Revision slides made for learning the nomenclature of various components involved in glycolysis.

1. Glycolysis
Ashley Mitchinson

2. Glucose - breakdown
When revising this topic always keep this in
mind:
O Glycolysis is the break down of glucose into
pyruvate.
O There are 10 steps to glycolysis.
O Glucose is a 6 carbon molecule.
O Glycolysis produces ATP, NADH and H2O.

3. Investment.
O Glucose contains 6 carbons in a
cyclic form.
O Using 1 ATP and the enzyme
hexokinase a phosphate is added to
the glucose molecule on the 6th
position.
O A GLUCOSE with a PHOSPHATE on
the SIXTH carbon, must be named
Glucose 6 Phosphate.
Remember Kinase
usually refers to an
enzyme which can
add or take away a
phosphate group!

4. O The enzyme phosphoglucose
isomerase changes the
molecule from a pyran shape to
a furan shape.
O The molecule now has FIVE
carbons in its cyclic chain with
the PHOSPHATE still attached
to the SIXTH carbon.
O It must be called fructose 6
phosphate.
Remember the structures
a molecule can have are
often referred to as
isomers, therefore an
enzyme called isomerase
effects the structure of the
molecule!

5. O With the help of another ATP molecule
phosphofructokinase adds another phosphate to
the 1st carbon so that both ends match.
O So now the FIVE cyclic carbon hasTWO
PHOSPHATES on the FIRST and SIXTH carbon.
O This molecule must be fructose 1,6 bisphosphate.
So in the ‘Investment’ step a
total of 2 ATP has been used
up!

6. The Breakup.
O Now that the molecule is symmetrical, it can
be evenly split into twoTHREE carbon
molecules.
O Aldolase does this….
This one is created when no
ATP is required.
But this one … can become…
that one!
This one is created when ATP
is required!

7. Harvest.
O To continue glycolysis we need
some NAD+ plus the enzyme
Glyceraldehyde phosphate
dehydrogenase.
O In this step the reduction of the
NAD+ takes away one of the
Hydrogen in the molecule and 1
phosphate is replaced at the other
end of our molecule.
O So we still have our PHOSPHATE
on both ends , the FIRST and
THIRD carbons, minus the
HYDROGEN is…
O 1,3 bisphosphate glycerate.
Remember
dehydrogenase always
refers to an enzyme
which helps to oxidise or
reduce, which often
results in a Hydrogen
being moved!
From this point on
always remember
there areTWO
molecules of three
carbon chains!!.

8. O In this step we yield our first pair ofATP
O Phosphoglycerate kinase removes a
phosphate from the first carbon to used in
the conversion of ADP to ATP.
O The molecule we have now has just one
PHOSPHATE left at theTHIRD carbon so it
must be 3 phosphoglcerate.
Remember 2 ATP
where used in the
investment step so net
yield is still o far!

9. O The next step is to move the phosphate from the 3rd
carbon to the 2nd.
O You could say the molecule needs to mutate into a
different ‘form’.
O The enzyme responsible is phosphoglycerate
mutase.
O So the PHOSPHATE has moved to the SECOND
carbon.
O It must be 2, phosphoglycerate.

10. O The enzyme enolase now removes H2O from
the molecule.
O So the ENOLASE has removed the water
from the molecule but we still have a
PHOSPHATE left but I cant remember what
numbered carbon its on now so never mind
that… but wasn’t the whole point of
glycolysis to create PYRUVATE??
O This must be Phosphoenol pyruvate.
We must be near the
end by now?

11. O Finally, the enzyme pyruvate kinase removes
the last phosphate to add to ADP to make
ATP.
O So if you remove the PHOSPHATE from the
PYRUVATE...
O It must be PYRUVATE!! So we have made 2
extra ATP…
Plus a little bit of
water..
And a couple
molecules of
NADH…
All from 1 Glucose
molecule!