◦ Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol is produced in the liver and released into the
bloodstream to supply body tissues with a type of fat (triglycerides).
◦ An elevated VLDL cholesterol level is more than 30 milligrams per deciliter (0.77 milli mole/liter).
11/14/2020Rufaida Nursing College
11

12. Target cholesterol levels by age and sex
11/14/2020Rufaida Nursing College
12
Age and sex Total
cholesterol
Non-HDL
cholesterol
LDL
cholesterol
HDL
cholesterol
People aged 19
years
and younger
Less than 170
mg/dL
Less than 120
mg/dL
Less than 110
mg/dL
More than 45
mg/dL
Men aged 20
years
and older
125 mg/dL to 200
mg/dL
Less than 130
mg/dL
Less than 100
mg/dL
40 mg/dL or higher
Women aged 20
years
and older
125 mg/dL to 200
mg/dL
Less than 130
mg/dL
Less than 100
mg/dL
50 mg/dL or higher

13. Saturated Fat
◦ Saturated fat is a type of dietary fat.
◦ Saturated fat consist of single covalent bond between the carbon atoms.
◦ It is one of the unhealthy fats, along with trans fat.
◦ These fats are most often solid at room temperature.
◦ Hydrogenation is not possible in saturated fats.
◦ Foods like butter, palm and coconut oils, cheese, and red meat have high amounts
of saturated fat.
◦ Too much saturated fat in your diet can lead to heart disease and other health
problems.
11/14/2020Rufaida Nursing College
13

14. STRUCTURE OF SATURATED FAT
11/14/2020Rufaida Nursing College
14

15. How Saturated Fats Affect Your Health?
◦ Saturated fats are bad for your health in several ways:
◦ Heart disease risk:
◦ Your body needs healthy fats for energy and other functions.
◦ But too much saturated fat can cause cholesterol to build up in your arteries (blood vessels).
◦ Saturated fats raise your LDL (bad) cholesterol.
◦ High LDL cholesterol increases your risk for heart disease and stroke.
◦ Weight gain:
◦ Many high-fat foods such as pizza, baked goods, and fried foods have a lot of saturated fat.
◦ Eating too much fat can add extra calories to your diet and cause you to gain weight.
◦ All fats contain 9 calories per gram of fat.
◦ This is more than twice the amount found in carbohydrates and protein.
11/14/2020Rufaida Nursing College
15

16. UNSATURATED FAT
◦ Unsaturated fat fluid or liquid at room temperature.
◦ Unsaturated fat typically comes from plant sources such as olives, nuts, or seeds
– but unsaturated fat is also present in fish.
◦ Unsaturated fat are usually called oils.
◦ It contains double bond in alternative carbon atom.
◦ Hydrogenation is possible in unsaturated fats.
◦ Unlike saturated fat, these oils contain mostly monounsaturated and
polyunsaturated fat.
11/14/2020Rufaida Nursing College
16

17. STRUCTURE OF UNSATURATED FAT
11/14/2020Rufaida Nursing College
17

18. MONOUNSATURATED FAT
◦ Monounsaturated fat is a type of dietary fat.
◦ It is one of the healthy fats, along with polyunsaturated fat.
◦ Monounsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature, but start to harden when chilled.
◦ Monounsaturated fats are found in plant foods, such as nuts, avocados, and vegetable oils.
◦ Eating moderate amounts of monounsaturated (and polyunsaturated) fats in place of saturated and
trans fats can benefit your health.
◦ Monounsaturated fats are good for your health in several ways;
◦ They can help lower your LDL (bad) cholesterol level.
◦ Cholesterol is a soft, waxy substance that can cause clogged, or blocked, arteries (blood vessels).
◦ Keeping your LDL level low reduces your risk for heart disease and stroke.
◦ Monounsaturated fats help develop and maintain your cells.
18

19. STRUCTURE OF MONOUNSATURATED FAT
11/14/2020Rufaida Nursing College
19

20. POLYUNSATURATED FAT
◦ Polyunsaturated fat is a type of dietary fat.
◦ Polyunsaturated fat is different than saturated fat and trans fat.
◦ Polyunsaturated fat is found in plant and animal foods, such as salmon, vegetable
oils, and some nuts and seeds.
◦ Polyunsaturated fats include omega-3 and omega-6 fats.
◦ These are essential fatty acids that the body needs for brain function and cell
growth.
◦ Our bodies do not make essential fatty acids, so you can only get them from food.
11/14/2020Rufaida Nursing College
20

21. Omega-3 And Omega-6 Fats
◦ Omega-3 fatty acids are good for your heart in several ways. They help:
◦ Reduce triglycerides, a type of fat in your blood
◦ Reduce the risk of developing an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)
◦ Slow the buildup of plaque, a substance comprising fat, cholesterol, and calcium, which can harden
and clog your arteries
◦ Slightly lower your blood pressure
◦ Omega-6 fatty acids may help:
◦ Control your blood sugar
◦ Reduce your risk for diabetes
◦ Lower your blood pressure
11/14/2020Rufaida Nursing College
21

22. STRUCTURE OF POLYUNSATURATED
FAT
11/14/2020Rufaida Nursing College
22

23. Trans Fat
◦ Trans fat are those fat in which the alkyl group have
chain of carbon on both sides (top and bottom).
◦ Trans fats, or trans-fatty acids, are a form of unsaturated
fat.
◦ They come in both natural and artificial forms.
◦ Natural, or ruminant, trans fats occur in the meat and
dairy from ruminant animals, such as cattle, sheep, and
goats.
◦ They form naturally when bacteria in these animals’
stomachs digest grass.
◦ These types typically comprise 2–6% of the fat in dairy
products and 3–9% of the fat in cuts of beef and lamb.
◦ Artificial trans fats may increase your risk of heart
disease.
11/14/2020Rufaida Nursing College
23 STRUCTURE OF
TRANS FAT

24. Fatty Acid
◦ Fatty acid, important component of lipids (fat-soluble components of living cells) in plants, animals, and
microorganisms.
◦ Generally, a fatty acid consists of a straight chain of an even number of carbon atoms, with hydrogen atoms
along the length of the chain and at one end of the chain and a carboxyl group (―COOH) at the other end.
◦ It is that carboxyl group that makes it an acid (carboxylic acid).
◦ If the carbon-to-carbon bonds are all single, the acid is saturated; if any of the bonds is double or triple, the
acid is unsaturated and is more reactive.
◦ A few fatty acids have branched chains; others contain ring structures (e.g., prostaglandins).
◦ Fatty acids are not found in a free state in nature; commonly they exist in combination with glycerol (an
alcohol) in the form of triglyceride.
◦ Among the most widely distributed fatty acids are the 16- and 18-carbon fatty acids, otherwise known as
palmitic acid and stearic acid, respectively.
11/14/2020Rufaida Nursing College
24

25. STRUCTURE OF FATTY ACID
11/14/2020Rufaida Nursing College
25

26. 11/14/2020Rufaida Nursing College
THANK
YOU
ALL
❤️REMEMBE
R ME IN
YOUR
PRAYER

27. REFERENCE
◦Book of Medical Biochemistry
◦https://medlineplus.gov
◦https://www.mayoclinic.org
◦https://www.healthline.com
◦https://www.britannica.com
11/14/2020Rufaida Nursing College
27