Pengajaran Kitab Sejarah Deuteronomistis

1. FIGUR DAUD DALAM
MONARKI ISRAEL.
SESI 9
ALBERTUS PURNOMO, OFM (SSL)

2. LITERATURE
• https://www.britannica.com/biography/David
• https://www.britannica.com/topic/biblical-literature/The-rise-and-fall-of-Saul

3. FAKTA POPULER
• The biblical texts create a complex portrait of a King David
who was both a revered leader and a flawed man
• David, (flourished c. 1000 BCE), second king of ancient Israel.
• David belonged to the southern tribe of Judah.
• David was born in Bethlehem and was the youngest of
Jesse’s seven sons.
• He founded the Judaean dynasty and united all the tribes of
Israel under a single monarch, the “united monarchy.”

4. FAKTA POPULER
• In 2 Samuel, David seduces Bathsheba and has her husband Uriah killed.
• David leaves the succession to his throne open, causing a brutal battle within
his family.
• His son Solomon expanded the empire that David built.
• David is an important figure in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
• Current scholarship debates the evidence for the existence of David and the
united monarchy.
• Some New Testament passages associate Jesus with David through
genealogies and portray Jesus as a “son of David.”

5. SUMBER-SUMBER TENTANG DAUD

6. • Different parts of the Hebrew Bible offer
varying views of David—the youth, the man,
father, husband, king, political force, and
legend.

7. 1 AND 2 SAMUEL
• The primary evidence for David’s career consists of several
chapters in the books in the Hebrew Bible (Old
Testament).
• The main narrative about David (in 1 Samuel, 2 Samuel
and 1 Kings) tells of David’s ascension from being the
youngest of seven brothers to lyre player, shield bearer,
and consoler in the royal court of Israel's first king (Saul).
It tells of David's training as a musician and warrior, his
selection to be Israel's next king, the establishment of a
unified kingdom under his rule, and the battle for
succession within his own family.

8. PROPHETS (NABI) – PSALMS (MAZMUR) –
CHRONICLES (TAWARIKH)
• Some other biblical books (especially the prophets) focus on the
Davidic dynasty—his political legacy—more than on the man himself.
• The Psalms are also attributed to him, a tribute to his legendary
skill as a poet and hymnodist. Poetic references to David (Ps 18
and Ps 34) offer a third view, a more personal and critical glimpse
at a flawed leader who led a life of intrigue and controversy in
both his private and public lives.
• Chronicles, in its postexilic attempt to re-create Israel’s golden
age, focuses on David the glorious religious leader without a single
mention of his flaws.

9. INSKRIPSI
• Material evidence for his reign, while a matter of intense
debate among scholars, is scant [sedikit]. Some scholars
claim to have discovered artifacts that corroborate the
biblical account of David’s kingdom
• Others assert that the archaeological record strongly
suggests that David was not the grand ruler of a rising
kingdom but merely a gifted tribal leader of a pastoral,
rather than urban, society.

10. • A fragment from a stone stele mentioning the
“House of David” (a reference to his political
dynasty) was inscribed more than a century after the
traditional date of his reign and is not accepted by
all scholars.

11. DAUD MENURUT KITAB SAMUEL

12. SAMUEL DAN DAUD
• The youngest son of Jesse, David began his career as an
aide at the court of Saul, Israel’s first king.
• Samuel, still a charismatic and political power of great
consequence, received from Yahweh the message that he
was to go to Bethlehem to anoint a new ruler.
• Because he feared reprisal from Saul, Samuel went to
Bethlehem (whose elders had the same fears) under the
pretense of presiding at a sacrifice. There he anointed David,
son of Jesse, to be future king.

13. THE RISE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF DAVID
• David then went to the court of Saul to be the
king’s armour bearer and court singer.
• He so distinguished himself as a warrior against the
Philistines that his resultant popularity aroused
Saul’s jealousy, and a plot was made to kill him.

14. DAUD DAN GOLIAT – PROBLEM TEKSTUAL
• In I Samuel 17 David is reported to have killed the 10-foot-tall (3-metre-tall)
Philistine champion Goliath of Gath in a battle.
• However, II Samuel 21:19 states that Goliath is killed in a later period by one of
David’s warriors, Elhanan.
• I Chronicles 20:5 states that Elhanan killed Goliath’s brother.
• Other biblical scholars have argued that the name of Goliath may have been
inserted for an unnamed Philistine warrior killed by David apparently while he
was armour bearer to Saul and was unrecognized by Saul, thus indicating the
reworking of more than one source by the Deuteronomic historian.

15. • Chapters 18 through 26 depict the rise of David in the court of Saul,
his friendship with Jonathan, the beginning of Saul’s jealousy of David,
the young David’s winning of Saul’s daughter Michal in marriage for
killing a large number of Philistines, Saul’s attempt on David’s life,
David’s escape and formation of an outlaw band in the Judaean hills,
his acceptance by the priests of the house of Eli at Nob (all of whom
were killed by Saul except Abiathar, who became David’s priest),
Samuel’s death, and other incidents.
• He fled into southern Judah and Philistia, on the coastal plain of
Palestine, where, with great sagacity and foresight, he began to lay the
foundations of his career.

16. DAUD SEBAGAI ROBIN HOOD
• Because he feared for his life, David, along with 600 of his
men, fled to the Philistine city of Gath, where he became a
supposed leader of one of their military contingents against
the Israelites.
• As an outlaw with a price on his head, David led the life of
a Robin Hood on the desert frontier of his tribal domain in
Judah (in the south of the Levant).

17. • He became the leader and organizer of a group of other
outlaws and refugees, who progressively ingratiated themselves
with the local population by protecting them from other bandits or,
in case they had been raided, by pursuing the raiders and
restoring the possessions that had been taken.
• Those actions eventually ensured that he would be “invited” to
become king as the true successor of Saul after the latter was
slain in battle against the Philistines on Mount Gilboa.

18. • Some of the Philistine leaders distrusted David, who
was sent back to his garrison town of Ziklag, which
the Amalekites had overrun and in which they had
taken many prisoners.
• Thus, David did not witness the defeat of the
Israelites under Saul, who was mortally wounded by
the Philistines and whose sons were killed.

19. • In an act of heroism so that he, the king of Israel,
would not be captured, Saul committed suicide by
falling on his own sword.
• Thus ended the career of the tragic hero who tried to
serve Yahweh and Israel but was caught between the
old, conservative ways (led by Samuel) and the new,
liberal views (championed by David).

20. KONDISI DUA BLOK SETELAH KEMATIAN SAUL
MATI

21. KERAJAAN DAUD

22. KONSOLIDASI POLITIK
• The Second Book of Samuel, as noted earlier, relates the
exploits of David and the events of his monarchy.
• After mourning the death of Saul and executing an Amalekite
who claimed to have killed the former king, David began to
consolidate his position as the successor to Saul.

23. UPAYA POLITIK-MILITER
• He was anointed king of Judah at Hebron while Ishbosheth (“man
of shame,” originally Ishbaal, or “man of Baal”), Saul’s son, reigned
in the rest of Israel under the guidance of Abner, Saul’s general.
• After seven years, the army of Israel, under Abner, and the army
of Judah, under Joab, David’s general and nephew, met at
Gibeon—each chose 12 champions to fight each other, and all were
killed. After the minor battle, a major engagement ensued, with the
forces of Judah emerging victorious.

24. POLITIK-MILITER
• A long war of attrition developed between the house of Saul and
the house of David. Abner attempted to deliver Israel to David but
was killed by Joab to avenge his brother Asahel’s death at
Abner’s hand in the first engagement between the two reigning
houses.
• With Abner dead, Ishbosheth’s position became exceedingly
insecure, and he was beheaded by two of his own captains,
whom David, in turn, executed for murdering the last ruler of the
house of Saul.

25. POLITIK-MILITER
• Because of the course of events, the Israelites asked David to
become king over all of Israel, and David made a covenant with
the elders of northern Israel.
• He next engaged in a war with the Jebusite (Canaanite)
stronghold of Jerusalem, which he captured.
• He selected this city as his new capital because it was a neutral
site and neither the northerners nor the southerners would be
adverse to the selection.
• He built at his new capital a palace, fortified the defenses, and
established a harem.

26. POLITIK DAN MILITER
• He defeated the Philistines so thoroughly that they were never
again a serious threat to the Israelites’ security, and he
annexed the coastal region.
• David effectively contained them in a small area of the
Mediterranean coast.
• From the very beginning of his reign, David showed the
political astuteness and acumen that made for him a
reputation that has continued for 3,000 years.

27. THE EXPANSION OF THE DAVIDIC EMPIRE
• He went on to establish an empire by becoming the overlord of many
small kingdoms bordering on Israel, including Edom, Moab, and Ammon.
• The third section of Samuel (II Samuel, chapter 6 through chapter 20,
verse 22) contains the account of the reign of David from Jerusalem,
ruling over a minor empire that stretched from Egypt in the south to
Lebanon in the north and from the Mediterranean Sea in the west to
the Arabian Desert in the east.
• He thus controlled the crossroads of the great empires of the
ancient Near East.

28. PENGUATAN PEMERINTAHAN DAUD
• His second act of political astuteness was to bring theark of the
Covenant to Jerusalem; but because of pressures
from conservative elements who wanted to retain the tent that housed
the ark (which had symbolic value from the days of the Exodus),
David was not able to build a temple.
• Because the ark was now in Jerusalem, however, the city became
both the political and the religious cult centre of his kingdom.

29. PERJALANAN TABUT PERJANJIAN

30. • In chapter 8 is a summary account of
David’s extension of his kingdom by
military means and of the military,
administrative, and priestly leaders of
Israel.

31. PERSOALAN DOMESTIK PEMERINTAHAN DAUD
• II Samuel, chapters 9 through 20, verse 22—together with I
Kings, chapters 1 and 2, the so-called Succession History, or
the Family History of David, which, according to many
scholars, forms the oldest section of historiography in
Scripture—contains accounts of the domestic problems of
David’s reign.

32. PROBLEM KELUARGA
• David’s great success as a warrior and empire builder was
marred by interconnected family dissensions and political
revolts. To tie together the various groups that constituted his
kingdom, David took wives from them and created a harem.
• The resultant family was an extreme departure from the
family in the consanguineal context, the traditional clan
structure.

33. LANJUTAN
• David’s wives were mostly completely alien to one another,
and his children were without the directing support of
established social patterns that provided precedents for the
resolution of conflict or for establishing the rights of
succession.

34. DAUD DAN BATSYEBA
• Though he showed generosity to Mephibosheth, the sole surviving son of the
house of Saul, he showed his weakness for the charms of Bathsheba, the wife
of Uriah, one of his generals.
• After ensuring Uriah’s death by sending him into the front lines in a battle with
the Ammonites, David married Bathsheba, who had become pregnant by the
King.
• When the prophet Nathan came to David and told him of a rich man’s unjust
actions toward a poor man, David’s response was one of anger and a demand
for justice, whereupon Nathan said, “You are the man,” and that Yahweh would
exact retribution by not allowing the child to live. David then repented. He later
went to Bathsheba and she conceived and bore another child, Solomon, who
was to be the future king of Israel.

35. DAUD DAN ABSALOM
• Though David was viewed as a master in the art of governing a
nation, he was depicted as an unsuccessful father of his family.
• One son, Amnon (half-brother to Absalom and his sister Tamar),
raped Tamar, for which act Absalom later exacted revenge by
having Amnon assassinated at a feast.
• Absalom then fled to Geshur, stayed there three years, was taken
back to Jerusalem by Joab, and two years later was reconciled to
his father.

36. DAUD DAN ABSALOM
• Absalom’s ambition to succeed his father as king caused him to initiate a
revolt so that David had to flee from Jerusalem.
• Absalom was crowned king at Hebron, went to the concubines of David’s
harem in the palace, and decided to raise a massive army to defeat
David.
• If he had then heeded the advice of Ahithophel, one of David’s
former counsellors, and attacked David’s forces while they were
disorganized, he probably would have been successful in retaining the
throne. The forces of David under Joab, however, defeated Absalom’s army
“in the forest of Ephraim.”

37. • While in flight on a mule, Absalom caught his head in an oak tree, and
when Joab heard of his predicament he killed the hanging son of
David. When David heard of the death of his rebellious son, he uttered
one of the most poignant laments in literature: “O my son Absalom, my
son, my son Absalom! Would I had died instead of you, O Absalom,
my son, my son!” David then returned to Jerusalem and settled some
of the quarrels that had erupted in his absence. A revolt led by the
conservative Benjaminite Sheba, under the old rallying cry “every man
to his tents, O Israel,” was thwarted by Joab, who had to kill David’s
newly appointed commander Amasa to accomplish this end.

38. KEGAGALAN SISTEM MONARKI
• 1-2 Samuel: Kegagalan dalam sistem monarki.
• Dosa dan hukuman:
- Eli gagal mendidik anak-anaknya (1 Sam4,11-14)
- Saul melakukan dosa ketidaktaatan (1 Sam 15) dan
diganti oleh Daud
- Daud yang berdosa terhadap Uria dan Batsyeba,
dihukum dengan kematian anaknya, pemberontakan dari
keluarganya sendiri.