Microorganism and principle of biology,Medical microbiology and immunology,Soil microbiology,Industrial microbiology,Food microbiology,Water microbiology,Sewage microbiology

1. scope OF MICROBIOLOGY
(B.Sc.-I)
By
Dr. Rachana Choudhary
Asstt. Prof. Department of Microbiology
Shri Shankaracharya Mahavidyalaya,Junwani ,Bhilai

2. Synopsis
Introduction
Field of Microbiology
Microorganism and principle
of biology
Medical microbiology and
Immunology
Soil microbiology
Industrial microbiology
Food microbiology
Milk and milk product
microbiology
Water microbiology
Sewage microbiology
Air microbiology
Genetic engineering
Microorganisms in oil
recovery
Microorganisms and energy
Microorganisms and mining
Conclusion
References

3. What is Microbiology?
• Micro - too small to be seen with the naked eye
• Bio - life
• logy - study of

4. Field of Microbiology
Microorganism and principle of biology
• Microorganisms help understanding the various principle of
Biology as they consist of many characteristic which make
them ideal for the investigation of important biological
phenomena. Microbes - Extremely useful as experimental
materials.
• Simple , Grow rapidly
• Can culture in large quantities in test tubes, flasks, require
less space and maintenance than large plants and animals.
• Easy – to – work –with material for studying complex
processes of metabolism.(e.g. certain bacteria produce within
20 minutes)

5. Medical microbiology and
immunology
Medical microbiology deals with disease producing organisms
in human beings whereas immunology deals with the defence
the body put up against the pathogens. the disease causing
microorganisms and the factors which explain resistance to
disease. The medical microbiology and immunology furnishes
the basic knowledge on which depend the practical methods
employed for the laboratory diagnosis and prevention of
microbial diseases. It, therefore gives us a sound foundation for
the intelligent promotion of both the individual and the public
health.

7. Soil microbiology
Soil microbiology deals with the microorganism present in and
their role in soil. the most important function of soil
microorganisms is
 To decompose various kind of organic matter.
 The process of mineralization of various organic
constituent mineralization of organic carbon, nitrogen,
phosphorus and sulphur via respective cycle alternation by
soil microorganisms makes these elements available for reuse
by plants and other organisms.
 As we know microbes improve the fertility of soil by
fixing atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen compound which
are radially used by plants to synthesise protein and other
complex organic nitrogenous compounds.

9. Industrial Microbiology
Industrial microbiology is that branch of microbiology which
deals with the utility of microorganisms in industrial production
of medicines, food supplements ,alcohols, beverages, organic
acid ,vitamins, enzyme etc. Probably the most significant
industrial use of microorganisms was the production of
antibiotics, the Wonder drugs. however 40 years ago only a small
group of microorganisms where conventionally refers to us
industrially useful microorganisms but today it is realised that
every microorganism has its own industrial importance. The
commercially beneficial activities of a large number of bacteria,
yeasts, molds and algae are being exploited,or deserve to be
exploited to obtain valuable products.

11. Food microbiology

12. Food microbiology
Food microbiology deals with the emphasis upon the
relationship of microorganisms to the manufacture,
deterioration and preservation of foods. Since men,s food
supply consists basically of plants and animals or products
derived from them. It is understandable that our food supply
can contain microorganisms in interactions with food. To
ensure that food is free of harmful microorganisms and is safe
for human consumption, it must be carefully prepared,
processed and stored. Besides many other microorganisms are
of great use to humans because the fermentation of various
raw materials by them result in food like Oriental food, bread
etc.

13. Milk and milk product microbiology

14. Milk and milk product microbiology
This branch deals with the microorganisms present in and
their role in milk and milk products. Milk is an excellent food
for humans or microorganisms. The milk when it leaves the
uddar of a healthy cow contains more or less no
microorganisms. It generally becomes contaminated in
handling and processing therefore if it is not properly stored
and treated the microorganisms grow rapidly and spoil and
make it unsafe for human consumption. Besides, some
microorganisms are used in the manufacture of various milk
products such as cheese butter etc.

15. Water microbiology
Water has curious and unusual property and play an important
role in living system. The natural source of water is
precipitation. As the water precipitates it picks up airborne
microorganisms. When it comes in contact with the soil, other
microorganisms get into it from the soil, sewage, organic waste
dead plants and animals. Therefore, water for human use must
be made free from microorganisms by filtration and or
chemical treatment to avoid harm.

16. Sewage microbiology
Raw sewage generally contains million of
microorganisms per millilitre. Many of them are
pathogenic bad odour and taste producing it is essential
that the sewage be treated to remove pathogenic and
offensive odour and taste causing microorganisms. This
is done by chemical treatment and oxidizing organic
material and destroying pathogenic microorganisms.

17. Air microbiology
Although there may be a variety of microorganisms in the air,
their number is affected because the air does not contains
adequate source of nutrients. The room-air is generally
contaminated by sneezing, coughing and talking the airborne
microorganisms give rise to serious problems in scientific
experiments via contaminating the equipments, materials etc.
They spoil our food and food-products, and they, most
significantly are responsible for many diseases in plants and
animals including humans. Therefore air, particularly room-air
must be sanitized by mechanical and chemical treatments to
destroy harmful microorganisms.

19. Genetic engineering
Genetic engineering deals with the manipulation of genes
under highly controllable laboratory conditions. This
newly born technique has attracted the attention of
microbiologist and is being applied in the food and drug
industries, waste disposal, medicine, agriculture, oil
pollution, and others.

21. Microorganisms in oil recovery
Xanthan gum is a polysaccharide produced by the bacterium
Xanthomonas campestris this gum is an inert compound
which thickens water and improves its ability to drive out oil
trapped underground. When mixed with drilling muds, this
gum also serves as a lubricant for the giant drills as they
penetrate the Rock.

22. Microorganisms in oil recovery

23. Microorganisms and Energy
Microbial processes constitutes useful, though un
conventional source of energy especially in developing
countries. At present, many microorganisms are being
exploited or being thought to be exploited, as alternative
sources of energy, biogas is a good example. Alcohol
produced by microbial fermentation is added to petroleum
products to supplement the scarce fuels. Microorganisms
synthesise hydrocarbons and oxygenated hydrocarbons either
of which measure as liquid fuel

24. Microorganisms and mining
Deposit of many important high grade ores are
diminishing at an alarming rate, and traditional methods
of mining low-grade ores are often prohibitively
expensive. Microbial mining may provide a viable
alternative in some cases such as copper and uranium.

25. Conclusion
Humans manipulate microbes to do work for them in
industry, medicine, and in caring for the environment.
Microbiology is a complex discipline which includes
many branches studying different aspects of microbes
Infectious diseases are caused by microbes acting as
parasites. There are differences in infectious diseases
affecting developing and industrialized countries.

26. References
• General Microbiology by R.P. Singh
• Google search
• General Microbiology by P.D. Sharma

27. THANK YOU