Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang endokrin dan pulmonologi, termasuk diabetes melitus, hipertiroidisme, hipotiroidisme, dan pengobatan diabetes melalui diet, latihan, dan obat-obatan seperti sulfonilurea.
30. Slide 44
DPP- 4 inhibitors and GLP1 Agonist
Drucker DJ et al. Nature 2006;368:1696–705. Idris I, et al. Diabetes Obes Metab 2007;9:153–65. Barnett A. Int J Clin Pract 2006;60:1454–70. Gallwitz B, et
al. Diabetes Obes Metab 2010;12:1–11.
DPP-4: dipetidyl peptidase-4; GI: gastrointestinal; GIP:glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide
Increases and prolongs
GLP-1 effect on α-cells
Increases and prolongs GLP-1
and GIP effects on β-cells
Food intake
Stomach
GI tract
Intestine
α-cells
Pancreas
Glucose-dependent
insulin secretion
β-cells
DPP-4
inhibitor
Glucose-dependent
glucagon secretion
Incretins
(GLP-1, GIP)
DPP-4
* GIP does not inhibit glucagon secretion by α-cells
Improve Incretin
Activity and Correct the
Insulin:Glucagon Ratio
Sitagliptin, Vildagliptin, Saxagliptin, Linagliptin (DPP IV-Inhibitor)
Exenatide, Liraglutide (GLP 1 Agonist )
31. Slide 45
DPP-4 inhibitors
DPP-4 inhibitors
Efficacy* Safety, Tolerability and Adherence
• HbA1c reduction of 0.5-
1%
• FPG reduction of 20
mg/dl
• PPG reduction of 45-55
mg/dl
• Generally well tolerated
• Low risk of hypoglycemia
• Not associated with weight gain
• Upper respiratory tract infection
has been reported in clinical
studies
• Most require only once daily
administration
Ahrèn B. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2008;13:593–607. Gallwitz B, et al. Diabetes Obes Metab 2010;12:1–11. Amori RE, et al. JAMA 2007;298:194–206.
Saxagliptin, FDA’s Endocrinologic and Metabolic Drugs Advisory Committee Briefing Document for April 2009 Meeting: NDA 22-350. Available at:
http://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/ac/09/briefing/2009-4422b1-02-Bristol.pdf. (accessed Nov 2010). Aschner P, et al. Diabetes Care 2006;29:2632–7.
* Efficacy depends on existing blood glucose levels
37. <7% 7-8% 8-9% >9% 9-10% >10%
Kadar HbA1c
GHS
Gaya Hidup Sehat
•Penurunan BB
•Mengatur diit
•Latihan Jasmani
teratur
GHS
+
Monoterapi
Met, SU, AGI,
Glinid, TZD,
DPP-IV inh
GHS
+
Kombinasi
2 obat
Met, SU, AGI,
Glinid, TZD,
DPP-IV inh
GHS
+
Kombinasi
3 obat
Met, SU, AGI,
Glinid, TZD,
DPP-IV inh
GHS
+
Kombinasi
2 obat
Met, SU,
AGI, Glinid,
TZD
+
Basal
Insulin
GHS
+
Insulin
Intensif
Catatan
1. Dinyatakan gagal bila dengan
terapi 2-3 bulan tidak mencapai
target HbA1c <7%
2. Bila tidak ada pemeriksaan
HbA1c dapat digunakan
pemeriksaan glukosa darah.
Rata-rata glukosa darah sehari
dikonversikan ke HbA1c menurut
kriteria ADA 2010
KONSENSUS PERKENI 2011
64. Lifestyle Interventions aimed to:
Lower LDL-C Increase HDL-C Lower TG
Reduce dietary saturated fat
Increase dietary fiber
Reduce total amount of dietary carbohydrate
Reduce alcohol intake
Increase habitual physical activity
Reduce excessive body weight
Quit smoking
Reiner Z, et al. EHJ;2011:32:1769-1818
Lifestyle Intervention
65. Dr.Sarma@works
Dr.Sarma@works
1. Reduce hepatic cholesterol synthesis (HMG CoA),
2. lowering intracellular cholesterol,
3. Upregulation of LDL receptor → ↑ removal apo E-B containing lipoprot. from the liver
4. ↑ the uptake of non-HDL from circulation.
LDL receptor–mediated
hepatic uptake of LDL
and VLDL remnants
Serum VLDL remnants
Serum LDL-C
Cholesterol
synthesis
LDL receptor
(B–E receptor)
synthesis
Intracellular
Cholesterol
Apo B
Apo E
Apo B
Systemic Circulation
Hepatocyte
LDL
Serum IDL
VLDLR
VLDL
HMGCoA
HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A) reductase inhibitors
STATIN – MECHANISM OF ACTION
66. High-Intensity Statin
Therapy
Moderate-Intensity Stain
Therapy
Low-Intensity Statin
Therapy
LDL–C ↓ ≥50% ; ↓ TG LDL–C ↓ 30% to <50% LDL–C ↓ <30%
Atorvastatin (40†)–80 mg
Rosuvastatin 20 (40) mg
Atorvastatin 10 (20) mg
Rosuvastatin (5) 10 mg
Simvastatin 20–40 mg‡
Pravastatin 40 (80) mg
Lovastatin 40 mg
Fluvastatin XL 80 mg
Fluvastatin 40 mg bid
Pitavastatin 2–4 mg
Simvastatin 10 mg
Pravastatin 10–20 mg
Lovastatin 20 mg
Fluvastatin 20–40 mg
Pitavastatin 1 mg
Stone NJ, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013: doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.002. Available at:
http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1770217. Accessed November 13, 2013.
Lifestyle modification remains a critical component of ASCVD risk reduction, both prior to and in concert with the use of cholesterol
lowering drug therapies.
Statins/doses that were not tested in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reviewed are listed in italics
†Evidence from 1 RCT only: down-titration if unable to tolerate atorvastatin 80 mg in IDEAL
‡Initiation of or titration to simvastatin 80 mg not recommended by the FDA due to the increased risk of myopathy, including rhabdomyolysis.
Intensity of Statin Therapy
67. Current Overview of Statin-Induced
Muscle Side Effects
Pasternak Use and Safety of Statins. J AM Coll Cardiol 2002;40:567-72.
Classification of Muscle Adverse Events with Statins
Condition Definitions (ACC/AHA NHLBI)
Myopathy
Myalgia
Myositis
(may also be
called Myopathy)
Rhabdomyolysis
Disease of the muscles, which may be acquired or inherited
• Muscle ache or weakness without increases in creatine kinase levels
• Common complaint is muscle aches or joint pain
• Incidence of complaints is generally reported as about 5% with statins
• Some patients have mild-to-moderate elevations of CK without muscle
complaints
• Muscle aches, soreness or weakness and associated with elevated
creatine kinase levels, generally < 10 x ULN
• Incidence - rare with statins
• Most likely to occur in persons who have complex medical problems and/or
who are taking multiple medications
• Muscle symptoms with marked CK elevations (typically substantially
greater than 10 x ULN) and with creatinine elevation (usually with brown
urine and urinary myoglobin)
• Incidence - very rare
• Without clinical intervention, rhabdomyolysis can be life-threatening
68. ➢ Common side effects
➢ Headache, Myalgia,
Fatigue, GI intol. Flu-
like symptoms
➢ Myopathy occurs in 0.2 to
0.4% of patients
• Rare cases of
Rhabdomyolysis
• Who uses statins in
impaired renal
function
• combining statins with
fibrates
➢ Muscle toxicity requires the
discontinuation of statin
➢Increase in liver enzymes – serious
problems are very rare → Occurs in 0.5
to 2.5% of cases in dose-dependent
manner
70. Gall Bladder
LDL Receptors
VLDL and LDL removal
Cholesterol 7- hydroxylase
Conversion of cholesterol to BA
BA Secretion
Liver
BA Excretion
Terminal Ileum
Bile Acid
Enterohepatic Circulation
Reabsorption of
bile acids
LDL-C
BA=Bile acid, LDL-C=Low density lipoprotein cholesterol,
VLDL=Very low density lipoprotein
BILE ACID SEQUESTRANT – MECHANISM OF ACTION
Efek samping: rasa kembung,
flatulensi, konstipasi, menghambat
absorbsi vit K
71. Liver
TG
IDL
VLDL
LPL
CE
CE FC
FC
Macrophage
Mature HDL
Nascent
HDL
LDL-R
Intestine
CE=Cholesterol ester, FC=Free cholesterol, HDL=High density lipoprotein,
IDL=Intermediate density lipoprotein, LDL-R=Low density lipoprotein receptor,
LPL=Lipoprotein lipase, TG=Triglyceride, VLDL=Very low density lipoprotein
Fibrate
+
+
FIBRATE – MECHANISM OF ACTION
Efek samping: miopati, peningkatan enzim hepar,
kolelithiasis
Risiko miopati gemfibrozil + statin > fenofibrat + statin
155. Take when necessary
Cause BRONCHODILATATION
symptoms acutely – cough
wheeze/tightness
(A) RELIEVERS :
Act only on airway smooth muscle spasm
Take regularly, even when well
Relieve
mucosal
swelling
secretions
irritability of
smooth
muscle
(B) CONTROLLERS :
underlying INFLAMMATION and/or cause
prolonged bronchodilatation
ASTHMA TREATMENT :
PHARMACOTHERAPY
199. Total Score
Mortality
% Risk Level
Suggested
Site-of-
Care
0 0.6% Low Outpatient
1 2.7% Low Outpatient
2 6.8% Moderate Short
inpatient /
supervised
outpatient
3 14.0% Moderate
to High
Inpatient
4 or 5 27.8% High Inpatient /
ICU
Clinical Factor Points
C Confusion 1
U Blood urea
nitrogen > or
= 20 mg/dL
1
R Respiratory
rate > or = 30
breaths/min
1
B Systolic BP <
90 mm Hg
or Diastolic
BP < or = 60
mm Hg
1
65 Age > or = 65 1
2. CURB-65