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Presentation on industrial microbiology
- 2. SUBMITTEDBY- 1. AJAYVEER{16HBT6702} 2. AKANKSHA{16HBT6703} 3. AKASHBANERJEETULSI {16HBT6704} 4. ANJALI {16HBT6705} SUBMITTEDTO– DR. SACHCHIDANANDTRIPATHI SIR AND DR.SANAMAM
- 4. INTRODUCTION WHAT ARE MICROBES OR MICROORGANISMS ? AMICROORGANISMORMICROBEISAMICRSCOPICORGANISMWHICHMAYEXISTINITS SINGLE-CELLEDFORMORINA COLONYOFCELLS. HISTORICAL ASPECT THEPOSSIBLEEXISTENCEOFUNSEENMICROBIALLIFEWASSUSPECTEDFROM ANCIENTTIMESSUCHASINJAINSCRIPTURESFROM6TH CENTURYBCINDIAANDTHE1ST CENTURYBCBOOKONAGRICULTUREBYMARCUSTERENTIUSVARRO MICROBIOLOGY,THESCIENTIFICSTUDYOFMICROORGANISMS, BEGANWITHTHEIR OBSERVATIONUNDERTHEMICROSCOPEINTHE1NTHE1670S BY ANTONIEVANLEEUWENHOEK. INTHE1850S, LOUISPASTEURFOUNDTHATMICROORGANISMSCAUSEDFOOD SPOILAGE,DEBUNKINGTHETHEORYOFSPONTANEOUSGENERATION.
- 7. ROLEOFMICROBESININDUSTRY MICROBES OR MICROORGANISMS ARE WIDELY USED IN LARGE-INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES.THEY ARE CRUCIAL FOR THE PRODUCTION OF A VARIETY OF METABOLITES SUCH AS ETHANOL,BUTANOL,LACTIC ACID AND RIBOFLAVIN AS WELL AS THE TRANSFORMATION OF CHEMICALS THAT HELP TO REDUCE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION. MICROBES ARE ALSO USED IN A PROCESS CALLED BIOLEACHING IN WHICH BACTERIA LEACH METALS SUCH AS IRON AND MANGANESE FROM SOIL AND SEWAGE. MICROBES, ESPECIALLY FUNGI, ARE USEFUL .AS BIOFERTILISERS, BY MAKING NUTRIENTS MORE AVAILABLE TO PLANTS ANDINCREASING CROP GROWTH AND YIELD
- 8. SCOPE OF MICROBES IN ENVIRONMENT MICROORGANISMS PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN THE VARIOUS BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES AS WEL AS BEING A PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF PLANT AND SOIL ECOSYSTEMS. MICROORGANISMS PLAY A SIMILARLY CRITICAL PART WITHIN BOTH ANIMALAND HUMAN BODIES. BACTERIA, FOR EXAMPLE, PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN DIGESTION ,HELPING TO SYNTHESIZE VITAMIN K AND ABSORB CERTAIN NUTRIENTS; THEY ALSO HELP CONVERT BILE AND ACIDS IN THE INTESTINES. SOME ALSO HELP TO PREVENT OTHER, MORE HARMFUL BACTERIA FROM INVADING THE INTESTINES OR OTHER AREAS OF THE BODY. MICROORGANISMS NORMALLY FOUND IN ANIMAL AND HUMAN BODIES ARE REFERRED TO AS “NORMAL FLORA”.
- 10. SCOPEOF MICROBESININDUSTRIALBIOLOGY AKANKSHA KUSHWAHA B.SC (H) BOTANY 6TH SEMESTER
- 11. FERMENTATION IT’S A CHEMICAL BREAKDOWN OF A SUBSTANCES BY BACTERIA,YEAST OR OTHER MICROORGANISMS. IT REFERS TO THE METABOLIC PROCESS BY WHICH ORGANIC MOLECULES (GLUCOSE) ARE CONVERTED INTO ACID,GASES OR ALCOHOL IN ABSENCE OF OXYGEN.
- 12. INDUSTRIALFERMENTATION GENERALLY ANY FERMENTATION PROCESS WHEN DONE IN AN INDUSTRIAL SCALE TO PRODUCE COMMERCIALLY VIABLE PRODUCTS ARE CALLED INDUSTRIAL FERMENTATION. • MANY TYPES OF FERMENTER ARE USED IN INDUSTRIAL FERMENTATION PROCESSING 1. STIRRID TANK FERMENTER 2. AIRLIFT FERMENTER 3. FLUIDISED BED BIOREACTOR 4. BUBBLE COLUMN FERMENTER • FERMENTED FRODUCTS ARE USE IN FOOD, MEDICINE AND OTHER INDUSTRIES. • IN MODERN FERMENTATION PROCESSING, GENETICALLY ENGINEERED MICROBES ARE USED FOR RAPID PRODUCTION OF PRODUCTS.
- 13. INDUSTRIALFERMENTATIONPROCESSCOMPRISEBOTHUPSTREAM (USP)ANDDOWNSTREAM(DSP)STAGES: USP: USP INVOLVED ALL FACTORS AND PROCESSES LEADING TO AND INCLUDING THE FERMENTATION AND CONSISTS OF THREE MAIN AREAS. 1. THE PRODUCES ORGANISMS 2. THE MEDIUM 3. FERMENTATION PROCESS DSP: DSP REFERS TO THE RECOVERY AND PURIFICATION OF BIOSYNTHETIC PRODUCTS, PARTICULARLY PHARMACEUTICAL,FROM NATURAL SOURCES SUCH AS BROTH INCLUDING OF SALVAGEABLE COMPONENTS AND THE PROPER TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF WASTE.. • THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE ON INDUSTRIAL FERMENTATION PROCESSES IS TO RECOVER THE PRODUCT EFFICIENTLY REPRODUCIBLY AND SAFELY TO ITS REQUIRED SPECIFICATION WHILE ACHIEVING MAXIMUM PRODUCT YIELD AT MINIMUM RECOVERY COSTS.
- 15. FERMENTATIONPRODUCTS FERMENTED PRODUCTS ARE PRODUCED OR PRESERVED BY THE ACTION OF MICROORGANISMS. • FERMENTATION PRODUCTS CAN BE BROADLY DIVIDED INTO TWO CATEGORIES:- 1. LOW VOLUME HIGH VALUE FERMENTATION PRODUCTS: INCLUDE MOST FOOD AND BEVERAGE FERMENTATION PRODUCTS. 2. LOW VALUE HIGH VOLUME FERMENTATION PRODUCTS: CHEMICALS AND PHARMACEUTICALS ARE COMES UNDER THIS CATEGORY.
- 18. OTHERPRODUCTS • FORMATION OF LACTIC ACID BY THE PROCESS OF ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION IN THE MUSCLES OF ANIMALS DURING EXERCISE IS ALSO A FERMENTATION PRODUCTION • MEDICAL PRODUCTS: MICROBIAL FERMENTATION IS THE BASIS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF A WIDE RANGE OF PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS, TARGETING PRACTICALLY ANY MEDICAL INDICATION. EXAMPLE; RANGE FROM ANTICANCER CYTOTOXIC DRUGS AND VACCINES, TO HORMONAL DISORDER THERAPY AND MANY OTHER INDICATIONS. • IN ALCOHOL INDUSTRY: THE MAKING OF WINES AND BEERS USES THIS INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS BY USING VARIOUS SUGARS AND MICROBES.
- 20. ENVIRONMENTALROLEOF MICROBES Microorganisms are present everywhere in nature. Anjali B.Sc.(Hons) Botany 16HBT6705
- 21. ENVIRONMENTALROLEOF MICROBES Microbes are useful in many ways such as in : • Sewage treatment • Degradation and decomposition of complex substances • Agriculture • Become a source of new drug • Nitrogen fixation
- 22. SEWAGETREATMENT • Sewage is basically the domestic waste containing sludge, harmful microbes etc. • Microbes involved in sewage treatment are mostly bacteria. They may be aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. • Aerobic bacteria needs oxygen to grow and feed on its food. • Anaerobic bacteria reduces the volume of sludge and produces methane gas. • Some bacteria used are Zooglea ramigera, Oscillatoria etc. • They destroy pathogens in water which can cause cholera, typhoid etc.
- 23. AGRICULTURE • Microbes enhance crop productivity and protect them. • Can be used as bio control agents and bio fertilizers Bacillus thuringiensis, Pseudomonas, Trichoderma etc. Azotobacter [nitrogen fixing bacteria] Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Anaebena [free living bacteria] • Breakdown organic compounds in simpler forms. Due to this humus is formed that retains soil moisture. • Helps in recycling of nutrients.
- 24. PHARMACEUTICALS • Not only in vaccines but microbes are widely used for production of medicines. • Bacteria serve as delivery capsule for toxic drugs and also for the cancer • treatment .eg - Clostrudium is tumor specific . • Bacteria can rapidly divide and form large mass. • Fungi used in production of penicillin to cure almost all kinds of infections. • Also they can be used for treatment of many diseases like Alziehmer's disease. Eg.Hericium collaroids • Also in the production of many antibiotics.
- 25. NITROGENFIXATION • A process in which atmospheric nitrogen is converted into ammonia and other nitrogenous compounds. • In soil nitrogen is fixed by diazotrophs such as Azotobacter. • Symbiotic bacteria also fixes NITROGEN. Eg.- Rhizobium. Denitrifying bactetia- nitrates to nitrous oxide. Eg.- Psuedomonas Nitrifying bacteria- nitrites to nitrates. Eg- Nitrobacter
- 27. Application of microbes in - 1 Industrial level 2 environmental level
- 28. INDUSTRIAL LEVEL INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY IS THE BRANCH THAT DEAL WITH THE APPLICATION OF MICROBES IN THE PRODUCTION OF PRODUCTS IN MASS QUANTITY. THERE ARE MULTIPLE WAYS TO MANIPULATE A MICROORAGANISM IN ORDER TO INCREASE MAXIMUM PRODUCT YIELDS THE VECTOR AND PLASMIDS ARE USED TO INCORPORATE MULTIPLE COPIES OF A SPECIFIC GENE THAT WOULD ALLOW MORE ENZYMES TO BE PRODUCED THAT EVENTUALLY CAUSE MORE PRODUCT YIELD
- 29. ON THE BASIS OF THE TYPES OF INDUSTRIES MICROBES HAS DIFFERENT APPLICATION SUCH AS - 1 MEDICAL APPLICATION 2 FOOD INDUSTRIES APPLICATION 3 AGRICULTURE APPLICATION 4 CHEMICAL APPLICATION
- 30. MEDICAL APPLICATION The medical application to industrial microbiology is the production of new drugs synthesized in a specific organism for medical purposes. Production of antibiotics is necessary for the treatment of many bacterial infections . Some natural occurring antibiotics and precursors, are produced through a process called fermentation. Vitamins also get produced in massive quantities either by fermentation or biotransformation. Vitamin B 2 (riboflavin) for example is produced both ways. Biotransformation is mostly used for the production of riboflavin, and the carbon source starting material for this reaction is glucose.
- 31. There are a few strains of microorganisms that were engineered to increase the yield of riboflavin produced. The most common organism used for this reaction is Ashbya gossypii. The most common organism used for production of riboflavin through fermentation is Eremothecium ashbyii. Enzymes can be produced through fermentation either by submerged fermentation and/ or by solid state fermentation. Insulin synthesis is done through the fermentation process and the use of recombinant E.coli or yeast in order to make human insulin also called Humulin.
- 32. FOODINDUSTRIESAPPLICATIONS Fermentation is a reaction where sugar can be converted into a gas, alcohols or acids. Microorganisms like yeast and bacteria are used to massively produce the many things. Drinking alcohol also known as ethanol is produced by yeast and bacteria. The drinking alcohol is produced from natural sugars like glucose. Carbon dioxide is produced as a side product in this reaction and can be used to make bread and can also be used to carbonate beverages. Fermentation Wine Alcoholic beverages like beer and wine are fermented by microorganisms when there is no oxygen present.
- 33. Dairy products like cheese and yogurt can also be made through fermentation using microbes. Cheese was produced as a way to preserve the nutrients obtained from milk, through fermentation thus elongating the shelf-life of the product Microbes are used to convert the lactose sugars into lactic acid through fermentation. The bacteria used for such fermentation are usually from Lactococci , Lactobacilli, or Streptococci families. Sometimes these microbes are added before or after the step needed for cheese production. Also these microbes are responsible for the different flavors of cheese, since they have enzymes that breakdown milk sugars and fats into multiple building blocks.
- 34. Agriculture applications Biopesticide is a pesticide derivatized from a living organism or natural occurring substances. Biochemical pesticides can also be produced from naturally occurring substances that can control pest populations in a non- toxic matter. An example of a biochemical pesticide is garlic and pepper based insecticides, these work by repelling insects from the desired location. The most commonly used microbe for the production of microbial bio-pesticides is Bacillus thuringiensis, also known as Bt. This spore forming bacterium produces a delta-endotoxins in which it causes the insect or pest to stop feeding on the crop or plant because the endotoxin destroys the lining of the digestive system.
- 35. Another mechanism that is used to reduce plant pathogens is by introducing other microbes that are non-pathogenic but compete for the rhizosphere, and succeed by producing anti fungal chemicals yielding plant growth. Microbial inoculants are addition of microbes into a plant that would essentially help the plant grow by introducing nutrients and stimulating plant growth. The preparation in mass quantities of any inoculum is performed by a process called fermentation.
- 36. Chemical application Synthesis of amino acids and organic solvents can also be made using microbes. The synthesis of essential amino acids such as are L- Methionine, L-Lysine, L-Tryptophan and the non-essential amino acid L- Glutamic acid are used today mainly for feed, food, and pharmaceutical industries. The production of organic solvents like acetone, butanol, and isopropanol through fermentation was one of the very first things to be produced by using bacteria, since achieving the necessary chirality of the products is easily achieved by using living systems.
- 37. Environment application Microorganisms are the backbone of all ecosystems, but even more so in the zones where photosynthesis is unable to take place because of the absence of light. In such zones, chemosynthetic microbes provide energy and carbon to the other organisms. Other microbes are decomposers, with the ability to recycle nutrients from other organisms' waste products. These microbes play a vital role in biogeochemical cycles. The nitrogen cycle, the phosphorus cycle, the sulphur cycle and the carbon cycle all depend on microorganisms in one way or another. For example, the nitrogen gas which makes up 78% of the earth's atmosphere is unavailable to most organisms, until it is converted to a biologically available form by the microbial process of nitrogen fixation.
- 38. Microbes, especially bacteria, often engage in symbiotic relationships (either positive or negative) with other microorganisms or larger organisms. Although physically small, symbiotic relationships amongst microbes are significant in eukaryotic processes and their evolution. The types of symbiotic relationship that microbes participate in include mutualism, commensalism, parasitism and amensalism and these relationships affect the ecosystem in many ways.
- 39. Microbes in humanin human interaction The human microbiota is the aggregate of microorganisms that resides on or within any of a number of human tissues and biofluids, including the skin, mammary glands, placenta, seminal fluid, uterus, ovarian follicles, lung, saliva, oral mucosa, conjunctiva, biliary and gastrointestinal tracts. They include bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists and viruses. Though micro-animals can also live on the human body, they are typically excluded from this definition. The human microbiome refers specifically to the collective genomes of resident microorganisms.
- 40. Humans are colonized by many microorganisms; the traditional estimate is that the average human body is inhabited by ten times as many non- human cells as human cells. Some microorganisms that colonize humans are commensal, meaning they co-exist without harming humans; others have a mutualistic relationship with their human hosts. Certain microorganisms perform tasks that are known to be useful to the human host but the role of most of them is not well understood. Those that are expected to be present, and that under normal circumstances do not cause disease, are sometimes deemed normal flora or normal microbiota.[1]
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