pengantar Kitab Sejarah

1. FIGUR DAUD
SESI 14

2. LITERATURE
• https://www.britannica.com/biography/David
• https://www.britannica.com/topic/biblical-literature/The-rise-and-fall-of-Saul

3. FAKTA
• David, (flourished c. 1000 BCE), second king of ancient
Israel.
• He founded the Judaean dynasty and united all the tribes
of Israel under a single monarch.
• His son Solomon expanded the empire that David built.
• David is an important figure in Judaism, Christianity, and
Islam.

4. BACKGROUND AND SOURCE
• The primary evidence for David’s career consists of several chapters in the books
1 and 2 Samuel in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament).
• The Psalms are also attributed to him, a tribute to his legendary skill as a poet and
hymnodist.

5. • Material evidence for his reign, while a matter of intense debate among scholars,
is scant [sedikit]. Some scholars claim to have discovered artifacts that
corroborate the biblical account of David’s kingdom
• Others assert that the archaeological record strongly suggests that David was
not the grand ruler of a rising kingdom but merely a gifted tribal leader of a
pastoral, rather than urban, society.
• A fragment from a stone stele mentioning the “House of David” (a reference to
his political dynasty) was inscribed more than a century after the traditional date
of his reign and is not accepted by all scholars.

6. DAUD MENURUT KITAB SAMUEL
• The youngest son of Jesse, David began his career as an aide at the court of Saul,
Israel’s first king.
• Samuel, still a charismatic and political power of great consequence, received
from Yahweh the message that he was to go to Bethlehem to anoint a new ruler.
• Because he feared reprisal from Saul, Samuel went to Bethlehem (whose elders
had the same fears) under the pretense of presiding at a sacrifice. There he
anointed David, son of Jesse, to be future king.

7. THE RISE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF DAVID
• David then went to the court of Saul
to be the king’s armour bearer and
court singer.
• He so distinguished himself as a
warrior against the Philistines that his
resultant popularity aroused Saul’s
jealousy, and a plot was made to kill
him.

8. • In I Samuel 17 David is reported to have killed the 10-foot-tall (3-metre-tall) Philistine
champion Goliath of Gath in a battle. However, II Samuel 21:19 states that Goliath is
killed in a later period by one of David’s warriors, Elhanan. Some have claimed that
the II Samuel passage may contain a copyist or translator error and that the
original Hebrew, properly interpreted, implies that the person killed had kinship with
Goliath and was not Goliath himself. This position is supported by the fact that
I Chronicles 20:5 states that Elhanan killed Goliath’s brother. Other biblical scholars
have argued that the name of Goliath may have been inserted for an unnamed
Philistine warrior killed by David apparently while he was armour bearer to Saul and
was unrecognized by Saul, thus indicating the reworking of more than one source by
the Deuteronomic historian.

9. • Chapters 18 through 26 depict the rise of David in the court of Saul, his friendship
with Jonathan, the beginning of Saul’s jealousy of David, the young David’s
winning of Saul’s daughter Michal in marriage for killing a large number of
Philistines, Saul’s attempt on David’s life, David’s escape and formation of an
outlaw band in the Judaean hills, his acceptance by the priests of the house of Eli
at Nob (all of whom were killed by Saul except Abiathar, who became David’s
priest), Samuel’s death, and other incidents.
• He fled into southern Judah and Philistia, on the coastal plain of Palestine, where,
with great sagacity and foresight, he began to lay the foundations of his career.

10. • Because he feared for his life, David, along with 600 of his men, fled to the
Philistine city of Gath, where he became a supposed leader of one of their
military contingents against the Israelites.
• As an outlaw with a price on his head, David led the life of a Robin Hood on the
desert frontier of his tribal domain in Judah (in the south of the Levant).

11. • He became the leader and organizer of a group of other outlaws and refugees, who
progressively ingratiated themselves with the local population by protecting them
from other bandits or, in case they had been raided, by pursuing the raiders and
restoring the possessions that had been taken.
• Those actions eventually ensured that he would be “invited” to become king as the
true successor of Saul after the latter was slain in battle against the Philistines on
Mount Gilboa.

12. • The last four chapters of I Samuel depict the final futile effort of Saul to retain
control of his throne and thwart the Philistines: Saul attempted to receive advice
from the spirit of the dead Samuel through the necromancer (sometimes called
the witch or medium) of Endor, even though he had earlier banned such practices
in his realm. Through her mediumship, Samuel foretold the death of Saul and his
sons by the Philistines. The armies of the Philistines poured into the Valley of
Jezreel.

13. • Some of the Philistine leaders distrusted David, who was sent back to his garrison
town of Ziklag, which the Amalekites had overrun and in which they had taken many
prisoners.
• Thus, David did not witness the defeat of the Israelites under Saul, who was mortally
wounded by the Philistines and whose sons were killed.
• In an act of heroism so that he, the king of Israel, would not be captured, Saul
committed suicide by falling on his own sword.
• Thus ended the career of the tragic hero who tried to serve Yahweh and Israel but was
caught between the old, conservative ways (led by Samuel) and the new, liberal views
(championed by David).

14. KERAJAAN DAUD

15. PEMERINTAHAN AWAL DAUD
• The Second Book of Samuel, as noted earlier, relates the exploits of David and the
events of his monarchy.
• After mourning the death of Saul and executing an Amalekite who claimed to
have killed the former king, David began to consolidate his position as the
successor to Saul.

16. POLITIK-MILITER
• He was anointed king of Judah at Hebron while Ishbosheth (“man of shame,”
originally Ishbaal, or “man of Baal”), Saul’s son, reigned in the rest of Israel under
the guidance of Abner, Saul’s general.
• After seven years, the army of Israel, under Abner, and the army of Judah, under
Joab, David’s general and nephew, met at Gibeon—each chose 12 champions to
fight each other, and all were killed. After the minor battle, a major engagement
ensued, with the forces of Judah emerging victorious.

17. POLITIK-MILITER
• A long war of attrition developed between the house of Saul and the house of
David. Abner attempted to deliver Israel to David but was killed by Joab to
avenge his brother Asahel’s death at Abner’s hand in the first engagement
between the two reigning houses.
• With Abner dead, Ishbosheth’s position became exceedingly insecure, and he was
beheaded by two of his own captains, whom David, in turn, executed for
murdering the last ruler of the house of Saul.

18. POLITIK-MILITER
• Because of the course of events, the Israelites asked David to become king over all
of Israel, and David made a covenant with the elders of northern Israel.
• He next engaged in a war with the Jebusite (Canaanite) stronghold of Jerusalem,
which he captured.
• He selected this city as his new capital because it was a neutral site and
neither the northerners nor the southerners would be adverse to the selection.

19. POLITIK
• From the very beginning of his reign, David showed the political astuteness
and acumen that made for him a reputation that has continued for 3,000 years.
• He built at his new capital a palace, fortified the defenses, and established a
harem.
• He selected this city as his new capital because it was a neutral site and neither
the northerners nor the southerners would be adverse to the selection.

20. PENAKLUKAN MILITER
• He defeated the Philistines so thoroughly that they were never again a serious
threat to the Israelites’ security, and he annexed the coastal region.
• David effectively contained them in a small area of the Mediterranean coast.

21. THE EXPANSION OF THE DAVIDIC EMPIRE
• He went on to establish an empire by becoming the overlord of many small
kingdoms bordering on Israel, including Edom, Moab, and Ammon.
• The third section of Samuel (II Samuel, chapter 6 through chapter 20, verse 22)
contains the account of the reign of David from Jerusalem, ruling over a minor
empire that stretched from Egypt in the south to Lebanon in the north and from
the Mediterranean Sea in the west to the Arabian Desert in the east.
• He thus controlled the crossroads of the great empires of the ancient Near East.

22. PENGUATAN PEMERINTAHAN DAUD
• His second act of political astuteness was to bring theark of the Covenant to
Jerusalem; but because of pressures from conservative elements who wanted to
retain the tent that housed the ark (which had symbolic value from the days of the
Exodus), David was not able to build a temple.
• Because the ark was now in Jerusalem, however, the city became both the
political and the religious cult centre of his kingdom.
• In chapter 8 is a summary account of David’s extension of his kingdom by
military means and of the military, administrative, and priestly leaders of Israel.

23. PERSOALAN DOMESTIK PEMERINTAHAN DAUD
• II Samuel, chapters 9 through 20, verse 22—together with I Kings, chapters 1 and
2, the so-called Succession History, or the Family History of David, which,
according to many scholars, forms the oldest section of historiography in
Scripture—contains accounts of the domestic problems of David’s reign.

24. KEMUNDURAN PEMERINTAHAN DAUD
• David’s great success as a warrior and empire builder was marred by
interconnected family dissensions and political revolts. To tie together the various
groups that constituted his kingdom, David took wives from them and created a
harem.
• The resultant family was an extreme departure from the family in the
consanguineal context, the traditional clan structure.
• David’s wives were mostly completely alien to one another, and his children were
without the directing support of established social patterns that provided
precedents for the resolution of conflict or for establishing the rights of
succession.

25. DAUD DAN BATSYEBA
• Though he showed generosity to Mephibosheth, the sole surviving son of the house of Saul, he
showed his weakness for the charms of Bathsheba, the wife of Uriah, one of his generals.
• After ensuring Uriah’s death by sending him into the front lines in a battle with the Ammonites,
David married Bathsheba, who had become pregnant by the King.
• When the prophet Nathan came to David and told him of a rich man’s unjust actions toward a
poor man, David’s response was one of anger and a demand for justice, whereupon Nathan said,
“You are the man,” and that Yahweh would exact retribution by not allowing the child to live.
David then repented. He later went to Bathsheba and she conceived and bore another child,
Solomon, who was to be the future king of Israel.

26. DAUD DAN ABSALOM
• Though David was viewed as a master in the art of governing a nation, he was
depicted as an unsuccessful father of his family.
• One son, Amnon (half-brother to Absalom and his sister Tamar), raped Tamar,
for which act Absalom later exacted revenge by having Amnon assassinated at a
feast.
• Absalom then fled to Geshur, stayed there three years, was taken back to
Jerusalem by Joab, and two years later was reconciled to his father.

27. DAUD DAN ABSALOM
• Absalom’s ambition to succeed his father as king caused him to initiate a revolt so
that David had to flee from Jerusalem.
• Absalom was crowned king at Hebron, went to the concubines of David’s harem
in the palace, and decided to raise a massive army to defeat David.
• If he had then heeded the advice of Ahithophel, one of David’s former counsellors,
and attacked David’s forces while they were disorganized, he probably would have
been successful in retaining the throne. The forces of David under Joab, however,
defeated Absalom’s army “in the forest of Ephraim.”

28. • While in flight on a mule, Absalom caught his head in an oak tree, and when Joab
heard of his predicament he killed the hanging son of David. When David heard
of the death of his rebellious son, he uttered one of the most poignant laments in
literature: “O my son Absalom, my son, my son Absalom! Would I had died
instead of you, O Absalom, my son, my son!” David then returned to Jerusalem
and settled some of the quarrels that had erupted in his absence. A revolt led by
the conservative Benjaminite Sheba, under the old rallying cry “every man to his
tents, O Israel,” was thwarted by Joab, who had to kill David’s newly appointed
commander Amasa to accomplish this end.

29. KEGAGALAN SISTEM MONARKI
• 1-2 Samuel: Kegagalan dalam sistem monarki.
• Dosa dan hukuman:
- Eli gagal mendidik anak-anaknya (1 Sam4,11-14)
- Saul melakukan dosa ketidaktaatan (1 Sam 15) dan diganti oleh Daud
- Daud yang berdosa terhadap Uria dan Batsyeba, dihukum dengan
kematian anaknya, pemberontakan dari keluarganya sendiri.

30. TITLE LOREM IPSUM
LOREM IPSUM DOLOR SIT
AMET, CONSECTETUER
ADIPISCING ELIT.
MAECENAS
01
NUNC VIVERRA
IMPERDIET ENIM. FUSCE
EST. VIVAMUS A TELLUS.
02
PELLENTESQUE HABITANT
MORBI TRISTIQUE
SENECTUS ET NETUS ET
MALESUADA FAMES.
03