kuliah pengantar ergonomi

1. Hal : 1
Hal : 1
PENGANTAR
ERGONOMI
ASTRID SULISTOMO

2. Hal : 2
PENDAHULUAN
• Manusia setiap hari melakukan aktifitas fisik dalam
berbagai kondisi
• Manusia mempunyai kemampuan adaptasi yang besar,
tetapi tetap ada keterbatasan.
• Perlu dipelajari batas-batas kemampuan manusia dan
dampak yang terjadi bila batas-batas itu dilampaui.
• Pada kondisi apa manusia dapat berfungsi secara
optimum

3. Hal : 3
PERKEMBANGAN ERGONOMI
Ergonomi :
- ERGOS= kerja & NOMOS= hukum/ukuran
Kepentingan sudah dikenal sejak abad 19 –
pembatasan waktu kerja di tambang/ pabrik
Merupakan awal berkembangnya Ergonomi
Berkembang pada waktu Perang Dunia II
Pengalaman senjata & kendaraan perang : beban,
ukuran, bagaimana - agar MISI sukses
Ergonomi sebagai ilmu mulai berkembang sejak
1950 - di bidang industri. Sering disebut juga sebagai
HUMAN FACTORS

4. Hal : 4
D E F I N I S I
• Clark & Corlett:
• Ergonomi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari kemampuan dan
karakteristik manusia yang mempengaruhi rancangan
peralatan, sistem kerja dan pekerjaan yang bertujuan
untuk meningkatkan efisiensi, K3 dan kesejahteraan
pekerja
• Wickens:
• Mempelajari faktor-faktor manusia untuk merancang
mesin yang dapat mengakomodasi keterbatasan manusia

5. Hal : 5
• ILO:
• Ergonomi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari atau mengukur pekerjaan.
Pekerjaan – dalam arti luas y.i seluruh kegiatan fisik yang dilakukan
manusia
• INTERNATIONAL ERGONOMIC ASSOCIATION:
• Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline
concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans
and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies
theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to
optimize human well-being and overall system performance.

6. Hal : 6
HUMAN FACTORS
• Gathering information about human abilities, limitations and
other characteristics and applying it to tools, machines,
systems, task, jobs and environment safe, comfortable and
effective human use.

7. Hal : 7
KESIMPULAN BERBAGAI
DEFINISI:
• Ilmu yang menghubungkan ilmu-ilmu teknik dengan
ilmu-ilmu humaniora
• “Ergonomi mengupayakan adanya harmoni/keserasian
antara manusia dengan mesin (kerja)”
• Ergonomi mempelajari secara sistematis manusia yang
bekerja dengan tujuan meningkatkan kondisi pekerjaan
dan kinerja

8. Hal : 8
Ergonomi MULTI DISIPLIN Ilmu
DISIPLIN ILMU KESEHATAN
-Biologi
-Anatomi
-Fisiologi
-Antropologi kesehatan
-Psikologi dll.
DISIPLIN ILMU TEKNIK
-Teknik
-Desain
-Information Design
Memberi batasan & penjelasan
Mengenai kemampuan dan
Keterbatasan manusia
Merancang tugas/pekerjaan,
tempat kerja dan sistem kerja

9. Hal : 9
TUJUAN PENERAPAN KONSEP
ERGONOMI
• Tujuan dasar:
• Mengurangi kesalahan
• Meningkatkan kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja
• Meningkatkan kinerja sistem
• Meningkatkan efektifitas dan efisiensi dari suatu pekerjaan:
• Peningkatan kemudahan penggunaan sistem
• Penurunan kesalahan
• Peningkatan produktifitas

10. Hal : 10
TUJUAN. . . . .
• Reliability & Kualitas:
• Meningkatkan reliabilitas
• Mempertahankan kualitas produk
• Kepuasan Kerja & Pengembangan Pribadi
• Meningkatkan kenyamanan:
• Peningkatan keamanan
• Pengurangan kelelahan dan stres
• Kesempatan untuk pengembangan diri

11. Hal : 11
ALASAN PENERAPAN ERGONOMI
• Biaya kompensasi – 59%
• Hal yg benar – 51%
• Menambah profit – 33%
• Peraturan – 31%
• Banyak kecelakaan – 29%
• Moral pekerja – 26%
• Produktifitas – 23%
• Denda OSHA – 20%
• Tuntutan pekerja – 15%
• Rekomendasi ahli – 13%
• Pengalaman pribadi – 12%
*Sumber:
Insurance Research Council & National Federation of Independent Business Education

12. Hal : 12
IMPLEMENTASI ERGONOMI
• Lingkungan kerja
• Tempat kerja (workstation)
• Alat kerja
• Produk
• Lingkungan rumah

13. Hal : 13
DASAR PEMIKIRAN &
PERMASALAHAN
• Manusia mempunyai keterbatasan dalam
melakukan adaptasi terhadap lingkungan fisik,
beban kerja fisik & psikologis
• Tanpa penerapan konsep-konsep ergonomi di
tempat kerja, ternyata meningkatkan risiko
terjadinya kecelakaan- dan penyakit akibat
kerja

14. Hal : 14
PENYAKIT AKIBAT KERJA MENURUT
PENYEBAB
(SWEDIA, 1983)
21%
15%
58%
2% 3%
1%
Ergonomi
Kimia
Bising
Biologi
Psikososial
Lain-lain

15. Hal : 15
•Around 80% of the new work-related conditions in
2011/12 were musculoskeletal disorders or stress,
depression or anxiety (LFS)
•Other work-related illnesses include skin disease,
respiratory disease, hearing loss and vibration-related
disorders

16. Hal : 16
New cases of self-reported work-related
ill health amongst people who have
worked in the last 12 months
Source: Labour Force Survey (LFS)
Note: No data on work-related illness from LFS was collected
in 2002/03 and 2012/13

17. Hal : 17
PENGELUARAN BIAYA UNTUK
KECELAKAAN DAN PENYAKIT AKIBAT
KERJA (ILO)
40%
16%
14%
13%
9%
8%
Peny. Muskuloskeletal
Peny. Jantung
Kecelakaan
Peny. Sal. Nafas
Peny. SSP
Lain -2

18. Hal : 18
PENDEKATAN
• Aplikasi dari informasi mengenai
• kemampuan
• keterbatasan
• karakteristik
• tingkah laku
• motivasi
manusia, untuk mendesain peralatan dan prosedur kerja
dengan memperhatikan lingkungan kerjanya

19. Hal : 19
BENEFITS OF ERGONOMICS
1.Lower costs
2.Higher productivity
3.Better product quality
4.Improved employee engagement
5.Better Safety Culture

20. Hal : 20
ERGONOMIC DOMAINS
• PHYSICAL
• COGNITIVE
• ORGANIZATIONAL
(International Ergonomics Association)

21. Hal : 21
PHYSICAL ERGONOMICS
• Physical ergonomics is concerned with human
anatomical, anthropometric, physiological and
biomechanical characteristics as they relate to
physical activity.
• This is the ergonomics domain we are most
concerned with in the workplace, and most of the
content on this site is very much focused
on workplace ergonomics.

22. Hal : 22
COGNITIVE ERGONOMICS
• Cognitive ergonomics is concerned with mental
processes, such as perception, memory, reasoning,
and motor response, as they affect interactions
among humans and other elements of a system.
• mental workload. decision-making, skilled
performance. human-computer interaction, human
reliability, work stress, training as these may relate to
human-system design

23. Hal : 23
ORGANIZATIONAL ERGONOMICS
• Organizational ergonomics is concerned with the
optimization of sociotechnical systems, including
their organizational structures, policies, and
processes.
• Communication, crew resource management, work
design, design of working times, teamwork,
participatory design, community ergonomics.
cooperative work. new work paradigms

24. Hal : 24
SASARAN ERGONOMI
• Lingkungan fisik:
• Suhu ekstrem, penerangan, bising, vibrasi.
• Aspek fisik & fisiologis dari pekerjaan:
• Anthropometri, Kerja otot, beban kerja, shift kerja,
sikap kerja, kapasitas kerja
• Aspek psikologis:
• Beban mental, kelelahan mental

25. Hal : 25
HUMAN MACHINE SYSTEM
• SISTEM MANUAL
• SISTEM MEKANIK
• SISTEM OTOMATIS
Ketiga sistem tersebut berpotensi sama untuk menyebabkan gangguan
kesehatan, bila aspek ergonomi tidak diperhatikan

26. Hal : 26
TAHAP-TAHAP DALAM ERGONOMI
• PENGUMPULAN DATA
• Analisis terhadap manusia
• Analisis terhadap pekerjaan, sistem kerja, Human Machine
System dll.
• APLIKASI DATA PADA RANCANGAN
• Mensintesa data pada rancangan konsep/model, protokol
dan rancangan akhir yang ergonomis
• EVALUASI RANCANGAN

27. Hal : 27
M ET O D O L O G I
• Penelitian Deskriptif
• Karakteristik fisik: jangkauan, ukuran tubuh dll.
• Data kemampuan: Reaction time, ketajaman
penglihatan, kekuatan, memori dll.
• Data subyektif
• Indikator fisik: Frekwensi jantung, pernafasan dll
• Eksperimen
• Evaluation Study

28. Hal : 28
PENGUMPULAN DATA
• Kwesioner
• Survei Sikap Pekerja/Konsumen
• Wawancara mendalam
• Diskusi
• Data sekunder
• RekamanVideo/Foto
• Pengukuran tempat kerja
• Pengukuran Lingkungan Kerja
• Modelling dengan komputer
• Simulasi dan Uji coba

29. Hal : 29
TEKNIK/METODE DASAR DALAM
ERGONOMI
• METODA OBJEKTIF
• Pengamatan:
• Kuantitatif: - parts/hour, errors/hour
• Kualitatif : - urutan proses, hambatan
• Time Study:
• Event/time record
• Time/event record
• Flow process chart

30. Hal : 30
• METODA SUBJEKTIF
• Ranking
• Rating
• Kwesioner
• Wawancara
• Ceklis

31. Hal : 31
• DATA SEKUNDER:
• Data produksi
• Data kecelakaan
• Data absensi
• Data penyakit
• Data keuangan
• QC
• Data engineering

32. Hal : 32
TIM ERGONOMI DI
PERUSAHAAN
• Terdiri dari unsur-unsur:
• Pimpinan
• Supervisor
• Tehnik
• Kesehatan
• Pekerja

33. Hal : 33
CONTROL PROGRAM
HEALTH SURVEILLANCE RISK FACTOR SURVEILLANCE
AFFECTED & UNAFFECTED
WORKERS
RISK JOBS
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
EVALUATION
MEDICAL INTERVENTIONS
CONSERVATIVE - RADICAL
JOB ANALYSIS & DESIGN
WORK INTERVENTIONS
CONSERVATIVE RADICAL

34. Hal : 34
PENERAPAN ERGONOMI DI
TEMPAT KERJA
FITTINGTHE PERSONTO
THE JOB
• Seleksi & Skrining
• Latihan ketrampilan
• SafetyTraining
• Latihan Kebugaran
• Pendidikan Kesehatan
• Back Care education
• Stress Management
FITTINGTHE JOBTOTHE
PERSON
• Ergonomic–Work Design
• Safety Engineering
• Environmental Control
• Organizational Change

35. Hal : 35
8 FUNDAMENTAL
ERGONOMIC PRINCIPLES
FOR BETTER WORK
PERFORMANCE
Mark Middlesworth
ERGO PLUS

36. Hal : 36
PRINCIPLE 1. MAINTAIN
NEUTRAL POSTURE

37. Hal : 37

38. Hal : 38

39. Hal : 39
PRINCIPLE 2.WORK INTHE
POWER / COMFORT ZONE

40. Hal : 40
PRINCIPLE 3.ALLOW FOR
MOVEMENT AND STRETCHING
THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM IS
OFTEN REFERREDTO AS THE HUMAN
BODY’S MOVEMENT SYSTEM,AND IT IS
DESIGNEDTO MOVE.

41. Hal : 41
Stretching reduces fatigue, improves muscular balance
and posture and improves muscle coordination. Everyone
is an athlete in life, so you need to prepare your body for
work by warming up to improve performance and lower
injury risk. A warm-up stretching regimen is a great way
to prepare your body for work.

42. Hal : 42
PRINCIPLE 4. REDUCE
EXCESSIVE FORCE
Eliminating excessive force requirements will reduce
worker fatigue and the risk of MSD formation in most
workers. Using mechanical assists, counter balance
systems, adjustable height lift tables and workstations,
powered equipment and ergonomic tools will reduce
work effort and muscle exertions.

43. Hal : 43
PRINCIPLE 5. REDUCE EXCESSIVE
MOTIONS
Repetitive motion is another one of the primary
ergonomic risk factors. Many work tasks and cycles
are repetitive in nature, and are frequently controlled
by hourly or daily production targets and work
processes. High task repetition, when combined with
other risks factors such high force and/or awkward
postures, can contribute to the formation of MSD. A
job is considered highly repetitive if the cycle time is
30 seconds or less.

44. Hal : 44
PRINCIPLE 6. MINIMIZE CONTACT
STRESS
According to OSHA, contact stress results from
continuous contact or rubbing between hard or sharp
objects/surfaces and sensitive body tissue, such as soft
tissue of the fingers, palms, thighs and feet. This contact
creates localized pressure for a small area of the body,
which can inhibit blood, nerve function, or movement of
tendons and muscles.

45. Hal : 45
PRINCIPLE 7. REDUCE EXCESSIVE
VIBRATION
Multiple studies have shown that regular and frequent
exposure to vibration can lead to permanent adverse
health effects, which are most likely to occur when
contact with a vibrating tool or work process is a
regular and significant part of a person’s job.

46. Hal : 46
PRINCIPLE 8. PROVIDE
ADEQUATE LIGHTING
Poor lighting is a common problem in the workplace
that can affect a worker’s comfort level and
performance. Too much or too little light makes work
difficult – just imagine trying to do your job without
sight!
Dimly lit work areas and glare can cause eye fatigue and
headaches and improperly lit areas put workers at
greater risk for all types of injuries.

47. Hal : 47
10 PRINCIPLES OF
ERGONOMI
Dan McLeod, 1990, 2008

48. Hal : 48
PRINCIPLE 1:
WORK IN NEUTRAL POSITIONS
• Maintain the S-curve of your spine
• In sitting and in Standing position

49. Hal : 49
• Arm & Elbow Position:
X
• Wrist Position

50. Hal : 50
PRINCIPLE 2: REDUCE EXCESSIVE FORCE
• To reduce force:
• Make sure the floor is smooth
• The wheels should be big enough
• Provide grips/handle/tugger
• Use a hoist to lift heavy objects
• Provide handholds

51. Hal : 51
PRINCIPLE 3: KEEP EVERYTHING IN
EASY REACH
• This principle is similar to neutral position, but helps using a
different perspective
• Use a “Reach Envelope”

52. Hal : 52
PRINCIPLE 4:WORK AT PROPER
HEIGHTS
• General Rule :
• Work at Elbow Height
• Exceptions:
• Heavier work should be lower than elbow height
• Precision work should be higher than elbow height

53. Hal : 53
PRINCIPLE 5: REDUCE EXCESSIVE
MOTIONS
• Excessive motions can be by the fingers, wrist, arms, back
• Use power tools whenever possible
• Change layout of workstation

54. Hal : 54
PRINCIPLE 6: MINIMIZE FATIGUE
AND STATIC LOAD
• Holding the same position for a period of time is known as static load. It
creates fatigue and discomfort and can interfere with work.

55. Hal : 55
PRINCIPLE 7: MINIMIZE PRESSURE
POINTS
• Often also called “Contact Stress”

56. Hal : 56
PRINCIPLE 8: PROVIDE CLEARANCE
• Work areas need to be set up so that you have sufficient
room for your head, your knees, and your feet.
• Also you should be able to see

57. Hal : 57
PRINCIPLE 9: MOVE, EXERCISE &
STRETCH
• If you have a physically demanding job, you may find it helpful to
stretch and warm up before any strenuous activity.
• If you have a sedentary job, you may want to take a quick
"energy break" every so often to do a few stretches

58. Hal : 58
PRINCIPLE 10: MAINTAIN A
COMFORTABLE ENVIRONMENT
• Lighting and Glare
• Vibration
• Noise etc
• Heat or Cold

59. Hal : 59

60. Hal : 60

61. Hal : 61

62. Hal : 62

63. Hal : 63
KESIMPULAN:
BAHAYA POTENSIAL ERGONOMI
• Posisi Janggal /Awkward position
• Gerakan Repetitif/Repetitif Motion
• Beban Kerja Berlebih/ ExcessiveWorkload
• Pekerjaan Monoton/ Monoton work