2. Bakteri (Bacteria)
• Bacteria are microscopic, single-cell organisms (organisme unicellular)
that thrive in diverse environments.
• prokaryotic cell microorganism
• Unlike cells of animals and other eukaryotes, bacterial cells do not
contain a nucleus and rarely harbour membrane-bound organelles.
• Untuk mengetahui ciri-ciri sel bakteri, silahkan pelajari ciri-ciri sel
prokariotik pada slide awal
• The study of bacteria is known as bacteriology, a branch of
microbiology
3. • Bacterial cells are about one-
tenth the size of eukaryotic cells
and are typically 0.5–5.0
micrometres in length.
Ukuran Bakteri
6. Perbedaan Sel Prokariotik dan Sel Eukariotik
No. Perbedaan
Sel Eukariotik Sel Prokariotik
1. Memiliki karioteka (membran inti)
sehingga memiliki nucleus
Tidak memiliki karioteka (membran inti)
sehingga tidak bernukleus
2. Membran sel nya tersusun oleh
phospholipid, kolesterol, dan
glycolipid
Membran sel nya hanya tersusu oleh
phospholipid saja tanpa kolesterol
3. DNA genome nya berada di
kompartemen nukleus
DNA genome nya ada di kompartemen
sitoplasma pada suatu bagian yang
disebut nucleoid
4. Memiliki DNA sirkuler bernama
mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) di
organel mitochondria
Memiliki DNA sirkuler bernama DNA
plasmid di sitoplasma
5. Memiliki sitoskeleton Mikrotubulus,
mikrofilament actin, dan intermediate
filament
Tidak memiliki sitoskeleton
7. Perbedaan Sel Eukariotik dan Sel Prokariotik (Lanjutan)
No. Perbedaan
Sel Eukariotik Sel Prokariotik
6. Memiliki Endoplasmic Reticulum Tidak memiliki Endoplasmic reticulum
7. Memiliki Aparatus Golgi Tidak memiliki Aparatus Golgi
8. Memiliki lysosome Tidak memiliki lysosome
9. Memiliki endomembrane trafficing
system
Tidak memiliki endomembrane
trafficing system
10. Sekuens basa nitrogen DNA struktural
region dari protein coding gene nya
ada sekuens Exon dan Intron
Sekuens basa nitrogen DNA struktural
region dari protein coding gene nya
adalah Exon semua
11. Di sitoplasma terekspressi enzim
exoribonuclease (Xrn)
Di sitoplasma tidak terekspressi enzim
Exoribonuclease (Xrn)
12. Setiap gene diregulasi oleh satu
promoter dan satu terminator
Memiliki operon (satu promoter
meregulasi lebih dari satu gen)
8. Perbedaan Sel Eukariotik dan Sel Prokariotik (Lanjutan)
No. Perbedaan
Sel Eukariotik Sel Prokariotik
13. Tidak memiliki mRNA polycitronic Memiliki mRNA polycistronic
14. mRNA premature nya mengalami
post transcriptional modification
(capping, polyadenylation, splicing
intron)
mRNA nya tidak mengalami post
transcriptional modification
15. RBS (Ribosomal binding site) untuk
inisiasi translasi mRNA nya adalah
5‘cap
RBS (Ribosomal binding site) untuk
inisiasi translasi mRNA nya adalah Shine-
Dalgarno sequence
16. Ribosome subunit kecil : 40S
Ribosome subunit besar : 60S
Ribosome subunit kecil : 30S
Ribosome subunit besar : 50S
17. Protein yang diekspressikan /
disintesis mengalami folding dan
modifikasi kimia yang lengkap
Protein yang disintesis tidak mengalami
folding dan modifikasi kimia yang
lengkap
18. Sel tubuh organisme dari kingdom
protista, fungi, plantae, dan animalia
termasuk sel tubuh MANUSIA
Kingdom monera (bacteria dan
archaebacteria)
14. What is chlamydia?
• Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by
bacterial infection of Chlamydia trachomatis. It can cause infection
among both men and women. It can cause permanent damage to a
woman’s reproductive system. This can make it difficult or impossible
to get pregnant later. Chlamydia can also cause a potentially fatal
ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy that occurs outside the womb).
15. Symptoms of chlamydia
• Early-stage Chlamydia trachomatis infections often cause few or no signs and symptoms.
Even when signs and symptoms occur, they're often mild, making them easy to overlook.
• Signs and symptoms of Chlamydia trachomatis infection can include:
Painful urination
Vaginal discharge in women
Discharge from the penis in men
Painful sexual intercourse in women
Bleeding between periods and after sex in women
Testicular pain in men
• Chlamydia trachomatis can also infect the rectum, either with no signs or symptoms or
with rectal pain, discharge or bleeding. Chlamydial could also caused eye infections
(conjunctivitis) through contact with infected body fluids.
16. Chlamydia Infection
• Although chlamydia does not usually cause any symptoms and can normally be treated
with a short course of antibiotics, it can be serious if it's not treated early on.
• If left untreated, the infection can spread to other parts of your body and lead to long-
term health problems, especially in women.
• In women, untreated chlamydia can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic
pregnancy and infertility.
• In men, in rare cases, chlamydia can spread to the testicles and epididymis (tubes that
carry sperm from the testicles), causing them to become painful and swollen. This is
known as epididymitis or epididymo-orchitis (inflammation of the testicles).
• It can also sometimes cause reactive arthritis in men and women.
17. Chlamydia trachomatis
• Chlamydia trachomatis, commonly
known as chlamydia,[2] is a
bacterium that causes chlamydia,
which can manifest in various ways,
including: trachoma,
lymphogranuloma venereum,
nongonococcal urethritis, cervicitis,
salpingitis, pelvic inflammatory
disease. C. trachomatis is the most
common infectious cause of
blindness and the most common
sexually transmitted bacterium.
18. Chlamydia trachomatis
• Chlamydia trachomatis is a gram-negative bacterium that can replicate only within a host cell.[3]
Over the course of the C. trachomatis life cycle, the bacteria take on two distinct forms.
Elementary bodies are 200 to 400 nanometers across, and are surrounded by a rigid cell wall that
allows them to survive outside of a host cell.[3][4] This form can initiate a new infection if it
comes into contact with a susceptible host cell.[3] Reticulate bodies are 600 to 1500 nanometers
across, and are found only within host cells.[4] Neither form is motile.[4]
• The C. trachomatis genome is substantially smaller than that of many other bacteria at
approximately 1.04 megabases, encoding approximately 900 genes.[3] Several important
metabolic functions are not encoded in the C. trachomatis genome, and instead, are likely
scavenged from the host cell.[3] In addition to the chromosome that contains most of the
genome, nearly all C. trachomatis strains carry a 7.5 kilobase plasmid that contains 8 genes.[4]
The role of this plasmid is unknown, though strains without the plasmid have been isolated,
suggesting it is not required for survival of the bacterium.[4]
19. Chlamydia trachomatis Life Cycle
• Like other Chlamydia species, C. trachomatis has a life cycle consisting of two
morphologically distinct forms. First, C. trachomatis attaches to a new host
cell as a small spore-like form called the elementary body.[5] The elementary
body enters the host cell, surrounded by a host vacuole, called an inclusion.[5]
Within the inclusion, C. trachomatis transforms into a larger, more
metabolically active form called the reticulate body.[5] The reticulate body
substantially modifies the inclusion, making it a more hospitable environment
for rapid replication of the bacteria, which occurs over the following 30 to 72
hours.[5] The massive number of intracellular bacteria then transition back to
resistant elementary bodies, before causing the cell to rupture and being
released into the environment.[5] These new elementary bodies are then
shed in the semen or released from epithelial cells of the female genital tract,
and attach to new host cells.[6]
20.
21. Diagnostic Test
• For women, C. trachomatis urogenital infection can be diagnosed by vaginal or cervical swabs or first-void urine. For men, C. trachomatis urethral infection
can be diagnosed by testing first-void urine or a urethral swab. NAATs are the most sensitive tests for these specimens and are the recommended test for
detecting C. trachomatis infection (553). NAATs that are FDA cleared for use with vaginal swab specimens can be collected by a clinician or patient in a
clinical setting. Patient-collected vaginal swab specimens are equivalent in sensitivity and specificity to those collected by a clinician using NAATs
(792,793), and this screening strategy is highly acceptable among women (794,795). Optimal urogenital specimen types for chlamydia screening by using
NAAT include first-catch urine (for men) and vaginal swabs (for women) (553). Recent studies have demonstrated that among men, NAAT performance on
self-collected meatal swabs is comparable to patient-collected urine or provider-collected urethral swabs (796–798). Patient collection of a meatal swab
for C. trachomatis testing might be a reasonable approach for men who are either unable to provide urine or prefer to collect their own meatal swab over
providing urine. Previous evidence indicates that the liquid-based cytology specimens collected for Pap smears might be acceptable specimens for NAAT,
although test sensitivity using these specimens might be lower than that associated with use of cervical or vaginal swab specimens (799); regardless,
certain NAATs have been cleared by FDA for use on liquid-based cytology specimens.
• Rectal and oropharyngeal C. trachomatis infection among persons engaging in receptive anal or oral intercourse can be diagnosed by testing at the
anatomic exposure site. NAATs have been demonstrated to have improved sensitivity and specificity, compared with culture, for detecting C. trachomatis
at rectal and oropharyngeal sites (553,800–804), and certain NAAT platforms have been cleared by FDA for these anatomic sites (805). Data indicate that
NAAT performance on self-collected rectal swabs is comparable to clinician-collected rectal swabs, and this specimen collection strategy for rectal C.
trachomatis screening is highly acceptable among men (217,806). Self-collected rectal swabs are a reasonable alternative to clinician-collected rectal
swabs for C. trachomatis screening by NAAT, especially when clinicians are not available or when self-collection is preferred over clinician collection.
Annual screening for rectal C. trachomatis infection should be performed among men who report sexual activity at the rectal site. Extragenital chlamydial
testing at the rectal site can be considered for females on the basis of reported sexual behaviors and exposure through shared clinical decision-making by
the patient and the provider. The majority of persons with C. trachomatis detected at oropharyngeal sites do not have oropharyngeal symptoms. The
clinical significance of oropharyngeal C. trachomatis infection is unclear, and prevalence is low, even among populations at high risk. However, when
gonorrhea testing is performed at the oropharyngeal site, chlamydia test results might be reported because certain NAATs detect both bacteria from a
single specimen.
• POC tests for C. trachomatis among asymptomatic persons can expedite treatment of infected persons and their sex partners. Among symptomatic
patients, POC tests for C. trachomatis can optimize treatment by limiting unnecessary presumptive treatment at the time of clinical decision-making and
improve antimicrobial stewardship. Thus, using a POC test will likely be a cost-effective diagnostic strategy for C. trachomatis infection (807). Newer NAAT-
based POC tests have promising performance and are becoming commercially available (807–809).
22. Treatment
• Treating persons with C. trachomatis prevents adverse reproductive
health complications and continued sexual transmission.
Furthermore, treating their sex partners can prevent reinfection and
infection of other partners. Treating pregnant women usually
prevents transmission of C. trachomatis to neonates during birth.
Treatment should be provided promptly for all persons with
chlamydial infection; treatment delays have been associated with
complications (e.g., PID) in a limited proportion of women
• Chlamydia can usually be effectively treated with antibiotics. More
than 95% of people will be cured if they take their antibiotics
correctly.
23. Recommended Antibiotic Regimens for Chlamydial
Infection Among Adolescents and Adults
• Doxycycline 100 mg orally 2 times/day for 7 days
• Azithromycin 1 g orally in a single dose
• Levofloxacin 500 mg orally once daily for 7 days
24. Rickettsia
• Rickettsiae are pleomorphic obligate intracellular parasites. They are
true bacteria by virtue of their 5-layered peptidoglycan cell wall
containing muramic acid and diaminopimelic acid, they contain both
RNA in ribosomes and DNA and they divide by binary fission. There
are three genera (Rickettsia, Rochalimaea and Coxiella) within the
family Rickettsiaceae and all except Coxiella are transmitted to
humans by arthropods. Their endemicity is maintained by cyclic
transmission from infected to uninfected arthropod through a
vertebrate intermediary. Infection in humans is incidental, occurring
as the result of a bite from an infected arthropod or inhalation of
infectious aerosols in the case of Coxiella. The genus Rickettsia has
two main subgroups, the Typhus fever group and the Spotted fever
group, based on biological activity.
26. • Tifus dapat mengacu kepada beberapa hal berikut:
• Demam tifoid, penyakit yang sering ditemukan di Indonesia yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Salmonella enterica.
• PenyakitRickettsia (typhus), penyakit yang disebabkan oleh bakteri genus Rickettsia yang disebarkan oleh kutu.
• Demam tifoid, atau typhoid adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Salmonella enterica, khususnya turunannya yaitu Salmonella
Typhi. Penyakit ini dapat ditemukan di seluruh dunia, dan disebarkan melalui makanan dan minuman yang telah tercemar oleh tinja.
• Penyakit Rickettsia atau tifus adalah berbagai penyakit yang disebabkan oleh bakteri familia Rickettsiae. Penyakit ini disebarkan oleh
arthropoda, khususnya kutu, tungau, dan caplak. Tiga jenis typhus utama adalah tifus epidemik, tifus endemik, dan tifus belukar. Jenis lain
tifus yang juga sering ditemukan adalah penyakit Brill-Zinsser, yang merupakan tifus epidemik yang muncul kembali setelah bertahun-tahun
sembuh. Tifus epidemik dan penyakit Brill-Zinsser disebabkan oleh bakteri
• Rickettsia prowazekii. Tifus epidemik disebarkan oleh kutu badan. Tifus endemik disebabkan oleh bakteri Rickettsia typhi, yang disebarkan
oleh kutu. Tifus belukar disebabkan oleh bakteri Rickettsia tsutsugamushi (dahulu bernama Orientia tsutsugamushi), dan disebarkan oleh
tungau dan caplak. Jenis tifus lainnya antara lain demam berbintik gunung Rocky, Rickettsialpox, demam Boutonneuse, tifus caplak Siberia,
tifus caplak Australia, dan demam berbintik Oriental.
27. • The rickettsiae are a diverse collection of obligately intracellular
Gram-negative bacteria found in ticks, lice, fleas, mites, chiggers, and
mammals. They include the genera Rickettsiae, Ehrlichia, Orientia,
and Coxiella. These zoonotic pathogens cause infections that
disseminate in the blood to many organs.
28. Clinical Manifestation
• Rickettsia species cause Rocky Mountain spotted fever, rickettsialpox,
other spotted fevers, epidemic typhus, and murine typhus. Orientia
(formerly Rickettsia) tsutsugamushi causes scrub typhus. Patients
present with febrile exanthems and visceral involvement; symptoms
may include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, encephalitis,
hypotension, acute renal failure, and respiratory distress.
29. Pathogenesis of Ricketsia
• Rickettsia and Orientia species are transmitted by the bite of infected
ticks or mites or by the feces of infected lice or fleas. From the portal
of entry in the skin, rickettsiae spread via the bloodstream to infect
the endothelium and sometimes the vascular smooth muscle cells.
Rickettsia species enter their target cells, multiply by binary fission in
the cytosol, and damage heavily parasitized cells directly.
30. Treatment of Rickettsia
• Rickettsia species are susceptible to the broad-spectrum antibiotics,
doxycycline, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol. Prevention of
exposure to infected arthropods offers some protection. A vaccine
exists for epidemic typhus but is not readily available.
