wind solae

1. SOLAR, WIND & BIOMASS HYRBID POWER
GENERATION FOR RULAR AREA OF
UTTARAKHAND
Shivam Vats1, Bharat Bhushan Joshi2, Tsering Lundup3, Anuradha4
1,2,3,4 Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering Roorkee,
Roorkee-247667
Emails: shivamvats35@yahoo.com, bhushanjoshi224@gmail.com, lunduptsering4@gmail.com,
singhanuradha99@gmail.com
Abstract— Electrification is one of the most important
factors for the development of a country. Lack of access to
electricity is a major impediment to the economic growth of
a nation. The geolocation of BHOGPUR along with the
limited reserve of conventional fuel arises the demand to
find alternative energy sources for electrification across the
country. To achieve the overall development of the country
electrifying more rural areas is a demand of time. This
research work represents a feasibility analysis for an off-
grid hybrid renewable energy system for a remote village in
bhogpur. The hybrid renewable energy model developed in
this study has proved to be more efficient in terms of
economic analysis and environment-friendl y
characteristics. The main objective of this project work is to
reduce energy inadequacy and electrify more rural areas by
using the renewable resources of the country. In this
research work HOMER (hybrid optimization model for
electric renewables) as optimization and designing software
will be used. First, we will load analysis of bhogpur village
then afterward we put load data into the HOMER. HOMER
has its own weather data library from various institutions
like NASA and etc. We will take data from its library and
put sizing, coasting and various brand equipment’s in
HOMER. HOMER will optimize the whole data which is
put by us and calculate the best result which we can take.
The result will in from various parameters like coasting
sizing and efficiency.
Keywords—renewable energy; solar; biogas; PV; HOMER
I. INTRODUCTION
Energy is a fundamental requirement for a country's socio-
economic progress. The need for energy has been rising for
decades in order to achieve the nation's aim of greater economic
and social growth. Electrical energy is better than any
remaining type of energy. A sufficient and authentic supply of
energy is a critical condition for economic development in a
growing country like India.
India is the third biggest electricity manufacturer in the
world and the third-largest consumer [1]. The national electric
grid of India has an installed capacity of 383.37 GW as of 31
May 2021. 37 percent of the total installed capacity in India
comprises renewable power facilities, which also include
largescale hydropower plants. The gross energy generated by
the Indian utility was 1,383.5 TWh during fiscal year (FY)
2020-21. The overall power generation (utilities and non
utilities) in India was 1,598 TWh. [2][3]. The gross electricity
consumption in FY2021 was 1,208 kWh per capita [2]. Electric
energy use in agriculture was rated as the highest (17.89
percent) in the globe in FY2015 [5]. Despite having a low
electricity tariff, India's per capita electricity usage is modest
when compared to most other countries [4].
The majority of energy-producing facilities run on fossil
fuels. This type of generation system, in addition to the scarcity
of fossilfuels, is a significant source ofCO2 emissions, resulting
in the Greenhouse effect. The best choice for overcoming this
dilemma is renewable energy. Renewable energy has the ability
to protect the environment by reducing harmful gas emissions.
The renewable energy resources available in India are solar
energy, biofuels, wind, tidal energy,and geothermal energy,and
micro hydropower plants. The grid-connected capacity of India
to power is around 94,43 GW from non-conventionaltechnology
and 46,21 GW from conventional renewable or main
hydropower facilities as of 31 March 2021 [6][7]. Solar energy
and biomass are two of the most common sources of alternative
energy in rural areas. The results of this study endeavorinclude
the development of an off-grid solar-wind-biomass hybrid
system for the village of Bhogpur in Uttarakhand's Dehradun
region. The settlement has a population of roughly 1253 people,
and its geographical coordinates are 30o 12`33N latitude and 78°
13` 49E longitude [8].
India acquires an ample amount of solar energy because of
its geographical position. The solar irradiation is about 5.32
kWh/m2. Additionally, the biomass resource is abundant in
rural sections of the country. Although the suggested scheme's
energy costs are comparatively higher than conventionalenergy
sources, it is more efficient and has fewer environmental
negative effects. Because of the availability of solar and
biomass resources in the hamlet, a PV-Biomass system is
recommended in this study. The suggested system, as well as
the feasibility analysis of the hybrid system, is simulated using
the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables
(HOMER) pro software.
Along with grid-based electrification, renewable energy-
based off-grid and distributed generation systems are gaining
attention globally. From an economical point of view, the global
microgrid market is having a compound annual growth rate of
12.45% and is expected to reach a 38.99billion USD by 2022
[9][10]. Based on the availability of resources at the concerned
sites, researchers have proposed various hybrid system
architectures. [12] [11]. Salehin et al.proposed a PVDiesel-
Battery system for the northern part of Bangladesh [13].PV-
Wind-Battery systemis proposed by Nandi et al. for hilly areas
of Bangladesh [14]. Deepak et al. proposed a microgrid system
for a primary load of 3 kWh/day and done the simulationand
analysis by using HOMER [15].

2. 2
Microgrid systems are increasingly being developed in
Sub-Saharan Africa. Annobón Island in Equatorial Guinea
has now 24hr per day electricity supply with the help of the
installation of a 5 MW solar microgrid [10]. Sal Island has
installed 2.5 MWsolar PVanda 7.65 MW wind generation-
based microgrid system [10]. K.R. Ajao et al. proposed a
microgrid system for a remote village in Nigeria [16].
According to literature analysis, renewable energy-based
microgrid systems have the potential to electrify more rural
areas around the world.
II. SOLAR TECHNOLOGY
The most common primary source of our energy is the sun.
Solar energy is both environmentally beneficial and infinite.
Many systems have been created over the years to take
advantage of solar energy,' such as,
 Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)
 Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
 Solar Fuels
 Solar Thermal
Among all of these technologies Solar Photovoltaic (PV) is
widely used because of its great efficiency and less operation
and maintenance cost. The solar cell is the primary unit of a
photovoltaic. The commonly used crystalline silicon (c-Si)
photovoltaic is a kind of wafer-type material having a thin layer
of N-type Phosphorous doped silicon over a thicker layer of
Ptype Boron doped silicon. P-N junction is created and the
direction of the electric field is from n side to P side. When
sunlight strikes the surface of a photovoltaic cell, each photon
frees one electron which is directed by the electric field towards
the load [17]. The output power of the photovoltaic system
maintains a linear relationship to the insolation. If the losses are
considered to be negligible, the energy output of the
photovoltaic systemcan be calculated on an hourly basis using
the following equation [18],
(𝑡) = (𝑡) × 𝐴× 𝑦𝑃𝑉 (1)
Where,
EPV(t) = energy output from photovoltaic per hour, G(t) =
irradiance per hour, measured in kWh/m2, A = surface area of
the photovoltaic modules, measured in m2, 𝑦𝑃𝑉 = efficiency of
photovoltaic. The system is having maximum power point
tracking and the effect of temperature on photovoltaic is ignored.
India has a good prospect of solar photovoltaic generation. The
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
database was used in this study to obtain the monthly solar
radiation data globally. Solar data for “Bhogpur” village is
presented graphically by HOMER pro software shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 Solar energy resource in Bhogpur
III. WIND TECHNOLOGY
The wind speed is different at every height above the ground.Wind
speed is the prime factor for generating electricity from wind
turbines.Like solar resource,global wind speed data is taken from
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration). The
wind speed also changes from season to season throughout the
year. Average monthly wind speed variation of our test location is
very low.From the data we get to know that Bhogpurvillage is not
suitable for installing wind turbines for electricity generation.
IV. BIOMASS TECHNOLOGY
Biogas is another attractive renewable energy source. The
fermentation of biomass products in a certain process produces
an inflammable gas that can be used to generate electricity. The
fermentation includes the utilization of anaerobic digesters.
Maize silage, biodegradable wastes such as sewage sludge, and
food waste can be used as an energy crop in a biogas plant [19].
The biogas can be used as a fuel source in a biogas generator.
Biogas to power conversion efficiency is estimated to be around
27% [20]. The following equations can be used to model the
biogas generator [20],
𝐸𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎I = 𝑃𝐵𝐺 (8760 × 𝐶𝑈𝐹) (2)
The hourly energy output can be calculated as follows,
𝐸𝐵𝐺(𝑡) = 𝑃𝐵𝐺 (𝑡) × 𝑦 (3)
Where, 𝐸𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎I = output electricity per year, CUF = capacity
utilization factor, 𝑃𝐵𝐺= rated power of biogas generator,
𝐸𝐵𝐺 (𝑡)= output energy per hour, 𝑦= efficiency of biogas generator.
One of the key factors of considering biogas as a part of this
the hybrid system is that in remote villages like “Bhogpur”
biomass is easily available and economically much more efficient.
Biomass data for the village is shown in Fig.
Fig. 2 Biomass resource in Bhogpur
2.
V. LOAD PROFILE
The population of the village “Bhogpur” is about 1253
including 350 houses. The average load graph of the village
experiences an evident peak in the morning to midday region
for the pumps and a consistent peakfrom the evening due to the
lighting purpose.The demand for energy is very limited at night
hours. The total load demand during the night period is much
lower than of midday or evening peaks.The load table has been
developed for a single household. For the whole village, the
data has been fabricated overa village population in accordance
with the data given by the village corporation. An assumption
of equipment baseload demand for the village of each day is
shown in Table I
TABLE I. LOAD PROFILE OF HARIYATOLA

3. 3

4. 4
B. Biogas Generator
A biogas generatorwith capacity of 10 kW is considered for
this hybrid models. The main expense for biogas generation is
the installation and maintenance cost for the biogas generator
[22]. Biogas generator parameters are presented on Table III.
TABLE III. BIOGASGENERATOR CHARACTERISTICS
VI. SYSTEM DESIGN
In this study, we created a hybrid renewable energy system that
includes a biogas generator and solar panels. Solar PV is used as a
renewable energysource andbiomass resources are also included with
a biogas generator. A generic diesel-powered generator is also placed
as a backup and to compare the costs of renewable energy and
conventional energy. Systemcomponents like battery, converter, PV
plates,generatorscompletesthetotalhybridrenewable energysystem.
The hybrid energy systemis depicted schematically in the diagram
below Fig. 3
Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of the system
The components ofthis Hybrid Renewable System are,
A. Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
In this study,generic flat-plate PV with a 3-kW capacity is
used.The cost of installing a PV module is estimated to be 130
INR per watt [21]. The parameters of the Solar photovoltaic are
shown in Table II.
TABLE II. PV CHARACTERISTICS
C. Diesel Generator
Diesel generator is installed as a backup in case of cloudy
days. The basic installation cost and other parameters of the
diesel generator is shown in Table IV [23].
TABLE IV. DIESEL GENERATOR CHARACTERISTICS
Parameter Unit Value
Capacity kW 10
Capital Cost BDT/W 5000
Replacement Cost BDT/W 4800
Operation &
Maintenance
BDT/W/yr 166.76
D. Battery
Use BAE Secure6 solar PVV 19 battery is used for this
system [24]. Nominal capacity of the battery is 576 kWh.
Battery parameters are shown in Table V.
TABLE V. BATTERY CHARACTERISTICS
Parameter Unit Value
Nominal Capacity kWh 420
Maximum Charging
Current
A 230.35
Capital Cost BDT/kWh 3230
Replacement Cost BDT/kWh 4107
Operation &
Maintenance
BDT/kWh/yr 26
6.
51
Lifetime yr 20
E. Converter
Due to the fact that most home appliances operate in AC the direct
current (DC) from solarPV is necessary to be converted to AC.The
converter can be modeled using the following
equations [25],
𝐸𝑃𝑉−𝐶𝑁𝑉 (𝑡) = 𝐸𝑃𝑉 (𝑡) × 𝑦𝐶𝑁𝑉 (4)
𝐸𝐵𝐴𝑇𝑇−(𝑡) = (𝐸𝐵𝐴𝑇𝑇(𝑡− 1) − 𝐸𝐿o𝑎𝑑(𝑡))/(𝑦𝐶𝑁𝑉 × 𝑦𝐷𝐶𝐾𝐺) (5)
Where, 𝐸𝑃𝑉−(𝑡)= energy output from converterper hourfor
PV, 𝐸𝐵𝐴𝑇𝑇−𝐶𝑁𝑉 (𝑡)= energy output from converter per hour
NAMEOF
THE
APPLIANCES
RATING
(in W)
NUMBE
RS
USED
HOU
RS
STAT
IC
LOA
D
ELECTRICAL
LOAD
CONSUMPSTIO
N(IN KWH)
ROOM
COOLER 250 1 5 250 1250
CELLING FAN 75 3 20 225 4500
TABLELIGHT 40 1 3 40 120
LED
BULB(heavy) 9 5 10 45 450
REFRIGRATOR
(up to 200L) 300 1 15 300 4500
JUICER MIXER
GRINDER 800 1 0.2 800 160
WASHING
MACHINE 1000 1 1 1000 1000
LED TV 60 1 3 60 180
TV(CRT) 100 1 3 100 300
SETUP BOX 100 2 3 200 600
MUSIC
SYSTEM 300 1 3 300 900
LAPTOP 100 1 7 100 700
LED
BULB(light) 5 2 10 10 100
WATER
HEATER 2200 1 1 2200 2200
TOTAL 5630 16960
Parameter Unit Value
Capacity kW 10
Capital Cost BDT/W 5000
Replacement Cost BDT/W 4800
Operation &
Maintenance
BDT/W/yr 166.76
Parameter Unit Value
Capacity kW 3
Capital Cost BDT/W 3391
.53
Replacement Cost BDT/W 3300
Operation &
Maintenance
BDT/W/yr 193.91
Lifetime yr 25
Deratingfactor Percent 80

5. 5
for battery, 𝑦𝐶𝑁𝑉= efficiency of converter, 𝑦𝐷𝐶𝐾𝐺= battery
discharging efficiency.
TABLE VI. CONVERTER CHARACTERISTICS
Parameter Unit Value
Capacity kW 20
Capital Cost BDT/W 12000
Replacement Cost BDT/W 5091
Operation &
Maintenance
BDT/W/yr 10342
VII. HOMER OPTIMIZATION
Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables
(HOMER) is a computer model developed by the US National
Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). It assists in designing
microgrid systems and can perform comparisons of power
generation technologies across a wide range of applications. It
has the fundamental capacity to model any micro grid system's
long-term operation. The HOMER simulation process
determines how a certain systemcomponent combined with a
specific operating strategy performs over a long period of time
[26]. Identifying the best possible alternative renewable energy
source for the village “Bhogpur” was the focus ofthis study.As
detailed in Tables II-VI, the parameters of the systempresented
are considered. HOMER pro version 3.7.6 is used to carry out
the simulations for this research work. HOMER takes on three
main operations duties,
A. Simulation
HOMER replicates the power system based on the user's
configurations. HOMER examines the feasibility of the created
system and calculates the energy balance based on the input
variable. HOMER estimates the Net Present Cost (NPC) of the
model using the following formula [27],
VIII. RESULT ANALYSIS
HOMER evaluates numerous alternative feasible hybrid set-
ups with different levels of contribution from energy sources.
Sensitivity test was run for different fuel price for diesel
generator and for different amount of load demand across the
day. The sensitivity parameters are presented in Table VII.
TABLE VII. DIESEL PRICE VSAVERAGE LOAD DEMAND
Diesel FuelPrice
(BDT/L)
Electric Load ScaledAverage
(kWh/d)
50.4 51.4
40.6 39.8
Different result outputs for different load demand and fuel
price is shown in Fig. 4. From the result outputs,Solar-Biomass
hybrid system is most cost efficient power generation system for
electrification in that particular rural area. Sensitivity test was
done using HOMER for several range of diesel price and load
demand as shown in Table VII.
Diesel price at lowest possible amount and for the situation
of maximum load demand the feasibility of the hybrid systemis
observed. Therefore, most efficient system set-up is proved to
be Solar-Biomass hybrid systemwith battery and converterfrom
the simulation results ofHOMER.
Electrical parameter for the set-up is presented in Fig 6. It
shows the comparative usage of different sources of the hybrid
system. The load demand on the month of October can be met
up by using only PV and Biomass generator, while the demand
of the month of March, June, July and August needs a good
amount of contribution fromthe diesel generator.For the month
𝐶𝑁𝑃𝐶
= u𝑎𝑙,t𝑜t𝑎𝑙
(i,𝑅𝑃r𝑜je𝑐t ) (6)
of March,lack ofbiomass resource and in case of June,July and
August the lack of contribution from PV cause the lack of
Where, 𝐶𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎I,o𝑡𝑎I is the total annual cost, 𝑅𝑃𝑟oje𝑐𝑡 is the
resource which had to be met up by the diesel generator.
project lifetime and i is the real interest rate. The real interest i
within N year can be calculated using following equations [28],
i′ − ƒ
i = (7)
1 + ƒ
i(1 + i)𝑁
(i, 𝑁) =
(1 + i) − 1
(8)
B. Optimization
The optimization phase is performed using the simulat i on
results from the previous step. On this step, several syst em
configurations are ranked from lowest to highest NPC [29].
C. Sensitivity Analysis
Sensitivity analysis evaluates the most feasible configurat i on
based on the sensitivity parameters. In this research, sensitivit y
analysis was done for the different price ranges of fuel.
Emission of hazardous materials from the hybrid systemis
shown in Fig. 7.
From the analysis it is seen that hybrid system consisting
Solar PV, Biogas System along with diesel based backup
generatoris more feasible with a low amount of COE and NPC.
Also in terms of environment concern,the hybrid systemseems
more efficient with lesser amount of emission throughout the
year.

6. 6
Fig. 4 Optimization result of the hybrid system .
Fig. 5 Optimization result for maximum demandandlowest diesel cost.
.
.
Fig. 6 Electrical parameter ofthe hybridsystem
Fig. 7 Emission profile for hybrid system

7. 7
Fig. 8 Profile of diesel solar based generation system.
Fig. 9 Emission profile for diesel solar based system.

8. 8
IX. CONCLUSION
The main objective of this study is to find a feasible and
economically viable hybrid energy solution for autonomous
electrification for the village of Bhogpur. When we see the
spectrum of the Indian power system, the amount of power
generated by the coalplants is still high and the carbon emission
due to the coal plants is still more. Using renewable energy
sources to begin the process of achieving the nation's aim of
sustainable energy solutions across the country is a good start.
The research work was focused to develop an ecofriendly
renewable as well as economically efficient power generation
systemfor rural areas across the country. Thus,the three main
issues that can be solved from this case study are 1) The energy
mixture of technologies expands supply dependability and
hence makes villages energy independent. 2) This hybrid free
watt generating strategy can lead to a society that is less polluted
and more sustainable. 3)Where biomass/biogas potential
existence takes advantage of the resource. The case study
mentioned has been analyzed the best configuration of the
hybrid systemcan be listed out to meet the demand in a realistic
manner.It is an attempt to move beyond techno-economic
analysis to a better understanding ofmicro-energy systems as a
whole[30].
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